Parkinson's Disease Detection via Convolutional Neural

Networks: Leveraging MobileNetV2, Fine-Tuning, and Test-

Time Augmentation
Mr. Vigneshkumar M
Assistant Professor Doondi Surya Vikram Balla Teja Nagendra prasad Chakali
Department of CSE Department of CSE Department of CSE
Kalasalingam Academy of Research Kalasalingam Academy of Research Kalasalingam Academy of Research
and Education and Education and Education
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil- Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil- Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil-
626126,Tamilnadu 626126,Tamilnadu 626126,Tamilnadu
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Jaswanth Teja Alli Ram mohan reddy Emani

Department of CSE Department of CSE
Kalasalingam Academy of Research Kalasalingam Academy of Research
and Education and Education
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil- Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil-
626126,Tamilnadu 626126,Tamilnadu
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract:- Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive clinical evaluation and imaging methodologies such as MRI
neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions and PET scan are time-consuming, costly, and are subject-
worldwide. Accurate and early diagnosis is crucial for based in their nature. With this comes an increasing demand
effective intervention. This research presents a deep for cost-efficient, automated, and precise diagnostic
learning-based approach using Convolutional Neural platforms.
Networks (CNNs) for PD detection. We utilize the
MobileNetV2 architecture, fine-tune the model for Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning have
improved performance, and employ Test-Time become formidable tools in medical diagnostics.
Augmentation (TTA) to enhance prediction stability. Our Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proved to be
proposed framework demonstrates significant accuracy in highly effective for analyzing medical imaging for diseases
distinguishing between healthy individuals and those with such as neurodegenerative conditions. The application of
PD. CNNs can assist in the detection of patterns in medical
Keywords:- CNN,MOBILE,NETWORK,TEST-TIME images that may not be noticeable to the naked eye, with a
AUGMENTATION AND FINE-TUNING, view towards early and proper diagnosis of PD.

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being In this paper, we propose to investigate the
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure application of CNNs to PD diagnosis using MobileNetV2, a
SDG 4: Quality Education compact deep model capable of performing under the
SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities limited mobile environment and applying in mobile and
embedded environments. We apply transfer learning and
fine-tuning for performance improvement and Test-Time
I. INTRODUCTION Augmentation to improve robustness of predictions. Using
the end-to-end deep learning system, we seek to create a
scalable and efficient PD diagnostic tool that can be used on
real clinical applications.
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive and
chronic neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting
movement through the loss of neurons releasing dopamine
in the brain's substantia nigra region. PD presents with II. LITERATURE REVIEW
motor signs like tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural
instability and non-motor signs like cognitive impairment,
depression, and autonomic dysfunction. PD has millions of
affected individuals across the globe, and its occurrence is
anticipated to increase because of increased life expectancy Recent progress in AI-based medical diagnosis has
and population aging. considerably enhanced the accuracy of disease detection.
Some of the previous work on PD diagnosis is:
The timely diagnosis of PD is essential to halt the
advancement of disease and enhance the quality of life in Litvan et al., "Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease,"
patients. Nevertheless, conventional diagnosis such as Journal of Neurology, 2018.[1]
Heetal.,"Deep learning for neurodegenerative disease Fernandez et al., "Test-Time Augmentation for robust PD
detection," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2020.[2] diagnosis with CNNs," Machine Learning in Medicine,
2022.[20]
Schrag et al., "Predicting Parkinson's disease with machine
learning models," Neurobiology of Aging, 2019.[3]

Smith et al., "Use of CNNs for Parkinson's detection via III. METHODOLOGY
medical imaging," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,
2021.[4]

Wang et al., "AI applications in neurodegenerative

diseases," Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2020.[5] 3.1 Dataset and Preprocessing The dataset consists of
images categorized into ‘healthy’ and ‘parkinson’ groups.
Gupta et al., "Gait analysis for early-stage Parkinson's Images are resized to 128x128 pixels and normalized to
detection," Sensors, 2019.[6] enhance training efficiency.

Tang et al., "MRI-based CNN models for PD diagnosis," 3.2 Data Augmentation To improve model generalization,
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021.[7] aggressive augmentation is applied:

Liu et al., "Speech-based assessment of Parkinson's disease  Rotation: 30 degrees

using deep learning," Journal of Biomedical Informatics,  Width & Height Shift: 30%
2020.[8]  Zoom: 20%
 Horizontal Flip
Martinez et al., "Hybrid machine learning methods for PD
detection," Expert Systems with Applications, 2021.[9] 3.3 Model Architecture MobileNetV2 is employed as the
base model with pre-trained ImageNet weights. The model
is modified with:
Kim et al., "Wearable technology for monitoring Parkinson's
disease," IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2019.
[10]  Global Average Pooling layer
 Batch Normalization
 Dense layers with Dropout (50%)
Sharma et al., "Fine-tuning deep learning models for  Sigmoid activation for binary classification
classifying PD," Neuroinformatics, 2022.[11]
3.4 Training Strategy The training process consists of two
Patel et al., "PD detection using mobile-based AI phases:
applications," Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 2020.
[12]
 Feature Extraction: The pre-trained MobileNetV2
is frozen, and only the custom head is trained.
Zhang et al., "Early-stage PD detection using voice  Fine-Tuning: The top layers of MobileNetV2 are
recordings and AI," Scientific Reports, 2019[13]} unfrozen for deeper feature learning, with lower
layers remaining frozen.
Choi et al., "CNN-based tremor assessment for PD patients,"
PLOS One, 2021.[14] 3.5 Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) TTA is employed to
improve robustness. Multiple augmented versions of the test
Roy et al., "EEG signal processing with deep learning for image are generated, and the model's predictions are
PD identification," IEEE Access, 2020.[15] averaged to reduce variability

Huang et al., "Deep learning in neuroimaging for PD

analysis," Neurocomputing, 2021.[16]
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Park et al., "Real-time PD monitoring with AI-powered
smartphone apps," Sensors, 2020.[17]

Rodrigues et al., "Deep learning and feature engineering for

PD gait recognition," Pattern Recognition, 2021.[18] The system is designed to classify Parkinson's
Disease (PD) from deep learning using the MobileNetV2, a
light-weight yet powerful Convolutional Neu al Network
Thomas et al., "Handwriting analysis using CNNs for PD
(CNN). The system employs several steps such as image
detection," Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology,
preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, fine-tuning,
2019.[19]
and test-time augmentation (TTA) for strong and accurate
predictions. Below is a more detailed explanation of each of
the system components
 stabilizing and making test time stable predictions. In TTA,
4.1. Preprocessing Module several copies of a single test image are made through
Preprocessing is a fundamental process that falls under pre- augmentation (applying like rotating, flipping, and
training the dataset. It organizes the input images and zooming). The model is fed augmented images and a
prepares them for analysis. The major operations performed prediction of each of the augmented copies is averaged to
are: get a final output.
• Resizing: The entire collection of images in the dataset are Advantages of TTA
resized to the same pixel value of 128x128 pixels so that •Reduced Variability: TTA minimizes the effect of slight
they are compatible with MobileNetV2. Resizing conserves variation in the input image, i.e., noise, rotation, or shifting,
on computation needs and space memory and yet preserves and produces more stable and robust predictions
salient features that would be needed for classification. •Improved Generalization: Pooling predictions from
• Normalization: The pixel values of the images are multiple varied augmented instances results in learning the
normalized in the range of 0 to 1 by dividing them with 255. model's capability to generalize well on new data, thereby an
Normalization accelerates the speed of convergence in improvement in its performance in general on real clinical
training and prevents raw pixel values from being data.
overestimated by the neural network. • Prediction Robustness: TTA makes the model strong
• Data Augmentation: To generalize and prevent enough to deal with new or new variations in the input data
overfitting, the training set is forwarded through various and thus stronger in various clinical scenarios.
processes of augmentation.
4.2. Feature Extraction Module 4.6. Deployment Framework
MobileNetV2 has been used in this module as the feature The ultimate goal of this system is to be deployable in actual
extraction backbone. MobileNetV2 is pre-trained on clinical settings. For this reason, the system in question
ImageNet and can give a strong common image feature includes a deployment framework for implementing the
basis, which can further be fine-tuned for PD detection task. trained model in a user interface
The output of this module is an image's high-level •Web-Based Application: The system can also be
discriminative feature set and is inputted to the classification implemented as a web-based application where clinicians
module. input images or patient data, and the model will give a
prediction regarding whether the patient is afflicted with
4.3.ClassificationModule Parkinson's Disease.
The classification module is a human-designed machine •Mobile Application: The system may also be built in
learning head which transforms the extracted features and mobile format for tracking during travel, wherein clinicians
maps them to healthy or Parkinson's Disease. or even patients capture images of hand tremors or other
Keypoints: symptoms of concern for real-time analysis.
• Dense Layers: • Real-Time Monitoring: It can also be integrated with
• Dropout: Dropout ( wearables, e.g., smartwatches or mobile phones, to monitor
patients' health in real-time continuously and forecast
• Sigmoid Activation: Sigmoid activation function is once possible PD-related symptoms in real-time.
again applied at the output layer, scaling down the output of 4.7. Reporting and User Interface
the network into probability score of range 0 to 1, 0 • Clinician Dashboard: Provide an accessible dashboard to
representing 'healthy' and 1 representing the clinicians with their patient-related information and
4.4. Fine-Tuning Mechanism output analysis, e.g., results of classification (healthy or
Parkinson's).
•Clinician Visualization Tools: Offer clinicians
Fine-tuning is another fundamental aspect of transfer visualization tools by which they may analyze the way
learning that enables the model to fine-tune its capability thinking happens within the model, i.e., visualizations for
based on the unique characteristics of the PD dataset. In this heatmaps or feature importance.
module: • Probabilistic Predictive Insights: The system will give
• Feature Extraction Phase: The model first trains only the probabilistic insights and not just binary classification and
head being fine-tuned but with frozen pre-trained will help clinicians to estimate the probability of PD to make
MobileNetV2 layers. This is to allow the model to learn more informed decisions.
those specific patterns for PD detection from normal images
without losing on universal image features learned by
MobileNetV2.
• Fine-Tuning Stage: The custom head is trained after
which the top MobileNetV2 layers are left unfrozen and the V. RESULTS
entire network is trained end-to-end. The lower
MobileNetV2 layers, learning general image features, are
frozen to prevent overfitting but higher layers are updated to
learn PD-specific features even better. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed
It is performed to leverage pre-trained knowledge but not system, the MobileNetV2-based model was trained and
restrict the model from specializing in detecting Parkinson's tested on a dataset containing images categorized into
Disease. ‘healthy’ and ‘Parkinson’s Disease (PD)’ groups. The
4.5. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) following evaluation metrics were used to assess the
Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is applied for model performance:
Accuracy: The percentage of correctly classified images in VII. REFERENCES
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