Dr.
Gyanesh Lashkari
Geological Survey of India
Regional Training Division, WR
Mission-V
Jaipur
ज्ञान प्रसारण के माध्यम से उत्कृष्टता की ओर Excellence through knowledge sharing
GSITI
GEOPHYSICS
A BRANCH OF GEOLOGY DEALS PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS OF SUBSTANCES (ROCKS/
MINERALS)
GRAVITY
MAGNETIC
ELECTRICAL
ELECTROMAGNETIC
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GEOPHYSICS
WITHOUT SOURCE (PASSIVE)
WITH SOURCE (ACTIVE)
SURVEY PLAN FOR GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
SIZE & SHAPE OF TARGET
CONCEPT OF LINE AND STATION INTERVAL
QUALITY V/S QUATITY, INFLUENCE OF TARGET
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GRAVITY
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GRAVITY
GRAVITY IS EVERYWHERE
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GRAVITY
MEASUREMENT OF GRAVITY BY:-
• Falling Objects
• Pendulum
• Mass on a Spring
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FALLING OBJECTS
The distance a body falls is
proportional to the time it
has fallen squared.
The proportionality constant
is the gravitational
acceleration, g:
g = distance / time2
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PENDULUM MEASUREMENTS
- +
k
Position T 2 .
g
Gravity
The period of oscillation of the pendulum, T, is proportional to one
over the square root of the gravitational acceleration, g. The constant
GSITI of proportionality, k, depends on the pendulum length:
MASS ON A SPRING MEASUREMENTS
The most common type of gravimeter used in
exploration surveys is based on a simple mass-spring
system.
According to Hook’s law:
X = mg / k ,
with k being the spring stiffness k
1
2
3
4
m 5
6
7
g 8
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GRAVITY SURVEY
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GRAVITY
List of densities associated with various earth’s materials:
material 1000 kg/m3
sediments 1.7-2.3
sandstone 2.0-2.6
shale 2.0-2.7
limestone 2.5-2.8
granite 2.5-2.8
basalt 2.7-3.1
metamorphic 2.6-3.0
•Density differences are quite small
• There's considerable overlap in the measured densities
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
Gravity anomaly
Gravity anomaly
Zero density Anomaly Background density Anomalous density
The shape of the gravity anomaly depends not on the absolute
density, but on the density contrast, i.e. the difference
between the anomalous density and the “background density”.
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
Assume variation in
gravitational acceleration
due to a spherical ore
body with a radius of 10
meters, buried at a depth
of 25 meters below the
surface, and with a
density contrast of
500 kg /M3
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
Gravity
Anomaly
Consider a spherical ore
body embedded in a
sedimentary unit on top
of a (denser) Granitic
basement that is dipping
to the right.
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
Regional Gravity Anomaly
The strongest contribution to
the gravity is caused by large-
scale geologic structure.
Local or the Residual Gravity
Anomaly
The second contribution is
caused by smaller-scale
structure.
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
COMPARATIVE GRAVITY RESPONSE BETWEEN TOTAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL
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GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
DATA CORRECTION
Latitude: Correction for N-S distance
Free Air: Correction for elevation above the data plane
Bouguer: Correction for excess mass above data plane
Terrain: Topographical correction
Tides: Attraction of Sun and Moon
GSITI Isostacy: Variation in crustal thickness
GRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION
GENERAL RULES :
Higher than average density will cause positive anomaly
Amplitude in proportion to the density excess
Aerial extent of anomaly will reflect dimension of body
Sharp high anomaly indicate shallow causative body
Edge of body will tend lie under inflection point
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY
Buried dense body
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Observed Gravitational Acceleration
SURFACE RESPONSE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY
Buried dense body
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Observed Gravitational Acceleration
SURFACE RESPONSE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY
Δg
Δgmax
½Δgmax
Δg´max
X
0
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MAGNETIC SURVEY
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MAGNETIC RESPONSES
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MAGNETIC RESPONSES
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
dip
900 600 300
0.9
depth
0.5
0.1
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
EARTH’S SURFACE EARTH’S SURFACE
MAGNETIC POLE MID-LATITUDE EQUATOR
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
Gravity
Magnetic
Sediment
Basement
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
Gravity
Magnetic
Faulted Basement
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
Gravity
Magnetic
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
Gravity
Magnetic
Intrusive
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
Gravity
Magnetic
Salt Dome
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SURFACE RESPONSE OF ANOMALY
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MAGNETIC RESPONSE (LOCAL SCALE)
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MAGNETIC RESPONSE (LOCAL SCALE)
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MAGNETIC RESPONSE (GEOLOGY)
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ELECTRICAL METHOD
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ELECTRICAL METHOD
SELF POTENTIAL (SP)
INDUCED POLARISATION (IP)
RESISTIVITY
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SELF POTENTIAL (SP) METHOD
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SELF POTENTIAL (SP) METHOD
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SELF POTENTIAL (SP) METHOD
TWO TYPE ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION
POTENTIAL GRADIENT METHOD
TOTAL FIELD METHOD
POTENTIAL GRADIENT METHOD (DIPOLE/ LEAP FROG/ GRADIENT)
FIX SEPARATION OF 2 ELECTRODE
MEASURE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
OBSERVATION POINT IS MIDPOINT BETWEEN ELECTRODE
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SELF POTENTIAL (SP) METHOD
Potential amplitude/ Total Field/ Fixed base configuration
Keep one electrode at base station
Measure potential difference (mV) between base and electrode along traverse
•Lower level of cumulative errors & confusing polarity
•Disadvantages of transport long wire
Reference
Electrode
(Base)
Measuring
Electrode
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INTERPRETATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD
SP anomalies interpreted by
Profile shape
Amplitude
Polarity
Contour pattern
Top of body assumed to lie beneath position of
minimum potential
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SELF POTENTIAL (SP) METHOD
-50
-100
-150
(mv) SECTION
Sulfide
0
0
-100
PLAN
-150
-50
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INDUCED POLARIZATION SURVEY
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INDUCED POLARIZATION EFFECT
charge time
Steady state voltage Vp
(primary voltage)
IP effect
Residual voltage Vs Voltage
(secondary voltage)
Time
Current Current
Switched Switched
on off
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INDUCED POLARIZATION EFFECT
IP effect depends on grain size or function of the amount of
grain surface exposed to the electrolytic solution
Large sulfide grain : Large amount of current can flow,
small surface/ volume ratio
As grain size reduced, the IP effect increases
Very small grain size, surface resistance is too large
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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT TERRAIN
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
This technique have broad range of different
instrument systems
•Time Domain
•Frequency Domain
Passive : Use natural ground signals (MT)
Active: Artificial transmitter (Near field for
ground conductivity or far field VLF)
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
Advantage
Don’t require direct contact with ground, so
method is fast as compare to electrical method
Mineral exploration
Groundwater surveys
Geothermal resource investigations
Contaminated land mapping
Landfill surveys
Geological and structural mapping
Permafrost mapping, etc.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
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Thank you
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