TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. TITLE PG.NO.

I. INTRODUCTION 2

II. WHAT ARE PESTICIDES? 3

III. WHAT ARE INSECTICIDES? 4

IV. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PESTICIDES AND INSECTICES 5

V. HISTORY 6

VI. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES 7

VII. ADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES 8

VIII. DISADVANTAGE OF PESTICIDES 9

IX. AIM 10

X. THEORY 11

XI. REQUIREMENTS 12

XII. PROCEDURE 13

XIII. OBSERVATION 14

XIV. CONCLUSION 15

XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 I. INTRODUCTION

In the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in the yields of various crops to meet the
demand of overgrowing population, achieved by using pesticides and insecticides. These are chemicals
that are sprayed over crop to protect it from pests. For example: DDT, BHC, Zinc phosphide, Mercuric
chloride, Dinitrophenol, etc. All pesticides are poisonous chemicals and are used in small quantities
with care. Pesticides are proven to be effective against variety of insects, weeds and fungi and are
respectively called insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Most of the pesticides are non-
biodegradable and remain penetrated as such into plants, fruits and vegetables. From plants they
transfer to animals, birds and human beings who eat these polluted fruits and vegetables. Inside the
body they get accumulated and cause serious health problems. These days preference is given to
biodegradable insecticides like Malathion. The presence of insecticides residues in even raw
samples of wheat, fish, meat, butter etc. have aroused the concern of agricultural administrators,
scientists and health officials all over the world to put a check over the use of insecticides and to search
for non-insecticidal means of pest control.

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 II. WHAT ARE PESTICIDES?

Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is a chemical or a
biological agent such as:
 Virus
 Bacterium
 Antimicrobial
 Disinfectant

That deters, incapacitates, kills, pests.

This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant
protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural pests that can
damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity.
The most commonly applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds,
rodenticides to kill rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mould, and mildew.

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 III. WHAT ARE INSECTICIDES?

Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect
eggs and larvae, respectively. Acaricides, which kill mites and ticks, are not strictly insecticides, but are
usually classified together with insecticides.

The major use of Insecticides is agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden, industrial
buildings, vector control and control of insect parasites of animals and humans.

The increase in the 20th-century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to
significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as
they spread along the food chain.

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 IV. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES

Pesticides Insecticides

Target
Insects, fungi, rodents, weeds Insects
Pests

Control and eliminate insect

Purpose Control, repel, or eliminate pests
populations

Organophosphates, pyrethroids,
Types Insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, herbicides
neonicotinoids, biological insecticides

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane),
Example Malathion, permethrin, imidacloprid
glyphosate

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 V. HISTORY

Since before 20BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops;

The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur dusting used in ancient summer about 4500 years ago in
ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and led being applied
sulphate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction
of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, rotenone which is
derived from the roots of tropical vegetables.

In 1940s manufactures began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use become wide
spread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the “Pesticideera” Pesticide
use has increased 50 field since 1950 and 2.3 million Tonnes of pesticides are now used each year.

In 1960s it was discovered that DDT was preventing many fish eating birds from reproducing, which was
a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now leaned under the stock holm
convention, but it is still used in some developing
Nations.

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 VI. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

Grouped by the pest types they kill:

1. Insecticides – Insects

2. Herbicide – Plant

3. Rodenticides – Rodents (rats & mice)

4. Bactericides – Bacteria

5. Fungicides - Fungicide

6. Larvicides – Larvae

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 VII. ADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES

 Pesticides help in an abundant harvest

 It helps keep food affordable

 Pesticides help to prevent insects and

Waterborne transmission diseases

 Pesticides help farmers to grow more crops in the same or less land

 Pesticides helped in making it easy to remove weeds or prevent pests without hardship

 It helped globally to increase the economicAL growth of a country

 It helps to protect the storage

 Pesticides help in preventing insects, rodents, and viruses at home, offices, etc.

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 VIII. DISADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES

 Impact on human health

 Negative effect on other life species

 Environmental pollution

 Genetic defects

 Affect in pollination

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 IX. AIM

To Study the presence of insecticides or pesticides (Nitrogen Containing) in various.

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 X. THEORY

In the decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the guilds of various crops to meet the demand of
our growing world population. This great feat has been achieved by adopting new methods of forming
and by expensive use of fertilizers and insecticides.

A pesticide is any substance is mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying repelling or
mitigating any pest. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent antimiolbal disinfectant or
device used against any pest. Pests includes insects, plant pathogens insects, molluscs, birds, mammals,
fish nematodes and microbus that destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a
nuisance. Although there are also drawbacks, such as potential to humans and other animals. The term
includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thinning
fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest
to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.

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 XI. REQUIREMENTS

 Mortar and Pistle, beakers, funnel, glass rod, filter paper, China dish, water bath, tripod.

 Stand, fusion-tubes, knife, test-tube.

 Samples of fruits, vegetables, Alcohol, Sodium metal, Ferric chloride solution, ferrous.

 Sulphate crystals, distilled water and dilute Sulphuric acid.

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 XII. PROCEDURE

1. Take different kinds of fruit and vegetables and cut them into small piece separately.

2. Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables in mortar separately and crush them.

3. Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and vegetables and place the crushed fruit and
vegetable in these beakers, and add 10ml of alcohol to each or these. Stir well and filter collect the
filtrate in separate china dishes.

4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one over water bath and let the residue dry
in an oven.

5. Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tubes, till it melts. Then add one of the above residue
from china dish to the fusion tube and heat till red hot. Drop the hot fusion tube in china dish
containing about 110ml of distilled water. Break the tube and boil the contents of the china
dish for about 5 minute to cool and filter solution. Collect the filtrate.

6. To the filtrate add 1ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and warm the contents.
Then, add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride solution and acidity with the dil. Hydrochloric acid
if a blue or green precipitate or colouration is obtained, it indicated the presence of nitrogen
containing insecticide.

7. Repeat the test of nitrogen for residue obtained from other fruits and vegetable and record
observation.

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 XIII. OBSERVATION

S.no Name of the Presence of nitrogen Presence of insecticide/pesticide

fruit/vegetable
1 Tomato +ve Yes
2 Grapes +ve Yes
3 Carrot -ve No
4 Potato +ve Yes

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 XIV. CONCLUSION

Thus from the above experiment we conclude that the fruits and vegetables that we
consume especially grapes, tomato and potato contain nitrogen containing insecticides
and pesticides.

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 XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Mankind Agritech

2. IDOCPUB

3. Scribd

4. slideshare

5. toppr

6. Wikipedia

7. AplusTopper

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