Port Loading & Unloading Techniques

Different Passenger & Cargo Handling

Terminal Operation

Introduction to Ships &

Information & Berth Planning

Note - 1
 Type of Ships

Fishing Cable Naval/ Research Ships which keep the

Vessels Ships War Ships sea lanes open
Ships

Dredger Survey Tugs

Ships which carry things Ships

Passenger General Cargo

Cruise Ferries Unit load Break bulk Bulk

Hovercraft Ro/Ro Liquid Bulk Dry Bulk

Hydrofil

Gas carriers – LNG/LPG Cement

Grain
Crude Oil Carriers Coal
Automobile Container Iron ore
Vehicles Product carriers
Petrol/Diesel
Types of Ships & Cargo
Main Types of Ships
 Ports & Terminals Provide

• Efficient Ship Turn Around Time

• Efficient Truck Turn Around Time

• Value Added Logistic Services to
Cargo & Ships

Profit = Revenue-cost
 Port Operations
• Navigation Operation

• Cargo Handling (Terminal) Operation

• Logistics (Value Added) Operation

 Port Operations
1. Navigational Operation
2. Cargo Handing Terminal Operation
3. Value Added Logistics Operation - Land based

Different Cargo Handling Terminal Operations

• Indirect Operation (Route) – With Storage in the Port = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4

• Direct Operation (Route) – No Storage in the port = 1 + 4

1. Ship Operation – Discharging / Loading Operation

2. Quay Transfer Operation
3. Storage / Stacking Operation
4. Receipt & Delivery (Gate) Operation
Customers of the Port/Terminal & Expectations
• Shipping Lines / Ship Owners / Local Shipping Agents
– Fast Ship turnaround time (Navigational/Handling) (Time & Cost)
– Berth on arrival – (Dedicated / Window Berthing)
– Reliable, efficient & high vessel productivity
– Wireless data transmission - EDI
– Real-time monitoring
– Low port cost, total port cost, e-payments, credit
• Shippers/Consignees (exporters/importers) /(Clearing &
Forwarding Agents) Trucking & Railway (Hauliers)
– Quick Truck / Rail turnaround time
– Simplified, efficient processors – Single Window Clearance / PSC Port
Community System
– Real-time monitoring (Truck + Cargo)
– Faster transit time / Less dwell time
– Lower Port Chargers – total port cost, e-payments, credit
– Higher connectivity: high frequency & access to more markets
– Efficient gate processing – Pre advice / OCR
– Wireless data transmission - EDI
– Real-time monitoring
• Value add service providers/Investors / Land lease
 Allocating a Berth - Factors
• Maximum draft –Arrival & Departure
Ship’s physical • Length, breadth & air draft
features • Maneuvering capabilities
• Known deficiencies

• Type of Cargo to be handled

Availability of
• Ro-Ro or Lo-LO
Shore Terminal • Specialty of handling equipment
Facilities • Beam reach, weight lifting requirement

• Berth be available at the time of ETA?

Availability of a • Specific berth arrangement
Suitable Berth • Scheduled day agreement (window)
 Vessel Arrival Information for Berth Allocation

• Vessel Name & Voyage No

• Type of ship
• LOA – Length overall / Breadth / Air Draft
• Ship Gear onboard/Side
• Type of Hatch Covers
• RO RO Ships – Location of Ramp
• Berthing side (Port / Starboard)
• Draft – Arrival & Departure - Forepart & After part Draft
• Cargo Forward bays / Cargo After bays
• Last Port of Call & Next Port of Call
• Type of Cargo, Special Cargo, Quantity to Discharge/Load
• Crane Intensity / No of Cranes Required / No of Gangs Required
• Security Cargo / Explosives / Radio Active / Dangerous / Dirty
Dusty & Irritant Cargo / High Value Cargo / Perishable Cargo /
Heavy Lift Cargo / Project Cargo
• Special requests & Special Approvals (MOD) / Charges & Payments
Vessel Arrival Information for Berth Allocation
• Vessel schedule – Monthly
• Ship Information
• Dangerous Cargo Declaration
• Stowage Plans (Discharging/Loading)
Cargo Information
• TDR- Terminal Departure Report - EDI
• Manifest (Electronic) - EDI
• ISPS requirements
• Payments - Provisional charges (Navigation/Stevedoring)
 Port Berthing Arrangements - Priority
• War ships
• Vessels carrying arms & ammunitions
• Passenger vessels
• High value cargo
• Container/Ro-Ro/General Cargo
• Bulk
• Docking
• Etc.
Berthing Criteria for Terminals
Common User Terminals
“Vessels are berthed on “first come first service
basis”’

Dedicated Terminals / Proforma berth window

Proforma / Fixed day berth window
 Container - Main Lines
• Monthly vessel schedule for the coming month – Registration
• Transshipment cargo will accumulate 21 days / 14 days before the
ship arrival
• Vessel Arrival Notice/Declaration - 7 days prior to arrival for Local
Cargo Opening/Booking list
• Berth Application form should reach the terminal 3 days (72 Hours)

– LOA, Draft (arrival & departure), No of moves (discharging /

Loading), Crane intensity, required berth, Last port of call, next
port of call, special request (Port or STB side berthing)

• Confirm arrival updating with final move count daily over the
phone/mail/fax
• Deviation of 4 hours permitted before or after confirmed ETA
• Berthing scheme permit to increase volume by 20% only
• Hot connection notification
 Containers Feeders

• Monthly schedule
• Berthing application with relevant details should
reach the terminal 24hrs prior to arrival of
vessel
• Handling equipments onboard
• Athwart ship boxes
• Hot connections to main lines
 Berthing Programme

• Prepared by Individual Terminal Berthing Programme

daily (JCT/SAGT/CICT/Conventional Cargo Terminals)

• One Berthing Programme is prepared for 24hrs,

compiling all individual berthing programme by SLPA

• Send the progremme to Harbour Master / Pilot Station

• Obtain ISPA approval from Sri Lanka Navy

• Berthing & Sailing is done for the entire Port

accordingly.
Value of World Seaborne Trade (US$)
International Maritime Trade (in Cargo Ton Miles 2001 - 2021)
Global Containerized Trade from 1996 – 2021
(millions of TEU’s & annual % change)
World Fleet by Principal Vessel Types 2015-2016
(Thousands of dead weight tons and percentage)
World Fleet by Principal Vessel Types 1980-2016
(Percentage share of dead weight tonnage)
Share of Selected Commodity Groups on World Seaborne
Trade in 2995 and 2015
(% of total volume)
The low
cost of
maritime
transport
 Ships which do not carry things
• Fishing vessels
• Cable laying ships
• Research ships
• Naval ships / Submarines
• Ships which keep the sea lane open & Other
types
Dredgers
Survey / Hydrographic
Tugs / Salvage / Towage
Fire Fighting Vessels
Ice Breakers
Supply Vessels
CABLE LAYING SHIP
• Ship designed to lay and
repair power cables or
communications cables
on the sea bed.
• Cable for laying is held in
tanks or holds, of which
there may be several,
and played out over the
bows
Research Ship
NAVAL SHIP / WAR SHIPS
 DREDGER

• Vessel designed to remove mud or sand from the sea

bed or from a river bed. This is often done at or near
a port to increase the depth of water or to restore it
to its previous depth. This enables access to a port
by vessels with deeper draught or allows a ship to
carry a greater weight of cargo. The method of
dredging are by suction, bucket, and grab
 DREDGER
• The suction method uses a pipe and a submersible pump to
suck sand.
• The bucket method uses a continuous supply of buckets which
reach to the sea bed and scrape up the sand or aggregate.
• A grab may also be employed on the end of a crane.
• All three operations transfer the sand or aggregate into the
hold or into hoppers and thence to barges for removal.
• In some cases, the ships hold may have a bottom opening
through which the sand is dropped out at sea.
Types of Dredgers
• Bucket
• Suction
• Grab
• Trailer suction
DREDGER
SURVEY SHIP
SURVEY / HYDROGRAPHIC VESSEL
CABLE LAYING SHIP
SUPPLY VESSEL
BUNKER BARGE
 SALVAGE / TOWAGE TUGS

• Every port has at least one tug.

• Has Fenders (Hard Rubber, Tyres, Coir)
• The (Double) engine is need to be very powerful.
• Tugs usually push and tows.
• Has short superstructure.
• A great accuracy of control at low speeds.
• Two speed gear gives greater accuracy of control at
low speeds. 41
FIRE FIGHTER

Seagoing Icebreaker
STAND BY VESSEL/ RESCUE ZONE
PLEASURE BOATS/LAUNCHES
 Ships which carry things
• The function of Sea Transport like
that of any other form of transport is
to move things .

• Its success lines in finding people

who have things to move and its
ability to move them safely and
efficiently.

• Is What, Where to and How much

has to be moved by sea.
Ships which carry things & Operation
• Passenger vessels
– Ferries
– Hydrofoil
– Hovercraft
– Ro-Ro vessels
– Cruise vessels

• Bulk
– Tankers Crude Oil / Gas / Chemical /Product carriers
– Dry bulk
– Special cargo - OBO Carriers (Solid + Liquid) No Cranes
Bulk forest products carriers(Timber, Reel of papers, Paper Pulp, News
prints)
• General Cargo
– Break bulk
– Barge carrying ships
– Container
SAILING SHIPS
YACHTS
YACHT/SAILING CRAFTS
 HOVERCRAFT / HYDROFOIL

Fast moving craft which travels along a few feet

above the surface of the sea by means of a
cushion of air forced downwards.
These craft are designed to carry commercial
vehicles as well as cars and foot passengers
FERRIES/WOODEN
FERRY – CATAMARAN
 Ro/Ro Ferries

• Move millions of Passengers

• Move million of Cargo
• In Short distances
• North west Europe/Mediterranean/Japan
• Competition from Air Lines, Channel Tunnel
• Larger Ferries carry 2000 passengers
• Large openings & large car decks with few
bulkheads
• Hovercraft, Hydrofoils, Catamarans
RO-RO / Roll On – Roll Off
 Passenger Vehicle Ferry

• Vessel designed to carry passengers ( with or

without cars) and commercial vehicles with
their drivers, usually on short sea crossings.
Vehicles are driven on and off the ship on
ramps and spend the voyage on special decks,
with private cars normally kept separate from
commercial vehicles
 Car Ferry

• Ship used frequently on short sea routes to carry

passengers and very often cars as well. Cars are diven
on and off ramps on to one or more car decks where
they are parked for the duration of the crossing. Shore
operations often involve the use of linkspan or bridge
which links the ship and shore at whatever angle is
necessary at the particular berth. Ferries operating on
routes other than very short ones may have cabins
and other passenger facilities.
 Passenger/train/vehicle carrier

• Vessel having, typically, three decks on to

which vehicles, both cars and trucks, are
carried and having rail on several tracks
allowing rail wagons to be transported. The
vessel has overnight accommodation for
passengers and may well have entertainment
and shopping facilities on board. The vehicle
decks are inter-connected by internal ramps
Passenger Ships
PASSENGER SHIPS - Allure of the Seas
PASSENGER FERRY
 Cruise Ship
• Replace of Sea Passenger Transport market
• Argue – Cruise traffic is not transport, not pay to be moved to a
specific place
• Normally returned to their starting place
• Pay – entertaining & pleasant experience
• Technical operation remains same
• Commercial operation – Advertising & promotion – Hotel &
holiday trade – not much to with shipping
• Equipped with Bow thrusters – Maneuvering
• Larger cabins, restaurants, cinema, dance halls, swimming
pools, bars, shops, hairdressers, gyms, lounges, libraries
• Construction & Safety is different
• “Passenger Safety Certificate” _SOLAS regulations
• Ship is divided into small watertight compartments –
Unsinkable – non inflammable
 Cruise Ship
• Passengers – Socio Economic group with large disposable
income
• Passengers – Elderly & Retired – Months/Weeks
• Shorted cruises – Average age has come down – USA to
Caribbean most popular
• 10% - Ticket sale 50% sales on board
40% Casino Profits
• High speed – Excess of 30 knots
• Environmental Threats –Waste of Glass, Plastics ,food waste,
dry waste, Sewage disposal
Tankers
Evolution of Tankers
Bulk Carriers
TANKERS
 Ultra Large
Crude
Oil Carrier

Very Large
Crude
Oil Carrier
CHEMICAL TANKER
LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas Tanker
LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas Tanker
BULK CARRIER - GEARLESS BULK CARRIER
BULK CARRIER - GEARED BULK CARRIER
Roll – On Roll-Off (RO-RO) Vessels
Stern Ramp
General Cargo Vessels
GENERAL CARGO SHIP FITTED WITH
DERRICKS
GENERAL CARGO SHIP FITTED WITH
DERRICKS
GENERAL CARGO SHIP FITTED WITH
CRANES
 Container & RO-RO ship
• Ship which carries shipping containers and
has cell guides within which to accommodate
them, she also has decks to take roll-on-roll
off cargo.
• Also known as a con-ro ship
Container Ship – Gear Less
Evolution of Container Vessels
724 TEU Container Vessel With Gears
4250 TEU Container Vessel – Gear Less
 Cattle carrier / Livestock carrier
• Ship used for the carriage of livestock, mainly
sheep.
• Many are converted from oil tankers and dry
cargo ships, although a few have been purpose
built.
LIVE STOCK CARRIER
Reefer Ships
REEFER SHIP
 HEAVY LIFT CARRIER/PROJECT
CARGO/ SPECIAL PURPOSE SHIPS
 Banana Carrier
• Name given to any ship dedicated to the banana trade. Such a
ship required to have considerable ventilation capability
combined with the ability to cool the cargo and she must be
fast because of the way bananas mature on passage. Most
ships are designed to carry palletized goods although cartons
are still used. More recently, bananas are being carried in
specially designed refrigerated containers.
 Barge Carrying Ship – LASH
(Lighter Aboard Ship)
• Ocean ship which carry barges. These barges are loaded with
cargo, often at a variety of locations, towed to the ocean ship,
sometimes referred to as the mother ship, and lifted or, in some
cases, floated on board. After the ocean crossings, the barges are
off-loaded and towed to their various destinations. The ocean ship
then receives a further set of barges which have been assembled in
readiness. This concept was designed to eliminate the need for
specialized port equipment and to avoid transhipment with its
consequent extra cost. One example of barge carrying ships are the
Lash ships. (lighter aboard ship)
 Three modes of Operation
• Liner
– On a schedule, published
– Between fixed series of ports
– Agreed tariffs or prices
– Similar size of ships

• Tramp
– Chartered or hired
– Ship may go anywhere with anything

• Industrial
– Merchants or Organizations have lot of cargo to move
– Operate their own ships
 Different Cargo Handling Terminal Operations

• Indirect Operation (Route) – With Storage in the Port = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4

• Direct Operation (Route) – No Storage in the port = 1 + 4

1. Ship Operation – Discharging / Loading Operation

2. Quay Transfer Operation
3. Storage / Stacking Operation
4. Receipt & Delivery (Gate) Operation