TOPIC 1: WATER TRANSPORTATION More than five centuries ago wooden sheet

piles were used for construction of the

Water Transportation is concerned with
marine facilities Later on, the primary
conveyance of people and goods in vehicles
construction materials that were used for
that float upon water.
construction of older marine facilities were
Waterways can be classified broadly as: wood and stone. Remarkable progress has
been achieved in concrete technology.
 Oceanic waterways - are concerned
with the conveyance of people and goods Advantages of Water Transportation
primarily across the ocean between
continents or islands.
 Inland waterways - consists of water
transportation on rivers, lakes, and canals
within the main land.

Waterways have great historic importance in

the development of civilizations and in the
growth of nations. Rivers and seas provided
primitive man with his first facility for mass
transportation of goods.

The history of maritime transportation and

port development dates back to the year
3500 B C and beyond.

In the late 1880s, ships still continued their

transition from sail to steam engine. The
capacity of these vessels was a few thousand
tonnes and their draft less than 6m. Disadvantages of Water Transportation

The shift to mechanized handling of cargoes

in ports began in the early 1900s.

The use of forklift vehicles and pallets was

very rapidly developed in industry all over
the world.

The shift to new technologies occurred in the

1950s with the introduction of container
ships built to transport large containers.

Containers were soon standardized by ISO

internationally to 20 or 40 ft in length (6.06
m or 12.19 m) with the outside width and
height being 8 ft (2.44 m).

During the last 25 years, the roll-on/ roll-off

method of handling containers have been
developed and used extensively. This method
PORTS VS HARBORS
allows containers, but also cars, tracks,
trains, and so forth Harbor. It is a place of security and comfort,
a small bay or other sheltered part of an area
of water, usually well protected against high other natural calamities. Harbors of refuge
waves and strong currents, and deep enough are constructed with large entrance and they
to provide anchorage for ships and other are easily accessible.
craft.
Classification based on location
Port. It is a maritime facility where ships
Sea Harbor - situated along sea shore is
may dock to load and discharge passengers
termed as sea harbor. Sea ports are of very
and cargo.
large area and loading and unloading of
Port = Harbor + Storage Facility + goods also done in larger quantities.
Communication Facility + Other Terminal Different countries are connected by these
Facility ports.

River Harbor - River harbors are

constructed in the rivers which finally
connects to sea. So, these enable the
navigation inside a country from non-coastal
areas.

Canal Harbor - Canal harbors are also

similar to river harbors but a canal is
connected to sea through a major river

Classification of Ports

Classification based on protection  Inland Port - Port on a navigable lake,

needed river, canal, with access to a sea or
ocean.
Natural Harbors - Natural formation  Fishing Port - For land and distributing
affording safe facilities for ships on sea fish
coast. It is protected by waves by  Dry Port - Inland intermodal terminal
prominence of land. directly by road or rail
Semi-natural Harbors - It is protected on  Cruise Port - A port where passenger
sides by headlands and it requires man- cruise ships board and embark
made protection only at the entrance.  Cargo Ports - Load and unload different
cargoes such as grains, fuels,
Artificial Harbor - No natural protection but automobiles, wood, etc.
artificial arrangement are made to protect
harbor from storm and wind.
Important Functions

Classification based on utility Administrative - Ensuring that the legal,

socio-political and economic interests of the
Commercial harbors - are those where state and international maritime authorities
loading and unloading of cargos are done. are protected.
Commercial harbor requires larger area for
speed up the operations and it is the busiest Development Ports - are major promoters
among the others. and instigators of a country’s wider regional
economy.
Refuge Harbors - are large area harbors
which are useful to shelter the ships during Industrial Major - industries process the
emergency situations like storms or any goods imported or exported in a port.
Commercial Ports - are international trade The Philippines have 429 fishing ports and
junction points where various modes of 821 commercial ports.
transport intercharge; loading, discharging,
transit of goods.

Design Conditions

Design Requirement For Facilities

A. Ship Dimensions

B. External Forces By: Ships, Wind, Waves,

Earthquake, Dead Load and Live Load

Function and Importance of the

Facilities
 Port of Manila - It is the largest in port
 Life Expectancy in the Philippines that also experiences
 Environmental Conditions the largest traffic. - Manila North Port,
 Materials Manila South Port , Manila International
 Safety Factor Container Terminal (MICT)
 Construction Method  Port of Cebu - classified as an artificial
 Work Accuracy harbour
 Construction Period  International Port of Batangas - 2nd
 Construction/ Maintenance Costs largest port in the Philippines, handles
tourist cruises, RoRos, and ferries
Philippine Ports Authority - It was created
 Port of Subic - it was the erstwhile base
under Presidential Decree No. 505 which was
for the united states navy after which it
subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in
was converted into a commercial port
December 1975.
 Port of Cagayan De Oro - The port also
Mission runs ferry services with the surrounding
cities, and passenger influx through port
• Provide modern, sustainable, and resilient
Cagayan.
port infrastructures and facilities.
 Port of Davao - It primarily handles
• Provide responsive, reliable, and efficient shipments of containerized and bulk
port services. cargo. - It also has local passenger traffic
transiting between various islands.
• Promote a regulatory framework that is  Port of Iloilo - Safest port in the
transparent, fair, and relevant to the needs country since Guimaras Island shields the
of all stakeholders in pursuit of a national harbor from a majority of storms and
port development program. harsh wave conditions.
Vision By 2030, the Philippine Ports  Port of General Santos - It is an export
Authority, as part of an integrated transport and import hub for many shipping lines
and logistics system, shall have provided - There are also several ferry services.
port facilities and services at par with global  Port of Zamboanga - The port has
best practices and a port regulatory received many laurels including the 2nd
environment conducive to national rank in the superefficient ports in
development. Asia. The primary export from
Zamboanga is sardine which is shipped to
Major Ports in the Philippines the US, Europe, the Middle East, and over
Eastern Asia.
 Port of Lucena - A major fishing and • Concrete block gravity wall
commercial port located on the bay of
• Stone and concrete masonry
Tayabas - The port also has numerous
ferries used by the locals to reach the • Concrete caissons
neighbouring islands.
• Rock-filled sheet piles

• Rock-filled timber cribs

Harbor Structures and Port Planning
• Concrete or steel sheet pile walls
Entrance Channel - It is the water area
through which the ships enter the harbor. Rubble mound Type - These are
Water area from which ships enter in the constructed out of natural rock, concrete
harbor and it should have sufficient width, block, combination of natural and concrete
100 m for small harbor, 100m – 160m for block, and special types of concrete blocks
medium and 160m – 260m for large harbor. such as tetrapods, tibars, etc.

Breakwater - It is a protective barrier Composite Type - This breakwater has a

constructed to form an artificial harbor with a rubble base over which a vertical wall type
water area so protected from the effect of breakwater is constructed. This type is
sea waves as to provide safe accommodation recommended in the locations where the
for shipping. depth of water is great and the foundation is
of weak material.
Alignment should be
Methods for Protection of Breakwater
• As straight as possible
- Due to the effects of water waves, the toe
• Intersection angle should not exceed 60° of breakwater towards sea is subjected to
erosion, therefore the protection of
• In open sea, alignment should be curved to
breakwater is necessary. Various methods
reduce the effects of waves.
of protection are:
The following are the factors that
1. By arrangement of heavy concrete blocks
govern the selection of the breakwater:
2. By paving using granite blocks
• Availability of construction materials
3. Using tetrapods and tribars
• Depth of water
Turning Basin - It is water area which is
• Condition of the sea bottom
required for maneuvering the ship after
• Available equipment. entering the harbor and it is large enough to
permit free turning.

Shelter Basin - It is an area protected by

shore and breakwater.
Types of Breakwater:
Pier - It is a solid platform at which berthing
Vertical Wall Type - It has vertical or ships on both the sides are possible.
nearby vertical faces on both sea side and
Wharf - It is a docking platform constructed
harbor side. In this type the wave are only
parallel to shoreline providing berthing
reflected, without freeing and destructing
facility on one side only.
energy

Types of vertical wall type breakwater:

These are platforms at which vessels take on • It is used for handling inflammable
and discharge passengers and cargo on one materials like petrol, diesel, kerosene, crude
side and earth retained on other. oil etc.

Function: • It can be used for dredging in the approach

channel.
- It is a platform built parallel to shoreline

- Give sufficient depth of water for the ship to

float

- Built to retain or protect the embankment

of filling

Types of Wharves

• Open construction wharves: the decks are

supported by piles or cylinders

• Solid type wharves: these are composed of

earth or rock fill partly confined by some sort
of bulkhead.
Dolphins - They are the marine structures
Quay - It is also dock parallel to the shore located at the entrance of the locked or
which is solid structure providing berthing on alongside a pier or a wharf.
one side and retaining the earth on the other.
Function:
Function:
• To absorb the impact force of the ships
• To retain and protect embankment or filling
on the landward side • To provide mooring facilities

• To provide berthing on the sea side • They are also used to shorten the length of
piers and wharves
• To support the platform above
There are two types of dolphins
Jetty - It is a solid platform constructed
perpendicular to the shoreline for berthing of 1. Breasting Dolphins
ships. 2. Mooring Dolphins
▪ A narrow structure projecting from the Fenders - A fender is a form of a cushion
shore into the water with berths on one or provided on a jetty face for ships to come in
both sides and sometimes at the end also contact.
▪ In the form of piled projections ▪ The fender can be made of different
▪ Constructed outside the harbor or inside materials in various forms.
the harbor ▪ It absorbs the impact of ship and protect
▪ When built in combination with a them from damage.
breakwater then it is known as breakwater Qualities of Good Fenders
pier
• They should have a high capacity for
Function: absorbing energies during berthing of a ship
• It provides berth to ships • They should be simple in design and
construction and easily replaceable
• It must be able to resist tangential forces Design Conditions
effectively
 Design Requirement For Facilities
• They should not be easily damaged during
A. Ship Dimensions
berthing
B. External Forces By: Ships, Wind, Waves,
• They should not damage ship’s hull
Earthquake, Dead Load and Live Load
Trestle - It is a structure connecting a main
 Function and Importance of the Facilities
berthing pier to provide access to the shore.
 Life Expectancy
• These are the piers which are lighter in  Environmental Conditions
weight and are designed to withstand  Materials
vertical load.  Safety Factor
 Construction Method
• Normally they are made up of timber.
 Work Accuracy
• They act like a bridge between the pier and  Construction Period
shore to facilitate shipping  Construction/ Maintenance Costs

Moles - These are the rockfills extending Site Selection for Harbor
out from shores
- Great care has to be exercised at the time
• The top surface of the structure provides of making selection of site for a harbor.
facilities like, roadway, railway track. Side The guiding factors which play a great
walk, etc. role in choice of site for a harbor are as
follows:
• These are more economical than trestle in  Availability of cheap land and
water having depth of 3m. construction material
Mooring Accessories - Arrangement such  Transport and communication facilities
as bow, stern, spring and breast lines are  Natural protection form winds and waves
necessaries to hold the ship stationary with  Industrial development of the locality
the dock and to load or unload the cargo as  Sea bed, subsoil and foundation
well as the passenger. conditions
 Traffic potentiality of harbor
Various mooring accessories are:  Availability of electrical energy and fresh
• Bollards water
 Favorable marine conditions
• Chocks  Defense and strategic aspects
• Corner Mooring Posts Size of Harbor - The entrance width should
• Cleats be in proportion to the size of the harbor and
ships using it. To reduce the wave height with
• Capstans in the harbor, the entrance width should not
be more than that necessary to provide safe
Dry Dock - It is a chamber provided for
navigation and also to prevent dangerous
maintenance, repairs and construction of
currents, when the tide is coming in and
ships. It includes walls, floor, and gate.
going out.
Wet Dock - Due to variation in tidal level, an
 Small Harbor: 90 m
enclosed basin is provided where in number
 Medium Harbor: 120 m – 150 m
of ships can be berthed. It has an entrance
 Large Harbor: 150 m – 250 m
which is controlled by a lock gate.
Width of Entrance Channel
The entrance channel width is divided into:

 Maneuvering lane width = 2B

 Ship clearance lane width = B
 Bank clearance depends on the side
slopes Depth of Harbor - The channel depth is
 The width of entrance channel for generally determined by the following
single lane traffic formula:
L = 4B + 2 (Bank Clearance)

Types of Vessels

• Liquid Cargo Ships

➢ Crude Carriers

➢ Product Carriers

➢ Chemical Carriers

➢ Liquefied Gas Carriers

• Specialised Cargo Ships

Turning Basin - The radius of turning basins ➢ Passenger Vessels
(R) should be equal to two times the length
of the largest ship (l) calling at the harbor. ➢ Livestock Carriers

R = 2l ➢ Heavy-lift /Project Cargo Vessels

Wave Height within the Harbor ➢ Tugs