Abstract

Radio detection and ranging, that is, RADAR is a radio wave technique to determine the
range, altitude, direction of objects. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio
waves or microwaves which bounces off any object in their path. It works by launching a
short pulse at the ear audible frequency, after that microcontroller listens for echoes.
The information about the distance to the object is given at the time elapsed during
transmission to the echo reception. The object returns a tiny part of the wave’s energy
to a dish or antenna which is usually located at same site as the transmitter. High tech
radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of
extracting useful information from very high noise levels.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the most important characteristics of RADARs is their capability to penetrate

cloud cover and to obtain data either by day or by night. It is this all-weather capability
that has contributed extensively to the various commercial applications of RADAR.
There are situations where is a need to keep a watch over the prohibited area in order
to provide safety and security and for that it is expensive and unreliable to assign a man
for 24 x 7 time. Therefore, the ultrasonic radar system is designed for unauthorized
object detection. The system can monitor a limited range of areas and uses to display
and alert the authorities. Here, to run this system, there is a requirement of
microcontroller circuit that is connected to an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo
motor for monitoring. As soon as the object is detected, the detected data is processed
and sent to the authority, and the display of traces of object is been shown.

II. PRINCIPLE OF RADAR

The term “RADAR” was officially coined as an acronym by U.S. Navy Lieutenant
Commander Samuel M. Tucker and F. R. Furth in November 1940. The acronym was
by agreement adopted in 1943 by the Allied powers of World War II and thereafter
received general international acceptance. Radar’s modern use is highly diversified,
including air and traffic control, radar astronomy, air defense systems, anti-missile
systems, flight control systems, missile target positioning systems and range control
radar. High-tech radar systems involve the use of digital signal processing and machine
learning.

The radar consists of a transmitter that emits a radio wave called a radar signal in a
predetermined direction as soon as the waves are in contact with the object, they are
reflected in an undefined direction. The signal which is reflected back to the transmitter
makes the radar works. If the object moves toward or away from the transmitter, the
frequency of the radio waves caused by the Doppler Effect has an equivalent change.
There are different types of radar which is primary radar consists of Frequency
Modulation Continuous Wave (FMCW), Unmodulated Continuous Wave, Basic pulse
radar, Moving Target Indication Radar and secondary radar.

III. PROJECT ARCHITECTURE

The most elementary function of a radar system starts with

1. Generating a Waveform.
2. Feeding it into transmitter to amplify it.
3. Transmit the signal through an array.
4. As the signal propagates, it experiences different environmental effects, like rain
and fog.
5. It hits the target and comes back to the radar.
 6. Along with desired signal, we might have interference and return from unwanted
objects.
7. The return signal is collected at the receive antenna. In our case, we have a
monostatic radar. So, the transmitter and the receiver are the same.
8. It gets amplified by the receiver and then onto the signal processor. Here
different signal processing techniques separate the desired from undesired
signals and gets displayed using a variety of visual aid tools.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

The process is initiated by sending a trigger pulse to the ultrasonic module. When the
reset pulse is supplied to the processor, it generates a 15μs trigger pulse and sends it to
the HC-SR04 ultrasonic module. The trigger signal must be a pulse of 10μS high time.
When the module receives a valid trigger signal, it emits 8 pulses of 40 kHz ultrasonic
from the transmitter. The echo of the sound is picked up by the receiver, and after the
echo of the ultrasonic wave, the module generates a signal at the echo pin, which is
proportional to the distance measuring.
Connect the components as shown in the above Figure 3. Here the resistors and the
LED lights are optional which doesn’t affect the resultant of the output. Check the
Arduino UNO initially with a basic code in Arduino ide whether it is working or not.

V. ARDUINO

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has

14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Implement the Arduino code into the Arduino Uno using software Ide and check whether
there is an error. Select the board and connected port in Arduino Ide and dump the
given code.

Code:
#include <Servo.h> Servo myservo;

#define echo 6 //Echo pin #define trigger 7 //Trigger pin

#define G_led 8 // choose the pin for the Green Led #define R_led 9 // choose the pin
for the Red Led int distance;

int degree;

void setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once Serial.begin(9600);

myservo.attach(2); // declare Servo Motor as output

pinMode(echo, INPUT );// declare ultrasonic sensor Echo pin as input pinMode(trigger,
OUTPUT); // declare ultrasonic sensor Trigger pin as Output
pinMode(R_led,OUTPUT); // declare Red LED as output pinMode(G_led,OUTPUT); //
declare Green LED as output

delay(100); } void loop() {

for(degree=1; degree<180; degree+=1){ myservo.write(degree);

delay(80); data(); }

for(degree=180; degree>1; degree-=1){

myservo.write(degree); delay(80);

data(); }

void data(){ digitalWrite(trigger, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); digitalWrite(trigger,

HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10);

long time = pulseIn(echo, HIGH); distance = time / 28.5 / 2; if(distance>100){distance =

100;} if(distance>50){

digitalWrite(G_led, HIGH); // LED Turn On digitalWrite(R_led, LOW); // LED Turn Off

else{
digitalWrite(G_led, LOW); // LED Turn Off digitalWrite(R_led, HIGH); // LED Turn On

Serial.print(degree); Serial.print( " "); Serial.println(distance);

VI. MATLAB

The matrix-based MATLAB language is the most natural way to express computational
mathematics. Run the below code for the resultant of radar by running the code in live
while model is been connected. Here set the serial port of your Arduino in this code.

Code:
clc; clear all;

%Customize graph figure('units','normalized','outerposition',[0 0 1 1]); whitebg('black');

%Draw Scale Data

th = linspace(0,pi,1000); R = 10:10:100;

for i=1:length(R); x = R(i)*cos(th);

y = R(i)*sin(th);

plot (x,y,'Color', [0.603922 , 0.803922 , 0.196078] ,'LineWidth',1);

hold on; end

%Draw Axis data

x0 = [0 100 0 0 0 0 ]; x1 = [0 100 86.60 50 -50 -86.60]; y0 = [0 0 0 0 0 0]; y1 = [100 0 50

86.60 86.60 50];

for i=1:length(x0); hold on;

plot([x0(i),x1(i)],[y0(i),y1(i)] ,'Color', [0.603922 , 0.803922 , 0.196078],'LineWidth',2);

end

%Draw Sonar default data for i=1:180

hold on;

[x, y] = pol2cart(i*0.0174532925, 100); h(i) = plot([0,x],[0,y],'g','LineWidth',1); end

%define serial port s1 = serial('COM13'); s1.BaudRate=9600; fopen(s1);

%Draw Sonar Data while(1)

data = fscanf(s1); [th, r] = strtok(data);

th = real(str2num(th)); r = str2num(r); set(h(th),'color','r');

[x0, y0] = pol2cart(th*0.0174532925, 100); [x, y] = pol2cart(th*0.0174532925, r);

set(h(th),'XData',[x0,x]);

set(h(th),'YData',[y0,y]);

m = plot([0,x0],[0,y0],'r','LineWidth',3); drawnow

delete(m); end

VII. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM

The main advantages are that it can be used in stationary and moving mode. It has two
directional modes and beam spread can incorporate many targets. It can often select
fastest target, or best reflection. It is very reliable. The main disadvantages in this, timer-
radar can take up to 2 seconds to lock. Radar has wider beam. Its range

Only 200 ft. range. It cannot detect if deceleration is greater than one.

VIII. RESULT & ANALYSIS

The result of the ultrasonic radar system is shown in the Fig 4. The analysis of object
detection is done with the help of Matlab. The graph shows the two shaded regions i.e.,
red and black regions. Here, the black part shows that there is no object detected and
the red part shows that there is an object in that particular region. With the help of this,
we can also trace the position and angle of that object.

IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We hereby express our sincere gratitude to the HOD of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Prof. G. Srikanth for providing us seamless knowledge and support over
past one year and for providing right suggestions at every phase for successful
completion of project. We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Assoc. Prof. Dr
Suraya Mubeen, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for her
constant guidance and for providing required guidance as internal guide for result-
oriented implementation of ideas relevant to my project.

Conclusion

This project has been developed to come up with an efficient way for detecting and
notifying objects which presents a low cost and low power system for the security of an
unauthorized area by the help of radar system. As we have designed a short-range
radar therefore our research was specified and limited. The future modification may
include addition of cameras, smart phones, etc. This is good radar system for security if
image recognition system will be added so that image of object can be detected. Usage
of a 360 degrees rotating servo motor can make the system more efficient. With the
help of Artificial intelligence, using wireless radar communication detection of object
takes place with the traces of sound by the object in any unknown area.

References

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