Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

Principles of First Aid Airway: If a person is not breathing,

Do’s in giving first aid the first step is to ensure their
1. Remain calm. airway is clear.
2. Provide reassurance and comfort to Breathing: If clearing the airway
the victim. doesn't restore breathing, rescue
3. Look for a medical bracelet breathing should be
indicating a condition like epilepsy administered.
or diabetes. Circulation: While giving rescue
Indicating a condition such as breaths, maintaining blood flow is
epilepsy or diabetes. critical through chest
4. Loosen any tight clothing. compressions. If the person remains
5. Keep the victim covered to minimize unresponsive, checking their pulse is
shock. necessary. If no pulse
Don’ts in giving first aid is found, chest compressions should be
1. Avoid giving food and drink to initiated.
someone unconscious.
2. Refrain from moving an injured Some first aid courses may also
person unless it is necessary to include D and E: D could stand for
position them in the recovery position Disability assessment, severe
bleeding, or automated external
First Aid is immediate and temporary defibrillator (AED), a device that
care given to a person who suddenly delivers an electric shock to
gets ill or injured. It includes self- thevheart. E could stand for
help and home care if medical Examination, involving assessing the
assistance is unavailable or delayed. person for signs of injury, bleeding,
It can mean the difference between allergies, or other issues once they
life and death in extreme cases. are breathing and have a pulse
However, we must know the limits of
the first aid we can give because Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is
improper first aid can do more harm a vital emergency procedure that
than good in some instances. Anyone everyone should know.
who gives first aid In instances of cardiac arrest (when
is a first aider. the heart stops beating),
administering CPR and/or using an
Roles of First Aid: automated external defibrillator (AED)
 It is a bridge that fills the gap can help restart the heart and restore
between the victim and the blood circulation
physicians until medical help arrives. This
 It is not intended to compete with intervention can potentially save a
or to take the place of the person's life.
services of the physician AEDs are widely available in many
 It ends when the services of the public locations and businesses. These
physicians begin. first aid devices are designed to be
Objectives of First Aid: easy to use, even for individuals
 To alleviate suffering without formal training
 To prevent added/further injury or
danger Bleeding is the loss of blood. It can
 To prolong life be external, or outside the body, like
Characteristics of a good First Aider: when you get a cut or wound. It can
 Gentle-does not cause pain and also be internal, or inside the body,
panic like when you have an injury to an
 Observant-notices all signs. internal organ.
 Resourceful-makes the best use of
things at hand According to the National Library of
 Tactful-do not frighten the victim Medicine's guidance on bleeding:
 Sympathetic comports and reassures If available, don disposable gloves to
safeguard against infectious diseases
First Aid Instructions for Medical such as viral hepatitis and HIV/AIDS,
Emergencies which can be transmitted through
ABCs of First Aid: contact with an individual's blood
When someone is unconscious or not 1. Flush the wound with water.
responding, it's essential to follow 2. Cover the wound with gauze or a
the basic principle of first clean cloth (e.g., towel, blanket,
aid, known as ABC: airway, breathing, clothing).
and circulation. 3. Apply direct pressure to the wound
to staunch bleeding and promote
Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

clotting, allowing the blood to can quickly lead to a life-threatening

naturally thicken and halt blood loss. situation.
4. If feasible, elevate the bleeding Hyperventilation refers to rapid or
area above the heart level. shallow breathing that leads to an
5. Avoid removing the cloth if it excessive intake of oxygen and reduced
becomes saturated, as this could levels of carbon dioxide in the body
disrupt the clotting process and lead A heart attack occurs when the blood
to further bleeding. Instead, add flow to a part of the heart is
additional layers as necessary. Once blocked, usually by a blood clot. This
bleeding has ceased, apply a fresh leads to damage or death of the heart
bandage to the wound. muscle cells.
A stroke occurs when there is an
The Heimlich maneuver involves a interruption of blood flow to the
sequence of abdominal thrusts aimed at brain, resulting in damage to brain
clearing an obstructed airway in cells. This interruption can happen
individuals experiencing choking. It due to a blockage in a blood vessel
is essential to note that this first (ischemic stroke) or the bursting of a
aid blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)
procedure should be administered
solely in cases where a person is First Aid Procedures for Managing
genuinely choking. Common Conditions
Bites
Examples of Common Conditions • Signs: Visible bite marks, swelling,
Bites are Injuries from animal or redness, pain, puncture wounds,
human teeth or Insect. They can cause bleeding.
puncture wounds, cuts, or scrapes on • Symptoms: Pain, localized numbness
the skin. Bites can vary in or tingling, itching, inflammation,
seriousness and may lead to infections fever (in some cases).
or venom. Wounds
Wounds are injuries that cause damage • Signs: Open skin, bleeding,
to the skin or underlying tissues. swelling, redness, presence of foreign
They can range from minor cuts and objects.
scrapes to more serious injuries like • Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, warmth,
puncture wounds or lacerations. Wounds pus or discharge, fever (if infection
may result from accidents, falls, or develops).
contact with sharp objects Burns
Burns are injuries caused by heat, • Signs: Redness, blistering,
chemicals, electricity, or radiation swelling, charred or blackened skin,
that damage the skin and tissues. They peeling.
can vary in severity, from minor • Symptoms: Pain, tenderness,
redness and discomfort to severe difficulty moving, shock (in severe
tissue damage and loss. cases).
Bleeding refers to the loss of blood Bleeding
from damaged blood vessels. It can • Signs: Visible blood, bleeding from
occur externally, visible from cuts or a wound, blood pooling on the skin or
wounds, or internally, which may not ground.
be immediately appearance. Symptoms: Weakness, dizziness,
Fainting refers to a temporary loss of lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat, low
consciousness typically caused by a blood
temporary reduction in blood flow to pressure.
the brain. It often occurs due to a Fainting
sudden drop in blood pressure or a • Signs: Loss of consciousness, pale
lack of oxygen reaching the brain. or flushed skin, sweating, shallow
Poisoning, in the context of first breathing.
aid, refers to the ingestion, • Symptoms: Dizziness,
inhalation, or lightheadedness, blurred vision,
absorption of substances that are nausea, confusion.
harmful to the body. These substances, Poisoning
known as poisons, can include • Signs: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal
chemicals, medications, plants, or pain, diarrhea, sweating, difficulty
household products. breathing.
Choking occurs when an object becomes • Symptoms: Dizziness, headache,
lodged in the throat or windpipe, weakness, confusion, seizures, loss of
blocking the flow of air. This consciousness.
obstruction prevents the person from Choking
breathing effectively and
Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

• Signs: Inability to speak or symptoms are severe or if the

breathe, clutching at throat, cyanosis substance ingested is toxic
(blue skin). Choking - Perform abdominal thrusts
• Symptoms: Gasping for air, wheezing, (Heimlich maneuver) to dislodge the
coughing, panic, loss of obstruction, encourage coughing if the
consciousness. person is able to cough, and seek
Hyperventilation medical attention if the obstruction
• Signs: Rapid breathing, deep cannot be cleared.
breathing, chest pain, dizziness, Hyperventilation - Encourage slow
tingling in extremities. breathing, breathing into a paper bag
• Symptoms: Shortness of breath, if available, and reassurance. Remove
feeling of suffocation, numbness or the person from stressful situations
tingling in fingers or lips. if possible and seek medical attention
Heart Attack if symptoms persist.
• Signs: Chest pain or discomfort, Heart attack - Call emergency services
shortness of breath, nausea, immediately, help the person rest in a
lightheadedness, cold sweat. comfortable position, and assist with
• Symptoms: Pain or discomfort in any prescribed medication (e.g.,
arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach, aspirin). Monitor the person's vital
fatigue, signs and be prepared to perform CPR
anxiety. if necessary.
Stroke Stroke - Recognize the signs of stroke
• Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness (FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness,
in face, arm, or leg (especially on Speech difficulty, Time to call
one side of the body), confusion, emergency services), keep the person
trouble speaking or understanding calm and comfortable, and provide
speech, difficulty walking, severe reassurance while waiting for medical
headache. help.

First Aid Management

Bites - Clean the wound with soap and
water, apply an antibiotic ointment,
and cover it with a sterile bandage.
Seek medical attention if it's a
severe bite or if there are signs of
infection.
Wounds - Clean the wound with mild
soap and water, apply pressure to stop
bleeding, and cover with a sterile
bandage or clean cloth. Seek medical
attention if the wound is deep, large,
or shows signs of infection.
Burns - Cool the burn under cool,
running water for at least 10 minutes,
cover the burn with a sterile
dressing, and seek medical attention
for severe burns, burns to the face,
or burns that cover a large area of
the body
Bleeding - Apply direct pressure to
the wound with a clean cloth or
bandage, elevate the wound if
possible, and continue applying
pressure until bleeding stops. Seek
medical attention if bleeding is
severe or cannot be controlled.
Fainting - Lay the person flat and
elevate their legs, loosen any tight
clothing, and provide fresh air. If
the person does not regain
consciousness within a minute, seek
medical attention.
Poisoning - Call poison control
immediately for guidance, remove any
contaminated clothing, and rinse the
affected area with water if
appropriate. Seek medical attention if