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By Dk I 6March 2025 at 7:40pm
 aleeata
Data,
Paga
UNT-T
Tntxoduction
Limitatians Challenges of Txaditianal Netwaxks
" Txaditianal netuoxks haye
been the backbone c
ode communicahian tox decadesbut they come with
Sevexal limitatians.
i Lack oF Centxaliged Contxol -
" Ih txaditional.netwosks contxollanddata toxuarcing.
ifuncthons axe thahthy inteqxated intoSame device
Each xoutex Qx Switch makes itsQNdecisions
which leads to inconsistent policies & ineicient
e netwoxk manaqement

Limited Saalabilits-
As no. ot deices ina netwoxk incxeases
managingKonquning them becomes moxe diffcult
Tsadithonal netwoxks xels on fxed haxdware
naking it háxd tonadaptto SuddeninCxease
txaffc oxnew deviceS.

Time-Consuming Manaqement -
Netuoxk confiquxation xequixes manua interventian
inCxeasing chance misconfiguations.
Tsaubleshooing netuoxk issues is Camplex because
netuwaxk deuices apexate independently uithout a
cent xal Contxol Sustem.
 Vendox Dependency Psapaietas Haxduaxe
wiv) Txaditianalnetuwoxksxebuitusing pxapsieta1s
haxdwaxe K softuwaxe ham Specitic yendoxs.
hi Oxqonigationsdhaxelimitedflexibilitysince they
must xely Single vendax's equipment &
updates.
ihn Poax daptibilits tchangingneeds
Isadiiand netwoxks axe xiqdA Connatquickls
new applicatons devices ax txaffc

ioilog astaiaoani

Tmplementing Sexvicesodike icloudCompiting

OY TOT Xequixes siqnificant xeconhquzaion
bshmi
avi Secuity Challenges -c2iiob
Secuity policies must ke implemented uindiuidualy
on each netwoxk deuice incxeasing Compleity
bntdibo1
9 T~aditiona netuoxksbnlack buit-in mechanisms
fox monitazing mithgating_cybex thxeats.
snehwaxkmonitoaing
etc. tools
applicationsSuch
load tixewals as includes II o a
o Xun. sexices applicatians
astolayexwhexei
netwaxk the isThis
pplicationLayex-to
Switches
Layer. ea
uctune onPlanexouData
(opentiouw) APIS s
bound South
Layer Contxallex
YanplSDN
Control
Nosthbound APIS
Layer sbn
lication ApP APP ApP
Axchitectuxeo ond
manage toeasiex progiammable
&
exible. thennetwaxki
maxe makes Sepexahon This
Sepenates data fxappxoach
omto plane
modexnContxol DefinedNetuoxking
CsDN)isa thatnetwoxking
Sattuaxen
Axchitectuxe
toi
SDNAxchitectuxe t
Page
 These applications intexact uithSDN Cantxallex
Noxthbound APTG to xequest netuoxk
uSing Noxthbound
XesauceS OX Send ContxolCommonds

Cantxol Layex (sDN Catxaltex) cla

The SDN Contxollex is the bxain o netwoxk
X sits inmiddle ofaxchitectuue

The Cantxollex makes decisians

abaut houw data
should fow acxoss netuoxkSends nstxuctons
to netuoxking deuices
bauplo t acts as an intextoce betueen applicatian layex
inastxucture layex
bnupdrihod
t communi cates uith applicathon layex using
Noxthbaund APISwith lintashuctuxe
using Southbound APTs (such as dvexfoul
layex
i) Tofashuctuxe Lauex (Data Plane
tororhis lauex consistsof netuoxk deuices such
usl as XoutexS Suitches access
points
. Unlike txadihanal netuwoxks whexe each deuice
has its Qn Contaol mechanismin oNthese
osdeui cesonlypexfomgkoxuading based on
YXules setby
Set SDN Contxallex.atoilag

he cantxol logicanis kemavedtrom these deuices,

making themaSimplex&n Maxe Cost tfective.
 Paga

Compaxe -
TxaditianalNetuoxk VSSDN
TRadtianal Netuoxk
uISDN
ATsaditianal netuwox Ring is
bablcSDN isSottuax
USually haxdwaxe - based based
Contsol A Data plane axe
tiahtls integ1ated within iCantxala Data plane axe

boinetuoxk deuices.n Seperated with soN cantaallex

ai mannging contxol plane.
Netwoxk is managed m Netuuoxk is
centralls
manualls onnls Ltod lamanagedthOugh sDN Contxoller.
id It has imitedHexibilitsi ishighls fiexible
aschanges xequixe manual pasd halhood
interuention

v Iis haxd to Saledaue M Tt isneqsils Scalable, as

toneed fox additionalgi NeW deuices Can be inteqrated
is haduuaxe oin Bndibusai thaough softwae:
vi) Tt woxks using vil SDN uses APIS to
pxotocals cantigueas pexe need.
viTt xequirespkopaietaiy vià Tt uoks uith standard
haxduare fom specikc. lou- cost hardwae.

Yii) Dsed inlegacy entenprise.i)sed in claud Computing.

netuoxks,Small-scale business EG Netuwaxks etc.
 Page

Centsaliged x DistibutedCantxal Datq Plone

Th camputtex netuaxks theContkolplane

X data plane play CxUcial xole in how
data is manaaed txansnittednooihbeT
baand9xnwhand
The Contxol
Cantkal Plane is. xespansible fox making
0oa decisiansabout whexe datá shauld qa

TheData Plane is xesponsibletox fonwaxding

actual data to ts destination

CentxaligedoContxal & Data Plane -lum

Tn a centxalized appxaach all contxal decisians
de(suchi as xauting txaffcmancqementetcl
handled bu single centxal contxallexO Xathexthan
being distabuted amang multiple deuices
ooe Theoaactua datatowadinq silld happens in
toulboi netnoxk i deuces like xouters K Suitches
but they folow instxuchans qiven by centxal
Contxolex.

Woxkingl
A centxal Cantxollex (eg, sDN cantxallex) makes
ont decisions about txaffc xouthnq netwoxk palicies

. The netuwoxk deuices (suitches., xoutes) do not

make independent dedsians they ust foruard
data basedan ules given byo contaallex.
 Page

The contxollex Cammunicates uithnet unoXk deuices.

using a Sauthbound API (lke
Oprn Flauw).

Distibuted Contol & Data Plane

. Ina distaibuted appkaach
(xoutex Suitch) eachnetuokk deuice
has its Qun cantxal plane, i.eIt
makes independent decisions abaut traffc xouting
K netuoxk policies..

The data plane is alsa uthin each deuice

handling actual foluarding of data.
Waxking -
Each xautex l Suitch independ ently decides best oute
fox data packets
Cortxol logic is built into each netuwoxk deuice
xathex than xelying on single central cantxallex
Deuices USe xauting pxotocals Clke OsPE, BGe) to
communicate & share netwoxk status
 Page

SDN Thtertaces-iumao
SDN intxoduces nes f manaqing netuoxks
by sepexatng contxol plane fxom data plane

To enablen smaothCommunication betueen difexent

i layexs in SDNaxchitectuxeSpecifc intexfaces
usedc

Diagxam -
App App. Ape

ltoshn Noxthbound API

SDN Cortxollex ( East-West

Irteface
Sauth bound API

Data PlaneoX

SuitcheS

1 Norhbound Thtexface -
.The Noxthbaund Intextace CNBr) cannects the
Application Layex with the contxal layeY in.
SDN axchitectuxe..
 Paga

Tt
Soetc
sapplications
allows
to Send
send
(like Axewalls load balance.s.,
xequeststo SDN Cotxollex.
The
cantxallexpxocesses
deisionsabout
theSe xeguests & makes
houthe netuoxk hauld behave.
NBI uSes REST APTs
APTS ax aRPC to communicate
betueen applications K SDNControllexs
Eg aSecuzituapplicathon asks Contxolle to block
Suspiciaus tp addxess
1 Southhound APT LTatexface
The Southbound Tatexface cannects
Uith Contxol Lauex
hastnctneLauexnetwoxk deuices like Switches

Tt allows SDN Contxotle to seendinstxuctians

toinetlsoxk deuices Cxeceive feedback.

S8I USes pxctocols like Open Fou NETCONF 3&

qNMI to Communicate Luth uitchesK Xauters.

the SDN Contxaller tellsa Sutch to fouard

packets specfc path.
i Eost- WlestIntextaceCEwI)
-l
The East- West Lntexface.aiallous ommunjcati an
betueen
seen mulihple sDNCortxollers in a distaributed
SDN enuixonment.
 This intexface ensuesco=axdination data exchangg
betueen cantxollers managing ditfenent
manaqing netuoxk
xeqians.
Eq a backupSDN ontxoler takes avex wshen
primy cantxollex fails

) Complexitsn of TxaditionalNetuoxks
Tkadiianal netuoxks xequixe manual ootmquzaion
at each xoutex & Sitch
witc h making netwoxk
management camplicatedA hanedoitA2

Wth sDNNetwoskadministxators can mangg. the

entixe netusoxk centxalls using SDN Contxallex
Ani im Scalabilts K Automation - e Awalln
Modexn netuoxks must Suppoxtmillions of
Connected deuices ike TGT SensorS Kmobile

SDN alous. netuoxks to dunamicall4 adjust

XeSources n based onxeal- Hme demand ensuzing
Smocth opexation.
im Need tox Centxaliged Netuaxk Contral -L
estoL Ln txadihananetuoxks each deuice makes
independentdecisians leadingto incansistent
policies.
 Page

SDN intxoduces a centxaliged cotxollex that

prnvides glabal vieu of netuoxk making t easier
thmanitox contique& optimige netnoxk pertaimance.
N Secuxtts Enhancement
Secuity thxeats Iike cybexattacks xequixe quick
Xespanses.A
With soN SeCuaty xules axe applied centxally
allowing fstex threat detectian & xesponse.
oCost Reduchon &
NendoxTndependence
"Txaditionala netuoxk oten els
onexptnsire
popzietay haxdwaxe fiom Specifc yendors.
e SDNO8ksuith standard low-costharduaxe
xeducng dependency aASingle vendox.
x) Suppat fox cloud
o Madexn businesses xelu on claud computing.
KUixtualigation tostoxe piocess data

SDN Seamlessly inteqxates with claud enuixanments

enablinq on- demand xesaurce allocahan bettex
netuosknefficiency a
 Page

t Tänditional 5utch Netusoxk- h h

Atxadtianal Sutchnetuwoxkis atupe of

txansmitted
Camputex netwoxk whexe data is
betueen deuices usinanetuoxk suitches

" These Sutches axe haxduwaxe deuices Yesponsible

fox foxuoxding data packets based on MAC
addxesses. n

. In this tupe of netuwaxk Contxol

ontsal plane (decision
makinga dataplane data toxuaxding)axe
bath pxesent inside each netuaxkndeuice
This makes txaditional netwoxks igid, difcut -
tomanage Kless scalable especially as
etaugxk qxous.
Waxking
tnhen a deuice (computex pinter Sevex) sends
data the suitchchecke MAC addxess of
destinaton deuice.

i)The Suitch uses its

uses ts MAC addxesstable to
detemine uhich poxt the desinaondeu is
Connected to..

TA MAC addiess isknawn the Sutch fouards

data thkaugh Cotec past.
 Data,
Pags.

i T¾ MAC addiess is not knaun the Suitch

bxoadcasts the data to all poxts.
Once communicationls established the suitch
leaxns & updates its MAC table rox future
txansmissian.
Diag.am -
Rauter

Suitch4 Suitch 2 Suitch 3

caPc4 Pc5 PC6

Tsaditional Switch netwoxks

effectiye for
Small x medium- Siged netwoxks but they lack
flexibility- automation scalability for modexn.
needs

As netuvoxks qiou) lagex, these imitation makes

manaqement dilcut shich is whs sDN is being.
adoptad.