TEST CODE 01207020

FORM TP 2014045 MAY/JUNE 2014

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

®
CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY

Paper 02 – General Proficiency

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in two sections. Answer ALL

questions.

2. For Section A, write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

3. For Section B, write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of
each question, in this booklet.

4. Where appropriate, answers should be illustrated by diagrams.

5. If you need to re-write any answer and there is not enough space to do
so on the original page, you must request extra lined pages from the
invigilator. Remember to draw a line through your original answer
and correctly number your new answer in the box provided.

6. If you use extra pages you MUST write your registration number
and question number clearly in the boxes provided at the top of
EVERY extra page.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2012 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

1. (a) Figure 1 shows drawings of different types of fish collected by marine biologists who are
studying the distribution of organisms living in a marine ecosystem.

I
II

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IV
III V

VII
VI VIII

Figure 1. Fish collected from a marine ecosystem

(i) Construct a table in the space below to classify the fish in Figure 1 into groups
using TWO visible features other than size.

Fish without feature

Feature Fish with feature

IV, V, VI, VII I, II, III, VIII

Scales
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I, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII

Spines III

(3 marks)

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(ii) A gill from one of the fish is shown in Figure 2. Annotate Figure 2 to illustrate
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TWO characteristics that make the gill suitable for gaseous exchange.
(2 marks)
Capillary network- dense blood vessels
allows gas exchange

Gill filament- large surface area for

gaseous exchange

Figure 2. Gill of a fish

(iii) State TWO reasons why gaseous exchange is important in living organisms.

It provides oxygen for cellular respiration and it removes carbon dioxide

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(2 marks)
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(b) Figure 3 shows a food web that the biologists constructed to describe the feeding
relationships observed in this marine ecosystem.
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Predatory fish
Shark

Loggerhead sea turtle Parrotfish

Crabs Jellyfish Butterfly fish

Sea urchins
Zooplankton
(microscopic animals)

Phytoplankton Corals with

Sea grass
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(microscopic plants) zooxanthellae

Figure 3. Food web in the marine ecosystem

(i) Identify TWO producers in the food web in Figure 3.

sea grass
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Phytoplankton
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(2 marks)

(ii) State TWO characteristics of producers in a food web.

Producers can make their own food
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Producers provide energy for consumers
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(2 marks)
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(iii) Corals are found in shallow waters and contain microscopic algae known as
zooxanthellae which contain chloroplasts. The corals provide the algae with carbon
dioxide, shelter and protection, while the algae provide the corals with nutrients
and oxygen.

Identify the type of feeding relationship between the coral and the zooxanthellae
and give a reason for your answer.

Mutualism because they are both gaining something from the relationship
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(2 marks)
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(c) At six-month intervals over a three-year period, marine biologists collected data on the
estimated population size of parrotfish and a predatory fish. Table 1 presents this data.

TABLE 1: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PARROTFISH AND PREDATORY FISH

OVER THREE YEARS

Time (Months) Estimated Number of Estimated Number of

Parrotfish Predatory Fish
January 2007 2 500 35
June 2007 2 000 40
December 2007 1 200 55
June 2008 1 100 80
December 2008 970 95
June 2009 400 105
December 2009 200 120

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(i) Represent the data in Table 1 on a suitable graph on the grid provided on
page 7. (6 marks)

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the differences in the shapes of the graphs.

The parrotfish population decreases and the predatory fish population increases

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suggesting that as the predatory fish increase they consume more parrotfish
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(2 marks)

(iii) Name TWO features that the predatory fish may have that allow it to carry out its
role as a predator.

Sharp teeth
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Strong, fast swimming ability

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(2 marks)

(iv) Suggest what the likely consequences would be if the population size of the
predatory fish is NOT controlled.

Decline in prey fishes populations

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Disruption in the ecosystem

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(2 marks)

Total 25 marks
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2750

2500 X

2250

2000
X
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1750

1500

1250
X
X

X
850

650
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450

250

X
X X X
X X X
X
0 June 2008 Dec 2008 GO ON Dec
June 2009 2009 NEXT PAGE
TO THE
Jan 2007 June 2007 Dec 2007
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2. (a) Figure 4 shows an external view of the human heart.

(i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C in Figure 4. Write your answers on
the lines provided in Figure 4. (3 marks)

Vena Cava
A

B Aorta
left pulmonary
artery

left ventricle
C

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Figure 4. External view of the human heart

(ii) Explain how the function of the heart may be affected by a blockage of the blood
vessel shown at X.

. A................................................................................................................................
blockage at X could reduce oxygen supply to the heart muscle leading to chest

pain and possibly heart attack due to tissue death

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(2 marks)

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(b) Figure 5 shows blood vessels used to transport fluids around the body of a mammal.
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Capillary

valve
inner layer

middle layer

outer layer

Blood Vessel A Blood Vessel B

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Figure 5. Blood vessels in a mammal

(i) Which blood vessel, A or B, represents a vein?

Blood vessel B
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(1 mark )

(ii) Identify ONE structure visible in Figure 5 which helps a vein to carry out its
function.

The valve
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(1 mark )

(iii) Explain how the structure identified in (b) (ii) allows the vein to fulfil its function.

The valve prevents back flow of blood and ensures it flows in one direction toward
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the heart
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(2 marks)

(iv) Diets high in saturated fats may lead to the formation of plaques in blood vessels.
Explain how such deposits may lead to hypertension.

Plaque buildup narrows arteries, increasing resistance to blood flow. This forces the
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heart to pump harder, leading to hypertension.

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(2 marks)

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(c) Figure 6 shows the transport vessels of a flowering plant.

Epidermis
Cortex
Pith
Cambium

P Q
Figure 6. Transport vessels in a flowering plant

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Identify the vessels shown at Positions P and Q in Figure 6.

Xylem
P ...........................................................................................................................................

Phloem
Q ..........................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(d) Explain why plants do NOT need an organ like a heart in their transport system, and outline
ONE mechanism by which plants move fluids through their transport vessels.

Plant dont need a heart becausee they use passive transport mechanism to move fluids
..............................................................................................................................................

relying on physical processes rather than a pumping organ. One mechanism is transpiration pull
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where water evaporates from leaves creating a suction force that draws water upward through the xylem
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(2 marks)

Total 15 marks
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3. (a) Figure 7 is a diagram of a nephron found in a human kidney.

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Figure 7. Diagram of a nephron

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(i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C in Figure 7 and briefly describe the
process that takes place in EACH of these structures.

Bowman's capsule
A .............................................................................................................................

Process Ultrafiltration- blood pressure forces small molecules from the glomerulus
...................................................................................................................

into the Bowman's capsule forming the filtrate.

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Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)

B .............................................................................................................................

Selective reabsorption- useful substances such as glucose, amino acids and

Process ...................................................................................................................

some salts are reabsorbed back into the blood

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Collecting duct
C .............................................................................................................................
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Process Water reabsorption- water is reabsorbed into the blood under the influence
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of ADH helping to regulate water balance in the body

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(6 marks)

(ii) Name the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland when there is NOT enough
water in body cells.

Antiduretic hormone
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(1 mark )

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(iii) Explain why the composition of urine produced at X would differ in someone who
drank a lot of water compared to someone who had no water to drink for over
24 hours.

Drinking lots of water reduces ADH release, causing the kidneys to reabsorb less
.................................................................................................................................

water, producing dilute urine. No water for 24 hours increases ADH release,
.................................................................................................................................

making the kidneys reabsorb more water, producing concentrated urine.

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(4 marks)

(b) Table 2 shows a comparison of the substances found in the urine of a healthy person and
that of someone who is diabetic.

TABLE 2: COMPOSITION OF URINE OF A HEALTHY PERSON AND OF A

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DIABETIC PERSON

% in Urine of Healthy % in Urine of Diabetic

Substance
Person Person
Glucose 0 10.0
Protein 0 0
Urea 2.0 6.0
Sodium chloride 0.6 0.4
Water 95 90

(i) Explain why there is glucose in the urine of the diabetic person, assuming that the
kidneys are functioning properly.

In a diabetic person, the PCT normally absorbs glucose remains, from the blood,
.................................................................................................................................

in the filtrate and it is excreted in the urine

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(2 marks)

(ii) Describe TWO ways of managing diabetes mellitus.

Insulin therapy
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Diet and exercise

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(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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SECTION B
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Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

4. (a) With the aid of a diagram, outline THREE processes which return carbon to the atmosphere
and ONE which removes it. (Include the form in which the carbon is found in the
atmosphere.) (6 marks)

(b) Describe the impact of cutting down or burning large areas of forest on the recycling of
carbon. (6 marks)

(c) Suggest THREE ways in which humans can make changes in their day-to-day activities
to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. (3 marks)

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 4 here.

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Space for diagram for (a)

CO2 in the air Photosynthesis

Decomposition

Combustion
Respiration
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Write your answer to Question 4 here.

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4b. Impact of cutting down or burning large areas of Carbon recycling

........................................................................................................................................................................
1. Less CO2 absorption- Trees absorb carbon dioxide, cutting them would reduce the number of trees that

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can remove CO2 from the atmosphere

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2. Burning trees releases stored carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere as CO2 increasing greenhouse

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gases

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3. Forest stores carbon in wood, leaves and soil. When they are destroyed this carbon is released disrupting

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the carbon cycle.

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4c. 1. Use energy efficeintly

2. Adapt sustainable transportation 3. Reduce, Reuse, recycle

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Write your answer to Question 4 here.

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5. (a) Define the terms ‘genotype’, ‘phenotype’, ‘recessive’ and ‘dominant’. (4 marks)

(b) (i) Albinism (lack of pigmentation) is an example of discontinuous variation. Give

TWO examples of traits that show continuous variation. (2 marks)

(ii) A man with normal pigmentation and an albino woman produce two children, one
of whom is an albino. Using appropriate symbols, draw a genetics diagram to
show the genotypes of the parents and the expected phenotypes of the offspring.
(Note that albinism is a trait caused by the inheritance of a recessive allele.)
(5 marks)

(c) Many of the antibiotics used to control tuberculosis are no longer effective. Use the theory
of natural selection to account for this. (4 marks)

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 5 here.

5a. Genotype- The genetic makeup of an organism, resulting from its genotype and environment
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Phenotype- The physical or observable traits of an organism resulting from its genotype and environment.
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Recessive- An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present (homozygous).
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Dominant- An allele that is expressed in the phenotype even if 1 copy is present. (heterozygous, homozygous)

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5b. i. 1. Height
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2. Skin colour
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ii. A= normal
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a= albinism
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A a
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a Aa (normal, carrier) aa (albino)
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a Aa (normal, carrier) aa (albino)
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Write your answer to Question 5 here.

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5c. 1. Variation- within the tuberculosis (TB) bacteria population =, some bacteria naturally have mutations

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that make them resistant to antibiotics.

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2. Selective Pressure- When antibiotics are used, they kill the non-resistant bacteria, while the resistant ones

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survive.

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3. Survival and Reproduction- The resistant bacteria reproduce, passing on their resistance genes to the

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next generation.

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4. Adaptation- Over time, the population become mostly resistant, making the antibiotics less effective.

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Write your answer to Question 5 here.

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6. (a) (i) Name THREE types of tissue which coordinate to bring about movement in animals,
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and state THREE reasons why it is important for animals to be able to move.
(6 marks)

(ii) Explain why, unlike animals, plants are able to survive without moving from place
to place. (2 marks)

(b) A father saw his son step down onto the tarmac and watched as he ran towards him.
Describe the changes that occurred in the father’s eyes to keep his son’s face in focus.
(7 marks)

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 6 here.

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6a. i) THREE types of tissue...:

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1. Muscle tissue
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2. Nervous tissue

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3. Connective tissue

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THREE reasons why...;

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1. To find food

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2. To escape predators

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3. To reproduce

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ii) Plants can survive without movement because they make their own food with photosynthesis and they
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also have adaptations like root systems to absorb water and minerals.
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ii. The father’s pupils would have constricted to regulate the amount of light entering his eyes, allowing for
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clearer vision. His eye muscles, specifically those controlling the lens, adjusted the focus by changing its
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shape to accommodate the varying distance between him and his son. As the son approached, the father’s
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eyes would have also worked to track the movement smoothly, maintaining a steady image of his son’s face
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Write your answer to Question 6 here.

despite the changing distance.

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Write your answer to Question 6 here.

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end OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

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