INFORMATION SYSTEMS 3A

PRESENTED BY PROF TANIA PRINSLOO

WEEK 1
 Database Systems:
Design,
Implementation, and
Management, 14e
Module 1: Database Systems

Footnote Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights 2
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
Why Databases?

Footnote Figure 1.1 The Pervasive Nature of Databases 3

Data versus Information (1 of 3)

• The facts have not yet processed to reveal meaning to the end
Data consists of raw facts
user

Information is the result of processing

raw data to reveal the meaning of data
• To reveal meaning, information requires context

Data is the foundation of information, • Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding
which is the bedrock of knowledge of information

Accurate, relevant, and timely information

is the key to good decision-making

Data management is a discipline that

focuses on the proper generation,
storage, and retrieval of data

Footnote 4
Data versus Information (2 of 3)

Transforming Raw Data into Information:

How?

Why?

Why is this step essential?

Footnote 5
Data versus Information (3 of 3)

Footnote Figure 1.2 Transforming Raw Data into Information 6

Introducing the Database

A database is a shared,
integrated computer structure
that stores a collection of the
following: A database management
system (DBMS) is a
• End-user data – that is, raw facts of collection of programs that
interest to the end user
manages the database
• Metadata, or data about data,
through which the end-user data is
structure and controls access
integrated and managed to the data stored in the
• Metadata describes the data database
characteristics and the set of
relationships that links the data
found within the database

Footnote 7
Role and Advantages of DBMS (1 of 2)

The DBMS presents the end user with a single, integrated

view of the data in the database

A DBMS provides the following advantages:

Minimized Improved Increased
Improved Improved Better data Improved
data decision end-user
data sharing data security integration data access
inconsistency making productivity

Footnote 8
Role and Advantages of DBMS (2 of 2)

Figure 1.4 The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between the End User and the Database
Footnote 9
Types of Databases (1 of 4)

A single-user database supports one user at a time

• A desktop database is single-user database on a personal computer

A multiuser database supports multiple users at the same time

• A workgroup database supports a small number of users or a specific department

• An enterprise database supports many users across many departments

Classification by location

• A centralized database supports data located at a single site

• A distributed database supports data distributed across different sites
• A cloud database is created and maintained using cloud data services

Footnote 10
Types of Databases (2 of 4)

• Classification by data type

• General-purpose databases contain a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines
• Discipline-specific databases contain data focused on specific subject areas
• An operational database is designed to support a company’s day-to-day operations
• An analytical database stores historical data and business metrics used exclusively for tactical or
strategic decision making and is comprised of two main components:
• The data warehouse stores data in a format optimized for decision support
• Online analytical processing (OLAP) is a set of tools for retrieving, processing, and modeling data
from the data warehouse

Footnote 11
Types of Databases (3 of 4)

Business intelligence describes a comprehensive approach to capture and

process business data to generate information that support decision making

Databases can be classified to reflect Unstructured data exists in its original (raw) state

the degree to which the data is Structured data is the result of formatting unstructured data to
facilitate storage and use
structured Semistructured data has already been processed to some extent

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

is a language used to represent data An XML database supports the storage and management of
unstructured XML data
elements in textual format

Footnote 12
Types of Databases (4 of 4)

Social media refers to web and mobile technologies that

enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human interaction
• Data is captured about end users and consumers that requires the use of
specialized database systems

The term NoSQL (Not only SQL) is a new generation of DBMS

that is not based on the traditional relational database model
• These databases are designed to handle an unprecedented volume of
data, variety of data types and structures, and velocity of data operations
of new business requirements

Footnote 13
Why Database Design is Important (1 of 3)

Database design refers to the activities that focus on the design of the database structure that will be used to store
and manage end-user data

Designing appropriate data repositories of integrated

information using the two-dimensional table structures The integrated data must be decomposed properly into its constituent parts
found in most databases is a process of decomposition

A well-designed database facilitates data management and generates accurate and valuable information

A poorly designed database causes difficult-to-trace errors that may lead to poor decision making

Footnote 14
Why Database Design is Important (2 of 3)

Footnote Figure 1.5 Employee Skills Certification in a Poor Design 15

Why Database Design is Important (3 of 3)

Footnote Figure 1.6 Employee Skills Certification in a Good Design 16

Evolution of File System Data Processing (1 of 2)

Manual file systems are With computerized file File System Redux:
accomplished through a systems, a data processing Modern End-User
system of file folders and (DP) specialist created a Productivity Tools
filing cabinets computer-based system to
Business users widely use
track data and produce spreadsheet programs such as
required reports Microsoft Excel to enter data in a
series of rows and columns to
manipulate data
A common misuse of spreadsheets
is as a substitute for a database

Footnote 17
Evolution of File System Data Processing (2 of 2)

Table 1.2 Basic File Terminology

Term Definition

Data Raw facts, such as a telephone number, a birth date, a customer name, and a year-to-date (YTD) sales
value. Data has little meaning unless it has been organized in some logical manner.

Field A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning. A field is used
to define and store date.
Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing. For example the
fields that constitute a record for a customer might consist of the customer’s name, address, phone
number, date of birth, credit limit, and unpaid balance.
File A collection of related records. For example, a file might contain data about the students currently
enrolled at Gigantic University.

Footnote 18
Problems with File System Data Processing

• The following problems with file systems challenge the types of information that can be created from
data as well as information accuracy:
• Lengthy development times
• Difficulty of getting quick answers
• Complex system administration
• Lack of security and limited data sharing
• Extensive programming

Footnote 19
Structural and Data Dependence (1 of 2)

A file system exhibits structural dependence, which means that access to a

file is dependent on its own structure
• All file system programs are modified to conform to a new file structure

Structural independence exists when you change the file structure without
affecting the application’s ability to access the data

Data dependence exists when all data access programs are subject to
change when data storage characteristics change

Data independence exists when data storage characteristics are changed

without affecting the program’s ability to access the data

Footnote 20
Structural and Data Dependence (2 of 2)

The practical significance of data dependence is the difference

between the logical data format (how humans view the data) and the
physical data format (how the computer must work with the data)

Any program that accesses a file system’s file must tell the computer
not only what to do but also how to do it

Data dependence makes the file system cumbersome from the point
of view of a programmer and database manager

Footnote 21
Data Redundancy

Data redundancy exists when the Database professionals use the term islands of
information for scattered data locations
same data is stored unnecessarily at Increases the probability of having different versions of
different places the same data

Poor data security

Possible results of uncontrolled data Data inconsistency

redundancy Data-entry errors

Data integrity problems

Footnote 22
Data Anomalies

A data anomaly develops

when not all of the required
Update anomalies
changes in the redundant
data are made successfully

The following are three

Insertion anomalies
types of anomalies:

Deletion anomalies

Footnote 23
Database Systems (1 of 2)

1 2 3
The database system The database’s DBMS The current generation of
consists of logically related eliminates most of the file DBMS software stores data
data stored in a single logical system’s data inconsistency, structures, relationships
data repository data anomaly, data between those structures,
• However, the data might be dependence, and structural and access paths to those
physically distributed among multiple dependence problems structures
storage facilities
• The current generation also defines,
stores, and manages all access
paths and components

Footnote 24
Database Systems (2 of 2)

Footnote
Figure 1.9 Contrasting Database and File Systems 25
The Database System Environment

The term database system refers to an

organization of components that define and
regulate the collection, storage, management, and
use of data within a database environment

Hardware
The database system is Software
composed of the following People
five components: Procedures
Data

Database solutions must be cost-effective as well

as tactically and strategically effective

Footnote 26
DBMS Functions (1 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions:

• Data dictionary management – The DBMS stores definitions of data elements and their
relationships in a data dictionary
• Data storage management – The DBMS creates and manages the structures required for data
storage
• Performance tuning ensures efficient performance
• Data transformation and presentation – The DBMS transforms entered data to conform to required
data structures
• Data is formatted to conform to the user’s logical expectations
• Security management – The DBMS creates a system that enforces user security and data privacy

Footnote 27
DBMS Functions (2 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions (continued):

• Multiuser access control – The DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure that multiple users
can access the database concurrently without compromising its integrity
• Backup and recovery management – The DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data
safety and integrity
• Recovery management deals with the recovery of the database after a failure
• Data integrity management – The DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules, thus minimizing
redundancy and maximizing data consistency

Footnote 28
DBMS Functions (3 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions (continued):

• Database access languages and application programming interfaces – The DBMS provides data
access through a query language
• A query language lets the user specify what must be done without having to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query language and data access standard
supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
• Database communication interfaces – A DBMS accepts end-user requests via multiple
communication interfaces

Footnote 29
Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

• Disadvantages of database systems include the following:

• Increased costs
• Management complexity
• Maintaining currency
• Vendor dependence
• Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

Footnote 30
 Preparing for Your Database Professional Career
Table 1.3 Database Career Opportunities

Job Title Description Sample Skills Required

Database Developer Create and maintain database-based applications Programming, database fundamentals, SQL

Database Designer Design and maintain databases Systems design, database design, SQL

Database Manage and maintain DBMS and databases Database fundamentals, SQL, vendor courses
Administrator
Database Analyst Develop databases for decision support reporting SQL, query optimization, data warehouses

Database Architect Design and implementation of database environments DBMS fundamentals, data modeling, SQL, hardware knowledge, etc.
(conceptual, logical, and physical)
Database Consultant Help companies leverage database technologies to improve Database fundamentals, data modeling, database design, SQL,
business processes and achieve specific goals DBMS, hardware, vendor-specific technologies, etc.
Database Security Implement security policies for data DBMS fundamentals, database administration, SQL, data security
Officer administration technologies, etc.
Cloud Computing Design and implement the infrastructure for next-generation Internet technologies, cloud storage technologies, data security,
Data Architect cloud database systems performance tuning, large databases, etc.
Data Scientist Analyze large amounts of varied data to generate insights, Data analysis, statistics, advanced mathematics, SQL,
Footnote
relationships, and predictable behaviors programming, data mining, machine learning, data visualization
31
 Questions???

Footnote 32