Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Experimental study on an inverter heat pump with HFC125 operating near the
refrigerant critical point
Fang Wang a, b, Fengkun Wang b, Xiaowei Fan b, *, Zhiwei Lian a, b
a
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
b
School of Energy and Environment Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An experimental study on an inverter heat pump with HFC125 operating near the refrigerant critical
Received 18 June 2011 point was carried out. The coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency of the system were
Accepted 6 January 2012 investigated under different compressor speed, water flow rate and different hot water temperatures of
Available online 24 January 2012
the condenser. The exergy defect in each component was determined. The results show that the exergy
efficiency of the system increases initially and then decreases while the COP constantly decreases with
Keywords:
the increase of the temperature of hot water. The results of this study can provide useful guidelines for
Heat pump
optimal design and operation of this type of heat pump system in its present or future applications.
Inverter
HFC125
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
COP
Exergy efficiency
Refrigerant critical point

Heat pumps can work as high energy-efficient equipment in R422B, R422C and R422D. Bi et al. [8] presented a comprehensive
many heating and cooling applications, and have already played an exergy analysis of three cycles and the whole systems of a ground-
important role in energy systems. But if this technology is to ach- source heat pump operating both in heating and cooling modes. It
ieve more widespread use, a decisive effort should be made to was found that the exergy indexes should be used integrally, and
further optimization of this technology [1]. Recent progresses in compressor held the maximum exergy loss ratio in the whole
heat pump systems were focusing on advanced cycle designs for system. Pandilla et al. [9] conducted a comparative test for R413A
both heat- and work- actuated systems, improvement of cycle and R12 in a domestic vapour compression refrigeration system
components (including choice of working fluid), and utilization in based on exergy analysis. Key results from their work indicated that
a wider range of applications [2]. the overall energy and exergy performance of the system working
Recently, extensive works were carried out in testing new with R413A were consistently better than that working with R22.
refrigerants to improve the energy efficiency and performance of Several researches have been conducted on the performance of
heat pumps [3]. Aprea et al. [4,5] presented an experimental analysis heat pump systems employing inverter devices. Aprea et al. [10]
of the refrigeration plant with a variable speed compressor using investigated the performance of a vapour compression plant, both
R22, R407C, R507 and R417A as refrigerants. It was observed that as water chiller and heat pump, by varying the scroll compressor
when an inverter was employed, the average electrical energy speed. A significant energy saving, on average about 20%, was ob-
consumption was about 12% less than the conventional one using tained compared with the classical thermostatic control for
refrigerant R407C. Compared with R417A, R22 was better in terms of different working conditions. Chen et al. [11] proposed a new
COP and exergy efficiency. Arora et al. [6] reported a theoretical modified minimal stable superheat line based on experimental
analysis of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle based on exergy results to resolve the problem of unstable operation when
analysis. The results indicated that R507A was a good alternative for compressor speed varied from time to time for the capacity control.
R502 and R404A. In another study [7], a thermodynamic analysis on An experimental refrigeration system working with R404a was
R422 serial refrigerants, acted as alternative refrigerants to R22, was studied by Kızılkan et al. [12] under variable compressor speed. The
carried out. The results showed that, the volumetric cooling capacity, results showed that the irreversibility rates of the system decreased
COP and exergy efficiency of R22 were higher than that of R422A, and the exergy efficiencies increased with the decrease of the
compressor speed.
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ86 371 62506158. Researchers, such as Sarkar et al. [13], Agrawal et al. [14] and Tao
E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Fan). et al. [15] have studied the performance of heat pumps employing

1359-4311/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.01.016
2 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7

Nomenclature h exergy efficiency, %

cp specific heat, kJ kg1 K1 Subscripts

e specific exergy flow, kJ kg1 co condenser
E Exergy flow rate, kW cp compressor
h enthalpy, kJ kg1 d destroyed
m mass flow rate, kgs1 ev evaporator
Q heating/cooling capacity, kW in inlet
s entropy, kJ kg1 K1 out outlet
t temperature,  C ref refrigerant
T temperature, K v expansion valve
w compressor power input, kW w water
0 reference state
Greek symbols 1e6 state point
x exergy defect, %

transcritical cycle. Sarkar et al. [13] presented an exergy analysis working pressure of 4 MPa, and the compressor frequency can vary
and optimization of a CO2 transcritical heat pump cycle for simul- from 50 to 110 Hz. The system contained three loops: a refrigerant
taneous heating and cooling applications based on a computer loop, a hot water loop and a cold water loop. The refrigerant loop
model. It was found that, unlike a subcritical cycle, the expansion consisted of an inverter-driven compressor, a coaxial tube-in-tube
device contributed significantly to the exergy defects of the system. heat exchanger (condenser), a drier filter, a mass flowmeter, an
Agrawal et al. [14] conducted an energy assessment of a tran- electronic expansion valve and a plate type heat exchanger (evap-
scritical CO2 heat pump with an optimized capillary tube as the orator). The hot water loop was composed of a water tank, a hand
expansion device. Tao et al. [15] conducted an experimental study valve, a water pump and an electromagnetic flowmeter. The cold
and performed exergetic analysis of transtritical CO2 residential air water loop, consisted of a water tank, a hand valve, a water pump
conditioning system, and found the largest average exergy loss and a turbine flowmeter. The water flow rates through both the
occurred in the gas cooler. More recently, Kim et al. [16] developed condenser and the evaporator can be changed by adjusting the
thermodynamic models to analyze the influence of heat exchangers hand valves, and thus the heat exchange and working conditions of
on heat pump performance. Pei et al. [17] conducted a comparative the system were changed also.
study of air-source heat pump water heater systems using the In this study, the compressor was a 3 hp hermetic pendulum
instantaneous heating and cyclic heating modes. Pan et al. [18] DC-invert compressor for R410A and the condenser was a tube-in-
made a theoretical and experimental study on several refrigerants tube counter-flow heat exchanger of four inner coaxial copper
to select working fluids which had excellent performance and were tubes nested in one outer copper tube. The HFC125 flowed through
environment friendly for moderately high temperature heat pump. the inner tubes and the cooling water flowed through the annular
Different alternative refrigerants employing either subcritical space in a counter current. The inner tube was made of smooth
cycles or transcritical cycles are being studied to improve the copper tubes with ID 4.35 mm and OD 6.35 mm, and the length of
performance of heat pumps. However, there is limited work on the a single tube was 6000 mm. The evaporator was a plate heat
heat pumps using eco-friendly refrigerants combined with new exchanger with a heat exchange area of 1 m2 from Danfoss Co..
operating conditions. In the present study, HFC125, a chlorine-free Sight glasses were installed at the outlet of the condenser to
refrigerants and considered long-term alternative refrigerants, was provide visual confirmation of the refrigerant state.
chosen as the working fluid based on our previous work [19,20]. When the system was running, HFC125 was compressed into
Although it does still contribute to global warming, replacing HFCs high pressure and high temperature vapour in the compressor, and
with technologies that on a “total equivalent warming impact” then passed through the condenser, where the superheated
(TEWI) basis produce more global warming is illogical [21]. In addi- HFC125 vapour was fully condensed and subcooled by the hot
tion to finding eco-friendly working fluids, it is also important to water. The subcooled liquid passed through the expansion valve
modify or redesign the heat pumps. Generally, the energy efficiency and then the two-phase mixture flowed into the evaporator, where
of a heat pump system depends more on the system design than on the refrigerant was heated and superheated by the cold water. Next,
the working fluid. Moreover, for a vapour compression cycles, except the superheated refrigerant left the evaporator and went to the
for the selection of subcritical or transcritical cycle, there is also compressor, then, the compression cycle repeated.
general concern as to the performance when the condensing To evaluate the performance of the system, the parameters
temperature approaches critical points. Such is conceivable in hot including refrigerant temperature and pressure, refrigerant flow
climates, especially in cases where the high temperature water is rate, water temperature, water flow rate and compressor power
supplied. Herein, an inverter heat pump using HFC125 operating near input etc. were measured. Accordingly, six test points were set for
the refrigerant critical point was experimentally studied, and the pressure measurements along the refrigerant’s flow. Similarly, six
energy and exergy analysis on both the system and each component temperature test points for the refrigerant and four for water were
were performed. This work is significant for the guidance of the arranged, as shown in Fig. 2. The refrigerant flow rate was
optimal design and operating in its present or future applications. measured by a mass flowmeter (Coriolis effect mass flow rate
meter) with an uncertainty of 0.03% of the test span. The pres-
1. Experimental setup sures and temperatures of the refrigeration were monitored by
SETRA pressure transducers with an uncertainty of 0.25% of the
The inverter heat pump using HFC125 based on the vapour full scale and by Pt100 RTD inserted into the pipes with an uncer-
compression cycle was shown in Fig. 1, and the system can run near tainty of 0.1  C, respectively. The water flow rate was measured by
the refrigerant critical point. The equipment can suffer a maximum an electromagnetic flowmeter with an uncertainty of 0.01 m3/h,
 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7 3

Fig. 1. Photo of the heat pump experimental system.

in particularly, at the low water flow rate, the electronic scale was The condensation pressure was changed from 2.4 to 3.8 MPa, which
utilized. Each sensor was calibrated to reduce experimental was realized by adjusting the flow rate of heat sink and the
uncertainty. The measured data were recorded by Angilent data compressor frequency, which varied from 50 to 110 Hz with an
acquisition system (34970A) when steady state conditions were interval of 10 Hz. Meanwhile, the water temperature at the
achieved. The specifications of the transducers were given in condenser inlet was kept constant (24  0.5  C), and the evaporation
Table 1. temperature was controlled around 15  C by the electrical expansion
valve. In the experiment, the degree of superheat was about 6  C and
2. Experimental procedure the degree of subcooling was about 2  C. The temperature-entropy
(tes) diagram of the above described cycle was presented in Fig. 3-
In order to maintain the operating conditions near the HFC125 a case study of the system of 65  C hot water temperature under the
critical point (66.02  C, 3.62 Mpa), the water temperatures at the compressor frequency 70 Hz. The refrigerant fluid enters the
condenser outlet were set to be 45, 55, 65 and 75  C correspondingly. compressor at state 1 and leaves the compressor at state 2. State 3

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the heat pump experimental system.

4 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7

Table 1
Transducers specifications.

Transducer Range Accuracy

Coriolis mass flowmeter 0e22.68 kg/min 0.03%
Pressure sensor 0e60Bar 0.25%
Resistance temperature sensor 100200  C 0.1  C
Electromagnetic flowmeter 0.0636e9.54 m3/h 0.01 m3/h
Electronic scale 0100 kg 10 g
Active power transducer 0e5 kW 0.5%

refers to the middle of the condenser, and state 4 represents the state
of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser. Through the
expansion valve, the refrigerant is changed into the state with low
temperature and pressure, and enters the evaporator at state 5,
where it evaporates by absorbing heat from the heat source, then
becomes saturated vapour (state 6). After that, the refrigerant is
superheated and re-enters the compressor. Due to some pressure-
drop in the condenser and evaporator, the line of the condensation
and evaporation declined along the progress. It should be noted that,
state 1 to 4 are determined directly by the measurement data, but Fig. 3. Temperature-entropy diagram of the heat pump cycle for hot water tempera-
ture 65  C under compressor frequency 70 Hz
state 5 is calculated according to the pressure and enthalpy, where
the pressure is measured directly and the enthalpy equals to that of
the state 4. State 6 refers to the saturated vapour at the pressure of
The specific flow exergy, e, is evaluated using Eq. (4).
the state 1. In particularly, under the low frequency, the system can
not provide high temperature water, i.e., the system can only provide e ¼ h  h0  T0 ðs  s0 Þ (4)
hot water lower than 55  C and 65  C when the frequency are 50 Hz
and 60 Hz, respectively. Where T0 is the environmental temperature (dead state) and is
After the system reached steady state, the test was conducted, taken as 25  C.
and the rate of data acquisition was 12 times/min. After a set of The exergy destruction in each component of the cycle can be
experimental results were obtained, another test at different calculated as following.
frequency would be carried out by changing the compressor As for the compressor, when the heat transfer versus the envi-
frequency (50 Hz, 60 Hz, 70 Hz, 80 Hz, 90 Hz, 100 Hz, 110 Hz). When ronment is neglected, the exergy destroyed is determined as Eq. (5),
six sets of tests of different frequencies were finished, a new test

would be carried out by adjusting the water flow rate in the Ed;cp ¼ mref ein;cp  eout;cp þ w (5)
condenser, and meanwhile, the water flow rate in the evaporator
was kept constant. The exergy destroyed in the expansion valve is given by,


3. Energy and exergy analysis Ed;v ¼ mref ein;v  eout;v (6)

The overall energy performance of the system is evaluated Considering the mass, work and thermal exergy, we can write
with COP, which is calculated as the ratio between the heating the exergy destroyed in the condenser as follows [24],
capacity and the electrical power consumed by the compressor  

(Eq. (1)): Ed;co ¼ mref eref;in;co  eref;out;co þ mw ew;in;co  ew;out;co (7)

COP ¼ Qco =w (1) Likewise, the exergy destroyed in the evaporator can be calcu-
lated by,
where Qco is the heat withdrawn from the high temperature
refrigerant by the water flowing through the condenser,. i.e., the  

heating capacity of the system (Eq. (2)).
Ed;ev ¼ mref eref;in;ev  eref;out;ev þ mw ew;in;ev  ew;out;ev (8)

 The efficiency defect of each component of the system can be
Qco ¼ cp;w mw tw;out  tw;in (2)
defined as the ratio between the exergy destroyed in each one and
Exergy is defined as the maximum amount of work which can the exergy paid to sustain the process, which equal to the electrical
be produced by a system or a flow of matter or energy as it comes to power supplied to the compressor:
equilibrium with a reference environment [22]. The steady state
exergy rate balance for a control volume can be expressed with Eq. xi ¼ Ed;i =w (9)
(3) [23].
With the above equations for each component of the system, it
X T0
 X X is possible to determine the total exergy efficiency, which can be
1 Qi  w þ min ein  mout eout ¼ Ed (3) defined as,
i
Ti out
in
X
Where Qi is the time rate of heat transfer at the location on the
hex ¼ 1  xi (10)
i
boundary where the instantaneous temperature is Ti, w is the time
rate of energy transfer by work, other than flow work, me is the The thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant HFC125 and
exergy flow rate by mass flow, and Ed is the rate of exergy loss of the the water are calculated using REFPROP software version
system. 8.0 [25].
 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7 5

4. Results and discussion

An experimental study on an inverter heat pump using HFC125

as the refrigerant and operating near the refrigerant critical point
was presented. The COP and exergy efficiency of the system, along
with the exergy destroyed in each component were investigated. In
all experiments, the error propagation method suggested by Moffat
[26] was used for uncertainty estimation. The uncertainty of COP
and exergy efficiency calculation were 4.23% and 4.30%,
respectively. The results are shown in Figs. 4 to 9.
The values of COP as function of the compressor frequency were
reported in Fig. 4. It can be seen that, the COP decreases with the
compressor frequency increase for an assigned lower hot water
temperature (45  C). On the contrary, it increases for an assigned
higher hot water temperature (75  C), and keeps almost constant at
hot water temperature of 55  C and 65  C. This is mainly due to the
fact that when the compressor frequency and the hot water
temperature increase, the compression ration increases (Fig. 6) and
therefore the compressor efficiency decreases (Fig. 9). However, the
higher hot water temperature leads to higher refrigerant pressure, Fig. 5. Heating capacity against compressor frequency at different hot water
temperatures.
which can improve the heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant
and thus the heat delivery potential of the refrigerant. Maybe under
outlet temperature of heat sink of 45  C, the decrease of the As shown in Fig. 6, the compression ratio increases with the
compressor efficiency is dominant. But under outlet temperature of increase of the compressor frequency and the hot water tempera-
heat sink of 75  C, the enhancement of the refrigerant heat transfer ture, which is in larger part because the condensation temperature
efficiency is dominant. Under the outlet temperature of heat sink of and pressure increase, meanwhile, the evaporation pressure keeps
55  C or 65  C, the two effects are almost equivalent. The trends of almost constant.
the COP were shown as Fig. 4 for details. In addition, it should be As for a heat pump system, the reliability and lifetime as well as
noted that the system can provide 65  C hot water with the COP the stability of the refrigerant and lubricant should be considered.
over than 2.15. These characteristics can be checked indirectly by the compressor
Figure 5 illustrated the heating capacity against the compressor discharge temperature. Fig. 7 represents the variation of the
frequency at different hot water temperatures. It can be seen that discharge temperature against the compressor frequency. It is
the heating capacity increases with the compressor frequency evident that the compressor discharge temperatures vary slightly
increasing at any given hot water temperature, and decreases with with the compressor frequency increase, and increase with the
the hot water temperature increasing at assigned compressor increase of the hot water temperatures. However, the highest
frequency. This is due to the fact that when the hot water discharge temperature is less than 88.2  C, which is acceptable for
temperature is fixed and the compressor frequency increases, the the lubricant and the system.
refrigerant mass flow rate increases and can gain more heat in the The exergy efficiency of the system is depicted in Fig. 8. It is clear
condenser. However, when the compressor frequency is fixed, the that the overall trends are similar for all compressor frequencies.
water flow rate drops with the increase of the hot water temper- The exergy efficiency initially increases and then decreases with the
ature, and causes a higher condensation pressure, which can reduce increasing of the hot water temperatures. A peak value is obtained
the refrigerant mass flow rate and therefore the heat delivery when the hot water temperature is around 65  C. Studies have
potential of the refrigerant, consequently, leads to lower heating found that for evaporation inside a smooth horizontal tube, the
capacity.

Fig. 6. Compression ratio against compressor frequency at different hot water

Fig. 4. COP against compressor frequency at different hot water temperatures. temperatures.
6 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7

Fig. 9. Efficiency defect of each component at different hot water temperatures with
compressor frequency of 70 Hz
Fig. 7. Discharge temperature against compressor frequency at different hot water
temperatures.
and evaporator decreases. However, the exergy destroyed in the
local heat transfer coefficient arrives at the maximum value as the compressor and expansion valve increases mainly due to the
vapour quality increases to 65e80% and then drops dramatically, increasing condensation pressure. The exergy efficiency of the
characterising the “dry-out” region. The reduction in heat transfer overall system increases due to the combined effect of these factors.
is particularly important for high mass and heat fluxes. A high heat Here, special attention should be given to the hot water tempera-
fluxes would generally cause the drop in heat transfer coefficient to ture of 75  C, in which condition, the exergy destroyed in the
occur earlier than with a low heat flux [27]. On the contrary, for condenser and evaporator is higher than that of 65  C. The reason
condensation the heat transfer coefficient is approximately may be that with the increase of the condensation pressure, the
constant as condensation taking place, and the vapour quality heat exchange mainly takes place in the transcritical region, which
decreases to about 50%. Thereafter, the local heat transfer coeffi- may result in a higher exergy destroyed, and consequently lead to
cient decreases steadily with the decrease of vapour quality, till lower exergy efficiency.
towards the value of saturated liquid [28]. The pressure-drop rate of The exergy defects in each component of the system at
HFC125 increases with increasing of mass flow rate, vapour quality a compressor frequency of 70 Hz are illustrated in Fig. 9. The
and temperature difference between the refrigerant and the wall, exergy loss gives the idea of the destroyed ratio of input energy in
as pointed by Cavallini [29]. In the experiment, at any given a particular component. It also reveals the worst component of
compressor frequency, the temperature difference between the a system. At any given hot water temperature, the most efficient
refrigerant and water drops with the increase of the hot water component is the evaporator, in which the minimum exergy defect
temperature and leads to higher exergy efficiency. As illustrated is reached. The largest exergy defect is found in the compressor.
above, the maximum exergy efficiency of the system is achieved at The irreversibility in the compressor varies between 42.27% and
the hot water temperatures of 65  C, mainly because the temper- 45.74%. The corresponding values for the expansion valve,
ature difference between the water and the refrigerant in the condenser and evaporator are 12.05% and 19.57%, 16.31% and
condenser and evaporator drops with increasing of the hot water 20.75%, and 5.77% and 10.85%, respectively. With the increase of
temperature. In this case, the exergy destroyed in the condenser the hot water temperature, the exergy losses in the expansion
valve and compressor increase slightly. However, the exergy losses
in the condenser and evaporator decrease initially and then
increase. The minimum values are obtained when the hot water
temperature is 65  C, which agrees well with the trend depicted in
Fig. 8.

5. Conclusions

In this study, an energy and exergy analysis on an inverter heat

pump using HFC125 as refrigerant and operating near the refrig-
erant critical point was proposed based on the experimental
results. Furthermore, the exergy losses of each component of the
system were investigated. The following conclusions are derived.

1. The COP values decrease with the increase of the hot water
temperature at any given compressor frequency. When the hot
water temperature was fixed, the COP decreases with the
compressor frequency increase for a lower hot water temper-
ature (45  C), and increases for a higher hot water temperature
Fig. 8. Exergy efficiency against hot water temperature at different compressor (75  C), while keeps almost constant with hot water temper-
frequencies. ature of 55  C and 65  C.
 F. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 39 (2012) 1e7 7

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