[23 – Torsion]
[Mechanics of
Solid]
[civil engineering]
1
T
Torsion:
in
n workshopss and factories, a turningg force is alw ways applied d to transmitt energy by
rootation.
This turning force
f is appliied either to
o the rim of a pulley, keyyed
too the shaft or
o at any oth her suitable point
p at som
me distance
frrom the axis of the shaftt.
The product of o this turninng force and d the distancce between thet
poiny of application of th he force and the axis of the
t shaft is
known as torque, turningg moment orr twisting moment. And Figure 23.1
thhe shaft is saaid to be sub
bjected to to orsion.
D to this to
Due orque, everyy cross sectio on of the shaaft is subjectted to some shear stresss.
Assumpttion for shear
A s strress in a Circularr shaft subjected
d to
torsion:
1. The material of the shaft is uniform thrughout.
t
2. The twist alon ng the shaft is uniform.
3. Normal
N cross sections of the shaft, which
w were plane
p and cirrcular beforee the twist,
reemains plane and circulaar even after the twist.
4. All
A diameterss of the norm mal cross secction, which were straighht before the twist, rem
main
sttraight with their magnittde unchangged, after the twist.
A littlle consideration will sho
ow that the above
a assum
mption are ju
ustified, if th
he torque ap
pplied
is small and the angle
a of twisst is also smaall.
T
Torsiona
al stresse
es and sttrains:
Consider a cirrcular shaft fixed
f at one end and sub
bjected to a torque at th
he other end
d as
hown in figu
sh ure 23.2
Figure 23.2
2
Let = Torque in Nmm
= Length of shaft in mm and
R = Radius of circular shaft in mm and
As a result of this torque, every cross section of the shaft will be subjected to shear
stresses. Let the line CA on the surface of the shaft be deformed to CA’ and OA to OA’ as
shown in figure 23.2.
Let ∠ in degree
∠ in radians
Shear stress induced at the surface and
Modulus of rigidity, also known as torsional rigidity of the shaft material.
We know that Shear strain = Deformation per unit length
…. ,
We also know that arc ∙
∙
….
If is the intensity of shear stress on the outermost layer and the modulus of rigidity
of the shaft, then
….
From equation (i) and (ii), we find that
∙ ∙
If is the intensity of shear stress on any layer at a distance x from the centre of the
shaft, then
∙
….
3
S
Strength of a Soliid shaft:
The term, strength a shafft means thee maximum torque or
power, it can transmit. As a matter of
o fact, we arre always
in
nterested in calculating the
t torque, a shaft can withstand
w orr
trransmit.
Leet R = Radiius of circulaar shaft in mm
m and
= Sheaar stress developed in th he outermost layer of the
sh
haft in N/mmm²
Consider a sh
haft subjecteed to a torqu
ue T as show
wn in Figure. Figure 23
3.3
23.3. now let us considerr an elementt of area of thicknesss
at distan nce from thet centre of the shaft as shown in Figure.
F 23.2
∴ 2 . …
A shear strress at this section,
And
∴ …
where = Maximum sheear stress
w
∴ Turning forrce = Shear stress
s areaa
∙
2 .
2
∙
W know thaat turning mo
We oment of this element,
= Turning force Disttance of element from axis
a of the sh
haft
2
²∙ ∙
2
³∙ …
The total torq
que, which the shaft can
n withstand, may be found out by in
ntegrating th
he
above equations between 0 to i.e.,,
2
³∙
2
³∙
4
2
4
0
2
0
4
³
2
³
16
w
where he diameterr of the shaftt and is equaal to 2 .
is th
S
Strength of a Holllow sha
aft:
Leet R = Oute er Radius of circular shaft in mm
r = Inneer Radius of circular
c shafft in mm and
d
= Maximum shear stress developed in thee outer mostt
layerr of the shaftt material
16
S
Strength of a Holllow sha
aft:
Figure 23
3.4
Leet N = No. of revolutions per minute
m and
T = Average
A torque in kNm
w
work done pe
er minute = Force Disttance = 2 2
2
w
work done per
p minute
60
Power transm mitted = Work done in kNm per secoond
2
60
N
Note: If the to
orque is in the Nm, then
n work done will also be in Nm and power
p will be
b in
w ( )
watt
S
Strength of a Soliid shaft:
The moment of inertia off a plane areea, with resp pect to an axxis perpendiccular to the
plane of the figure,
f is callled polar mo oment of ineertia with resspect to the point, wherre
th
he axis intersect the plan ne. In a circu
ular plane, th
his point is always
a the ceentre of the
ciircle. We kno
ow that
5
∙
…
³ …
16
16
³
Substituiting the value of in equation
∙
³
∙
³
16
∙
… ,
2
32
∙
…
Where . It is known as Polar moment of inertia.
The above equation may also be written as:
∙ ∙
… ∴
6
Example:
Example 23.1. A circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is required to transmit torque from one
shaft to another. Find the safe torque, which the shaft can transmit, if the shear stress is
not to exceed 40 MPa.
Solution:
Given data:
Diameter of shaft (D) = 50 mm
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 40 MPa = 40 N/mm²
We know that the safe torque, which the shaft can transmit,
16
40 50
16
0.982 10
0.982 . .
Example 23.2. A solid steel shaft is to transmit a torque of 10 kNm. If the shearing stress is
not to exceed 45 MPa. Find the minimum diameter of the shaft.
Solution:
Given data:
Torque (T) = 10 kNm = 10 x 106 Nmm
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 45 MPa = 45 N/mm²
Let D = Minimum diameter of the shaft in mm.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft (T),
16
10 10 45
16
10 10 8.836
10 10
8.836
1.04 10 104 .
Example 23.3. A hollow shaft of external and internal diameter of 80 mm and 50 mm is
required to transmit torque from one end to the other. What is the safe torque it can
transmit, if the allowable shear stress is 45 MPa?
Solution:
Given data:
7
External diameter (D) = 80 mm
Internal diameter (d) = 50 mm
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 45 MPa = 45 N/mm²
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft (T),
16
80 50
45
16 80
3.83 10
3.83 . .
Example 23.4. A circular shaft of 60 mm diameter is running at 150 r.p.m. if the shear
stress is not to exceed 50 MPa. Find the power which can be transmitted by the shaft.
Solution:
Given data:
Diameter of shaft (D) = 60 mm
Speed of the shaft (N) = 150 r.p.m.
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 50 MPa = 50 N/mm²
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft (T),
16
50 60
16
2.12 10
2.12
And power which can be transmitted by the shaft,
2
P
60
2 150 2.12 . .
33.3
60
Example 23.5. A hollow shaft is to transmit 200 kW at 80 r.p.m. if the shear stress is not to
exceed 60 MPa and internal diameter is 0.6 of the external diameter, find the diameters
of the shaft.
Solution:
Given data:
Power (P) = 200 kW
Speed of shaft (N) = 80 r.p.m.
8
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm²
Internal diameter of the shaft (d) = 0.06D (where D is the external diameter in mm.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft (T),
16
0.06
60
16
10.3 10 ³
10.3 10 ³
And power which can be transmitted by the shaft,
2
P
60
2 80 10.3 10 ³
200 86.3 10 ³
60
200
³ 2.32 10 ³
86.3 10
D 1.32 10² 132 .
d 0.6 0.6 132 79.2 . .
Example 23.6. Find the angle of twist per metre length of a hollow shaft of 100mm
external and 60 mm inernal diameter, if the shear stress is not to exceed 35 MPa.
Take C = 85 GPa
Solution:
Given data:
Length of shaft (l) = 1m = 1 x 103 mm
External diameter (D) = 100 mm
Internal diameter (d) = 60 mm
Maximum shear stress ( ) = 35 MPa = 35 N/mm²
Modulus of rigidity (C) = 85 GPa = 85 x 103 N/mm²
Let = Angle of twist in the shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft (T),
16
100 60
35
16 100
9
5.98 10
We also know that polar moment of inertia of a hollow circular shaft,
32
100 60
32
8.55 10
And relation for the angle of twist,
∙
5.98 10 85 10 ∙
8.55 10 1 10
5.98 10 . ° .
0.008 0.5°
8.55 10 85
Thank you
10
