THE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ARUSHA CITY COUNCIL
FORM THREE MID -MTERM EXAMINATIONS
CHEMISTRY ~ MARKING SCHEME
1. Multiple choice items (01 % @ item)
i ii iii iv V vi vii viii ix x
A D B E B B A D A A
2. Matching items (01 % @ item)
I ii iii iv V vi vii viii ix x
F E C A G N J T H D
3. a) The definition of (0.5 % @ item = 01%)
i. The empirical formula
This is the simplest formula which expresses its composition by
mass
ii. The molecular formula
This is the formula which shows the actual number of elements
present in in a chemical compound.
b) In CaSO4, the percentage of oxygen is
64
% composition= =47 % (01 %)
136
c) Given that the molar mass of compound X is 106 and its percentage
composition of its constituent element is sodium 43.5%, carbon
11.3% and oxygen 45.2%.
Element Sodium Carbon Oxygen
Symbol Na C O
% composition 43.5 11.3 45.5
Relative atomic 23 12 16
mass
% composition 43.5 11.3 45.5
=1.89 =0.94 =2.83
Ram 23 12 16
Divide by the 1.89 0.94 2.83
=2 =1 =3
smallest 0.94 0.94 0.94
i. Its empirical formula is Na2CO3 (03 % for all the table being ok)
ii. Its molecular formula = (Na2CO3)n = 106
Its molecular formula = (23x2 + 12 + 16 x3)n = 106
Its molecular formula = (106)n = 106
n=1
Then Its molecular formula = (Na2CO3)1 = Na2CO3 (01 %)
4. a) A valency is 1
B valency is 4
C valency is 2 (01 %)
D valency is 2
E valency is 3
b) A is hydrogen; the electronic configuration 1
B is carbon; the electronic configuration 2:4
C is oxygen; the electronic configuration 2:6
D is Magnesium; the electronic configuration 2:8:2 (01
%)
E is Aluminium; the electronic configuration 2:8:3
F is Chlorine; the electronic configuration 2:8:7
G is Calcium; the electronic configuration 2:8:8:2
c) The chemical formula and the type of bond formed when
i) A combines with F
HCl; The bond is covalent bond
ii) C combines with D
MgO; The bond is electrovalent bond (02
%)
iii) D combines with F
MgCl2; The bond is electrovalent bond
iv) G combines with B
CaC2; The bond is electrovalent bond
d) In solid MgCl2, ions of Mg and those of Cl are connected to each
other due to a strong force of attraction called electrostatic force.
This force hold these two ions strongly that they can’t move freely
from one point to the other point. But in solution or molten form,
ions are free to move hence accelerates the flow of current. (02
%)
5. a)Potassium chloride is a compound because
Potassium chloride is fixed in composition
It can be expressed by a chemical formula (02 %)
Potassium chloride’s properties are quite different from its
constituents
Potassium chloride’s formation is accompanied by great heat
Potassium chloride’s separation is impossible by any physical
means
b) Sulphuric acid is labelled as containing 98% of the acid and having
a density of 1.84g/cm3.
(i) Calculate the molarity of this industrial sulphuric acid.
(02 %)
% composition x density x 1000
Molarity=
Relative atomic mass
98 x 1.84 x 1000
Molarity=
100 x 98
Molarity=18.4 M
(ii) Calculate the volume of this industrial sulphuric acid that will
be required to prepare 2dm3 of 0.50M sulphuric acid solution.
(02 %)
MbVb=MaVa
2000 x 0.5 3
Va= =54.3 c m
18.4
6. a) The oxidation state of the underlined element
i) NO3-2
N +(3 x-2) = -2
N = +4
ii) Na3PO4
(3 x 1) + P +(-2 x 4) = 0 (1.5 %)
P +3 -8 = 0
P = +5
iii) SO4-2
S + (-2 x 4) = -2
S = +6
iv) KClO3
1 + Cl + (-2 x 3) = 0
Cl = +5
b) Complete and balanced chemical equations:-
(4.5 %)
i) 2Pb(NO3)2 (s) ⃗
Heating 2PbO (s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
ii) BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) +2HCl(aq)
iii) 2KClO3 (s) ⃗
Heating 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
7. a) i) The relative atomic mass of Y (02 %)
Ram=
75
100( )(
x 35 +
25
100
x 37)
Ram=26.25+9.25
Ram=35.5
35.5
ii) Y
17 (01 %)
iii) Y =2:8 :7 (01 %)
b) From a balanced chemical equation below (02 %)
CaCO3(s) →CaO(s) + CO2 (g).
100 g → 22.4 litres
150 g → ??? litres
The volume of carbon dioxide =33.6 dm3
8. a) i) Rate of reaction
This is a measure of the progress of the reaction per unit time
(0.5 %)
ii) Chemical equilibrium
This refers to the relative stability of the reactants and the
products
This refers to the state at which the rate of composition equals
to the rate of decomposition, or the rate of forming product(s)
equals to the rate of their decomposition back to the reactant’s
side. (0.5 %)
b) Le Chatelier’s principle states that;
“If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system
readjusts, if possible, to reduce the effect of the change”
(1.5 %)
c) i) It is Exothermic reaction (0.5 %)
ii) The shifting when (03 %)
The temperature is lowered it will shift from left hand side to
the right
The pressure is lowered it shifts form right hand side to the
left
More nitrogen is introduced into the reaction mixture it shifts
to the right
9. a) Fuel is a substance which when burnt produces energy
(01 %)
b) Two examples of
i) Solid fuels: Wood, charcoal, coke, coal
ii) Liquid fuel: Ethanol, kerosene, Petrol, diesel (01 %)
iii) Gaseous fuel: Methane, propane, water gas, producer gas,
natural gas
c) Listing
i) Three advantages of liquid fuels over solid fuels
They have no solid ashes
They can be regulated by automatic devices (1.5 %)
They are easily burnt and release a higher energy
ii) Five characteristics of a good fuel
A good fuel should burn with a moderate velocity for a
continuous supply of heat
A good fuel should have an average ignition point
It should have a low content of non-combustible
materials (2.5 %)
It should have a high pyrometric effect
It should be easily transported and stored.
It should be available in large quantities and cheap to
most of the people.
10. a) Oxygen gas can be prepared (01 %)
b) Setting of the apparatus (03 %)
The equation governing the production of Oxygen above is
2KClO3 (s) ⃗
Heating 2KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)
c) Uses of Oxygen gas (02 %)
Aids in breathing, Anaesthesia and incubators for premature
babies.
Manufacturing steel from Iron, welding and metal cutting.
Treatment of sewage plants in conserving the environment
Used as an oxidizer for rocket fuel
Used in respiration in spacecraft and submarine
Used in combustion/Incineration
In chemical process of making oxide
11. (a) Data
Mass of hydrochloric acid = 2g
Volume of hydrochloric acid = 1litre
Mass of NaHCO3 = 0.40g (400g)
Number of tablet =?
First find concentration of HCl.
Mass
Concentration =
volume
2g
= 3
1dm
Concentration = 2g/dm3 01mark
Molarity = Concentration
Molar mass
2𝑔/𝑑𝑚
3
=
36.5
:. Molarity of HCl = 0.0547M 01mark
HCl + NaHCO3 ⇾ NaCl + H2O + Co2
1HCl 1NaHCO3
0.0547 x
Mole of NaHCO3 = 0.0547
n =
mas
mr
NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + 48 = 83
= 0.0547 x 83
:.Mass of NaHCO3 tables = 4. 5401g 01mark
1tablets 0.4g
X 4.54
= 11.35 tablets
:. In order to neutralize all hydrochloric acid 11.35tablets is required. 01mark
(b) (i) Mixture should be dissolved into ethanol where by camphor and sugar
will dissolve while the alum will not dissolve hence is removal from the mixture
through filtration then can be dried. 01marks
(ii) The mixture is dissolved first into ethanol to eliminate camphor then insoluble
Alum and sugar are again dissolved into ethanol where by sugar will dissolve but not
alum the alum is removed by filtering then sugar solution is evaporated into evaporate
dish then pure sample of sugar is obtained 01marks
SECTION C (26 MARKS)
12a) Defining the following terms (02 %)
i) Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a chemical substance that dissociates
into two or more ions when in molten substance or in
solution form, thus allowing an electric current to pass
through it.
ii) Electrode
An electrode is a conductor through which electricity
enters or leaves something such as a battery or a piece
of electrical equipment
iii) Conductor
A conductor is any substance that allows an electric
current to flow through it.
iv) An ion
an atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electric
charge by losing or gaining one or more electrons
b) Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
i) Faraday’s first law of Electrolysis (02 %)
Faraday’s first law of Electrolysis states that, “The
mass of a substance liberated or dissolved at an
electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to
the quantity of electricity (moles of electrons) passed
through the electrolyte”
ii) Faraday’s second law of Electrolysis (02 %)
When the same quantity of electricity is passed through
solutions of different electrolytes, the mass of the
substances liberated or deposited at the electrodes are
directly proportional to the chemical equivalents of the
substance
When the same quantity of electricity is passed through
solutions of different electrolytes, the relative numbers
of moles of the elements deposited are inversely
proportional to the number of charges on the ions.
c) The following experiment was used to electroplate a metallic
neck chain.
Battery
+ -
Copper anode
_ _=_- -_ -_ - _- -_ - -_ - -_ -
CuSO4(aq) _ --_ - - - -_ - -_ _ = - _ = -= Metallic neck chain
(cathode) - _ _-_- _ _ - - _ _ - - - _ _=
_ - - _ = _ _ - = - = _ -_ = _-
_=-_
During electrolysis, when hydroxide and sulphate ions
migrates to the anode, none of them is discharged.
Instead, the copper anode dissolves to form copper (II)
ions: (2.5 %)
Cu(s) → Cu (aq) + 2℮
2+ -
The mass of anode therefore decreases
At the cathode, copper ions are discharged in preference
to hydrogen ions and deposited as a brown coating on the
cathode. (2.5 %)
Cu2+ (aq) + 2℮- → Cu(s)
d) 289500 coulombs were required to deposit one mole of a
metallic element Q from its aqueous salt solution. Calculate the
valence of Q.
Solution
1℮- = 96500 coulombs
?℮- = 289500 coulombs (02 %)
289500
=3 ℮
96500
+3
Sinceis a metal ,then it s nuclide notation is Q Hence its valency is 3.
'
13. Hard water :- Is the water that does not form lather with soap. Is caused by
dissolved salt including sulphates chlorides and hydrogen carbonates of calcium and
magnesium.
Method used to make hard water safe and clean
(i) Boiling : Boiling decompose calcium and magnesium hydrogen
carbonates to form carbonates water and carbon dioxide gas. The calcium
and magnesium ions are removed from water as insoluble carbonates and
then deposited as solid at the bottom of boilers. Example CaHCo3 Heat
CaCo3(s) + H2O(L) + Co2(g)
MgHCo3 Heat Mg Co3 + H2O(L) + Co2(g)
(ii) Addition of aqueous ammonia. When aqueous ammonia is added to
temporally hard water the soluble hydrogen carbonates of magnesium
and calcium are converted into insoluble carbonate. For example
2NH4OH(aq) + Mg (HCo3)2 Mg Co3 + (NH4 Co3 + 2H2O
- When aqueous ammonia is added to permanent hard water the
soluble sulphates or chlorides of magnesium and calcium are
converted into hydroxide. For example
2NH4OH(aq) + Mg So4 Mg (OH)2 + (NH4)2So4
(iii) Distillation:- This process relies on evaporation by condensation to
purify hard water. During distillation the hard water is heated to form
steam which then cools and then condenses to form soft water.
(iv) Treatment with calcium hydroxide ( lime water). The soluble
magnesium or calcium hydrogen carbonate react with calcium hydrogen
to form insoluble magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate and water.
For example
Ca (HCo3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCo3(s) + 2H2O(L)
(v) Use of washing soda (Na2Co3) :- Sodium carbonate is added into water
to form calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate precipitate.
Ca(HCo3)2 + Na2Co3 CaCo3 + 2NaHCo3
CaSo4 + Na2Co3 CaCo3 + Na2So4
(vi) Use of ion exchangers:- These treat bath temporary and permanent
hardness by removing all the calcium and magnesium ions from water.
Introduction =1 𝟏
𝟐
Main body = 02@ =12marks
Conclusion = 1 marks
= total 13marks
