Download the full version and explore a variety of test banks

or solution manuals at https://testbankpack.com

Test Bank for Nutrition Essentials A Personal

Approach 1st Edition Schiff 0073402575
978007340257

_____ Tap the link below to start your download _____

http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-nutrition-
essentials-a-personal-approach-1st-edition-
schiff-0073402575-978007340257/

Find test banks or solution manuals at testbankpack.com today!

Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at testbankpack.com

Solution Manual for Nutrition Essentials A Personal

Approach 1st Edition Schiff 0073402575 978007340257

http://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-nutrition-
essentials-a-personal-approach-1st-edition-
schiff-0073402575-978007340257/

Test Bank for Human Nutrition Science for Healthy Living

1st Edition Stephenson Schiff 0073402524 9780073402529

http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-human-nutrition-
science-for-healthy-living-1st-edition-stephenson-
schiff-0073402524-9780073402529/

Test Bank for Nutrition for Healthy Living 4th Edition

Schiff 0078021383 9780078021381

http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-nutrition-for-healthy-
living-4th-edition-schiff-0078021383-9780078021381/

Solution Manual for Programming the World Wide Web 7th

Edition Sebesta 0132665816 9789332518827

http://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-programming-the-
world-wide-web-7th-edition-sebesta-0132665816-9789332518827/
Test Bank for Contemporary Financial Management 13th
Edition by Moyer McGuigan Rao ISBN 1285198840
9781285198842
http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-contemporary-financial-
management-13th-edition-by-moyer-mcguigan-rao-
isbn-1285198840-9781285198842/

Solution Manual for Essentials of MIS 10th Edition by

Laudon ISBN 0132668556 9780132668552

http://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-essentials-of-
mis-10th-edition-by-laudon-isbn-0132668556-9780132668552/

Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting 19th Edition Stice

1133957919 9781133957911

http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-intermediate-
accounting-19th-edition-stice-1133957919-9781133957911/

Solution Manual for Social Problems 7th Edition Macionis

0134632524 9780134632520

http://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-social-
problems-7th-edition-macionis-0134632524-9780134632520/

Test Bank for Cengage Advantage Books Business Law Text

and Exercises 7th Edition by Miller Hollowell ISBN
1133625959 9781133625957
http://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-cengage-advantage-
books-business-law-text-and-exercises-7th-edition-by-miller-hollowell-
isbn-1133625959-9781133625957/
Solution Manual for Principles of Supply Chain Management
A Balanced Approach 4th Edition Wisner Tan Leong
1285428315 9781285428314
http://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-principles-of-
supply-chain-management-a-balanced-approach-4th-edition-wisner-tan-
leong-1285428315-9781285428314/
 Test Bank for Nutrition Essentials A Personal Approach 1st Edition
Schiff 0073402575 978007340257
Link full download
Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-
nutrition-essentials-a-personal-approach-1st-edition-schiff-0073402575-
978007340257/ Test Bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-nutrition-essentials-a-personal-approach-
1st-edition-schiff-0073402575-978007340257/

Unit 02
Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A researcher observes that first-grade children who only eat foods sweetened with honey
seem to behave the same as first-grade children who eat foods sweetened with cane sugar.
After making the observation, the research decides to conduct a study to explore whether
eating honey has any affect on school-age children's behavior. The researcher wants to follow
the basic steps of the scientific method. Now that he's made the observation, his next step will
be to
A. form at least two basic conclusions about behavioral problems that affect children who eat
sweeteners such as honey.
B. analyze information about the general dietary practices and common behavioral problems
of first-grade children.
C. ask a group of peer reviewers for their help in designing a single-blind study involving the
dietary practices of children.
D. develop a question that's based on his observations of the children's behavior and their
intakes of sweeteners such as honey.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics
 2-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

2. A medical researcher asked 50 people with painful, arthritic knees to rub a cream that
contained vitamin E on their knees for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, she asked the
subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the
treatment period. All 50 subjects reported improvement in their knee pain. Based on this
information, which of the following statements is true?
A. The results of this study prove that rubbing a cream that contains vitamin E on arthritic
knees is a good way to relieve knee pain.
B. The researcher should find a peer-review group to analyze her findings about the vitamin
E-containing cream as a treatment for knee pain.
C. The results about the benefits of using a vitamin E cream for knee pain are
questionable, because the researcher didn't have a control group.
D. The researcher shouldn't report her findings, until she uses a single-blind study to test the
vitamin E-containing cream.

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

3. A group of researchers wants to conduct a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that
affect the development of obesity. Which of the following activities is likely to be the first
step of their research efforts?
A. observing the general dietary practices of obese people
B. submitting an article that explains the experiment's design to a newspaper
C. analyzing data collected during the study
D. reporting their results on a popular television program

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

4. Researchers at a major American university plan a scientific study to investigate lifestyle

factors that contribute to heart disease. Which of the following activities is most likely to be a
component of their research efforts?
A. obtaining the approval of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to conduct research
on human subjects
B. submitting an article describing the study and its results to a peer-reviewed journal
C. announcing the results of the study on a popular TV program
D. using a single-blind study that includes placebos to test the question

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

5. A scientist conducts a study to determine the effects of the mineral cadmium on the weight
of mice. She adds 5 mcg of the mineral to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old laboratory mice.
Every week, the researcher weighs and records the weight of each mouse. At the end of the
study, the scientist notes that 3 mice died, 40 mice lost weight, 40 mice gained weight, and the
remaining 17 mice didn't gain or lose weight during the 12-week period. Based on this
information, what would you tell the researcher about her findings?
A. The findings are very interesting and provide scientific proof that cadmium causes weight
loss.
B. The findings are not meaningful because of the way the scientist designed her study.
C. The findings are biased because the scientist used mice instead of humans in her study.
D. The findings are newsworthy and important enough to be published in a peer-reviewed
nutrition journal.

Blooms Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-3
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

6. A nutrition researcher adds 30 mg of the mineral iron to the daily diet of 50 4-week-old
laboratory mice. After ten weeks, the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse.
According to his findings, the mice developed abnormal red blood cells. Based on this
information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would you tell him?
A. He should report his findings to other nutrition scientists, so they can repeat his study and
confirm the results.
B. He should call a press conference and report his findings to the public, so they can avoid
consuming excess iron.
C. He should consider his findings as an observation and redesign the study to include a
control group.
D. He should prepare a research article for submission to a peer-reviewed nutrition journal.

Blooms Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

7. Derek consumes a protein-rich drink before and after his workouts. He told his workout
partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the drink to
his diet. His report about the positive effects of the special drink is an example of a(an)
A. peer review.
B. anecdote. C.
testimonial.
D. scientific conclusion.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-4
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

8. Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take the vitamin C pills
because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His information about the
usefulness of the vitamin is a(an)
A. disclaimer.
B. bias.
C. motive.
D. anecdote.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Gradable: automatic
Learning Outcome: 2.02.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

9. Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily. Emily's mother advises her
daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day, because she has heard the practice strengthens
fingernails. The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an
example of a(an)
A. scientific conclusion.
B. testimonial.
C. anecdote.
D. biased report.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

10. Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills
to his friends, because he thinks the pills are helpful. Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his
friends is an example of a(an)
A. testimonial.
B. bias.
C. motive.
D. anecdote.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

11. Having a control group enables researchers to

A. provide specific treatments to participants of the group.
B. compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.
C. avoid using harmful interventions when testing members of the experimental group.
D. test possible questions for future research efforts.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-6
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

12. Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a new protein-
containing product on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he's in the experimental
group, because he's certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the
product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he didn't
receive the new source of protein. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he's certain his
muscle mass increased while he consumed the product. According to this information, Phil's
belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of

A. the placebo effect.

B. an anecdotal report.
C. human subject bias.
D. participant fatigue.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

13. Which of the following statements is untrustworthy or misleading because it contains a

"red flag" of unreliable nutrition-related information?
A. People who have complaints about false or misleading health claims should report them to
the Federal Trade Commission.
B. People who have cancer should take vitamin C pills because the pills have been clinically
proven to cure cancer.
C. People who have questions about medical conditions should seek answers from
practitioners who have had the proper training and licensing.
D. People who have concerns about health-related products or treatments should be skeptical
to avoid being cheated out of their money.

Blooms Level: 4. Analyze

Gradable: automatic
Learning Outcome: 2.03.03 Identify common “red flags” that are signs of nutrition misinformation.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03a Becoming a More Skeptical Consumer
Section: 2.03b Look for “Red Flags” of Misinformation
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-7
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

14. Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human
immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of
human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another
group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are
A. antidotes.
B. supplements.
C. placebos.
D. treatments.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

15. Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D on the human
body. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human
subjects and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group
of people. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are
A. placebos. B.
antidotes. C.
distractors. D.
interventions.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-8
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

16. Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of the mineral zinc on the
human body. The study involves providing pills that contain zinc to one group of human
subjects and pills that do not contain zinc or other active ingredients to another group of
people. The pills that do not contain zinc are
A. probiotics. B.
supplements. C.
antidotes.
D. placebos.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

17. Which of the following statements is true?

A. In the United States, scientists often conduct studies on animals before using human
subjects.
B. Before scientists begin their research, they usually develop a question to guide their study.
C. An experimental study doesn't need to have a control group.
D. In a single-blind study, both the researchers and the human subjects don't know their group
assignments.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.01.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.02 List the basic steps of the scientific method as it relates to nutrition research in general.
Learning Outcome: 2.01.03 Discuss ways that scientists conduct nutrition-related research that involves human subjects.
Module: 2.01 Nutrition: Science for Consumers
Section: 2.01a Collecting Science-based Evidence
Topic: Nutrition Basics

18. The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or
misleading health-related claims is the
A. Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
B. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
C. Agricultural Research Service (ARS).
D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-9
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

19. Mitch recently tried a hair-restoring product that he purchased from an Internet website.
The package's label displayed the following claim: "Rubbing a tablespoon of
'NutraTerraMino' on your scalp each day will cure the hair loss associated with the aging
process." After a month of using "NutraTerraMino" daily, he stopped because the product
made his hair fall out. Based on this information, Mitch should file a complaint with the A.
Bureau of Health Fraud.
B. Environmental Protection Agency.
C. Department of Public Safety.
D. Federal Trade Commission.

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 2.03.03 Identify common “red flags” that are signs of nutrition misinformation.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

20. You recently watched an infomercial at an Internet website in which an actor promoted a
new weight loss product. The actor stated that you'll lose weight almost instantly by
consuming the product, because it contains a secret herbal formula that's both safe and
effective. The promoter also said that you can continue to eat all of your usual foods and still
lose weight, while taking the herbal formula. You're concerned that people might waste their
money on this product. Which agency should you contact to file a complaint about the
website?
A. National Organization Against Health Fraud
B. Consumer Protection Alliance
C. Department of Human Resources
D. Federal Trade Commission

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 2.03.03 Identify common “red flags” that are signs of nutrition misinformation.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03b Look for “Red Flags” of Misinformation
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-10
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

21. Mariele purchased a box of cereal that had the following claim on the label: "Eat one bowl
of this cereal a day for a month, and your skin with be healthier." Mariele is skeptical about
the honesty of the claim. She should report her concern about the claim to the
A. Food and Drug Administration.
B. Better Business Bureau.
C. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
D. Federal Trade Commission.

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 2.02.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02c Why Is There So Much Nutrition Misinformation?
Topic: Nutrition Basics

22. Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing an herbal product for weight loss.
Her endorsement is an example of a(n)
A. placebo effect.
B. testimonial. C.
anecdote.
D. peer review.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.02.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

23. The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw appears in television
commercials in which he endorses "AminoProFix" for building muscle mass quickly and
safely. His support of the product is an example of a(an)
A. industrial bias.
B. peer review.
C. paid testimonial.
D. placebo effect.

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-11
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

24. Which of the following web sites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition
information?
A. purdue.edu
B. dietsnomore4u.com
C. eatright.org
D. choosemyplate.gov

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

25. Which of the following web sites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable
nutrition information?
A. ksu.edu/foodandnutritiondepartment
B. optimalhealthandnutrition4ever.com/tips
C. eatright.org/informationforpublic
D. choosemyplate.gov/fruits

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

26. Which of the following web sites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable
nutrition information?
A. mizzou.edu
B. losefastandforever.com
C. marchofdimes.org
D. cdc.gov

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-12
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

27. A popular fitness magazine has an article about the health benefits of high-fiber diets.
Which of the following credentials indicates that the author is likely to be a reliable source of
food and nutrition information?
A. RD
B. MS
C. RN
D. DM

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.04.01 Explain how to identify reliable nutrition experts.
Module: 2.04 Seeking Reliable Nutrition Information
Section: 2.04a Nutrition Experts
Topic: Nutrition Basics

28. A popular women's magazine has an article about planning a nutritious diet. Which of the
following credentials indicate the author is likely to be a reliable source of food and nutrition
information?
A. DNS
B. PhD
C. RD
D. HES

Blooms Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 2.04.01 Explain how to identify reliable nutrition experts.
Module: 2.04 Seeking Reliable Nutrition Information
Section: 2.04a Nutrition Experts
Topic: Nutrition Basics

29. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information
posted at web sites has been peer-reviewed.
B. Web sites with .edu in their addresses are likely to provide reliable nutrition information.
C. U.S. laws require promoters of nutrition-related products to publish information in
magazine articles and books that's honest or not misleading.
D. In general, personal web sites, such as blogs, are reliable sources of nutrition information.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.03 Explain why there is so much nutrition misinformation.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.02c Why Is There So Much Nutrition Misinformation?
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-13
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Unit 02 - Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction?

30. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Testimonials for weight loss supplements are usually based on scientific evidence.
B. In general, commercial (*.com) Internet web sites are reliable sources of scientifically-
based nutrition information.
C. Promoters of nutrition misinformation often exploit the general public's mistrust of
scientists.
D. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of consumers to be
protected from health misinformation.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Learning Outcome: 2.02.03 Explain why there is so much nutrition misinformation.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.04 Describe how to identify reliable sources of nutrition information.
Module: 2.02 Spreading Nutrition Misinformation
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Section: 2.02b A Matter of Mistrust
Section: 2.02c Why Is There So Much Nutrition Misinformation?
Section: 2.03a Becoming a More Skeptical Consumer
Section: 2.03c The Internet
Topic: Nutrition Basics

31. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A person who uses a drink that contains vinegar as a cure for patients with lung cancer is
practicing quackery.
B. According to scientific research, anecdotes that describe how nutrients benefit health
are reliable sources of information.
C. In the United States, people can include "RD" after their name, even if they are not
qualified to use the credential.
D. A disclaimer on a product's label provides proof that the product is likely to live up to the
manufacturer's claims.

Blooms Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 2.02.02 Explain the difference between an anecdote and a testimonial.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.01 Define all of the key terms in this module.
Learning Outcome: 2.03.02 Describe how you can become a careful and critical consumer of nutrition information.
Learning Outcome: 2.04.01 Explain how to identify reliable nutrition experts.
Module: 2.03 Becoming a More Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information
Module: 2.04 Seeking Reliable Nutrition Information
Section: 2.02a Anecdotes and Testimonials
Section: 2.03a Becoming a More Skeptical Consumer
Section: 2.03b Look for “Red Flags” of Misinformation
Section: 2.04a Nutrition Experts
Topic: Nutrition Basics

2-14
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 [26] Originally published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48),
The Auk, vol. xxii, 1905.

[27] Alexander Gordon, who married Ann Bakewell, youngest

sister of Mrs. Audubon. For notice of Jos. B. Kidd, mentioned
below, see Vol. I, p. 446.

[28] Originally published by George Bird Grinnell (Bibl. No.

54), The Auk, vol. xxxiii, 1916.

[29] See Chapter XXIX, p. 118, and the letter which Audubon
wrote to Bonaparte at this time.

[30] Most readers will doubtless recall that Dr. George

Parkman was the victim of an almost unbelievable tragedy in
1849, when he met his death at the hands of a colleague; the
entire country was then aroused as it seldom had been by an
event in the annals of crime.

[31] In 1897 Mr. Joseph Coolidge, who was then living in San
Francisco, was the sole survivor of this expedition; see Maria R.
Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 347.

[32] Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck, like his father a

philanthropist, and an ardent patron of all good works, in 1855
planted a seed on the rocky soil of New Hampshire which has
since shown a marvelous vitality; to him primarily, and to the
revered schoolmasters, the Reverend Dr. Henry Augustus Coit and
the Reverend Dr. Joseph Rowland Coit, the world owes that great
foundation, St. Paul's School.

[33] Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 346.

[34] See "The Eggers of Labrador," Ornithological Biography

(Bibl. No. 2), vol. iii, p. 82.

[35] Lincoln's Finch, Fringella lincolnii, now Melospiza lincolni.

[36] See Charles W. Townsend (Bibl. No. 234), The Auk, vol.
xxxiv, p. 133 (1917).

[37] Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 386.

 [38] Ibid., p. 390.

[39] Ibid., p. 425.

[40] As a memento of the Labrador experience, Audubon

presented Harris with his pocket companion, The Genera of North
American Birds and a Synopsis of the Species, by Charles Lucien
Bonaparte (New York, 1828), and inscribed it as presented to his
friend at "Eastport, Sept. 1, 1833." This volume, which saw much
hard usage on this voyage and is filled with Audubon's manuscript
notes, is now in possession of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes.

[41] For Tuesday, September 10, 1833.

[42] Lucy Audubon, ed., Life of John James Audubon, the

Naturalist (Bibl. No. 73), p. 377.

[43] Ibid., p. 379.

[44] See Chapter XXVIII, p. 78.

[45] See ibid., p. 81.

[46] Which I am able to reproduce through the kindness of

Miss Maria R. Audubon.

[47] The reference is to Victor G. Audubon's second article in

defense of his father, which appeared in Loudon's Magazine of
Natural History (see Bibliography, No. 118). Swainson's paper,
under the same title (see Bibliography, No. 117), was published in
the same number.

[48] For an account of this discussion see Chapter XXVIII,

where the memorial drawn up and signed by the faculty of the
Medical College of South Carolina is reproduced.

[49] When in New York, awaiting the sailing of his vessel, in

April, 1834, Audubon referred to Bachman's paper on the Turkey
Buzzard in writing to Miss Maria Martin, as follows: "At Phila., Mr.
Lee and Docr. Hays managed to have it not read at Philosoph.
Socy, but the Lyceum of New York, after reading it, have sent it to
Professor Silliman, in whose Journal it will appear. John Bachman
may consider himself a member of the Lyceum of New York, and
'mayhap,' a fellow of the Linnean Society of London." Bachman's
paper was actually published in the Journal of the Boston Society
of Natural History for 1834; see Bibliography, No. 125.

[50] This paper, entitled "Remarks in Defense of [Mr.

Audubon] the author of the Birds of America," was published in
volume vii of Loudon's Magazine of Natural History for 1834, and
is dated "Charleston, Dec. 31, 1833"; see Bibliography, No. 124.

[51] See Note, Vol. I., p. 426.

[52] See Vol. I, p. 260.

[53] See Audubon's statement of the case, given in Note, Vol.

I, p. 260.

[54] See Bibliography, Nos. 17-21.

[55] For this privilege I am indebted to Miss Maria R.

Audubon.

[56] See Bibliography, No. 21.

[57] At one time superintendent of the Patent Office at

Washington, and professor in the medical department of
Columbia College; he was later professor of mathematics in the
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and editor of the Franklin Journal
and American Mechanics' Magazine.

[58] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[59] See Bibliography, No. 93.

[60] This episode was referred to in Chapter XX, p. 316.

[61] This was very clearly pointed out in 1908 in an excellent

article by Mr. George W. Colles, entitled "A Defence of Audubon"
(Bibl. No. 160), in Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 311.

[62] See Plate lii, of the Chuck-will's-widow.

[63] See Vol. II, p. 3; and Bibliography, No. 107.

 [64] An English geologist, who made a survey of the
bituminous coal-deposits of the Alleghany mountains in 1834. See
Bibliography, No. 129.

[65] Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv, p. xviii.

[66] See Thomas M. Brewer, (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New

Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[67] This specimen, which was presented to me by the late

Dr. X. C. Scott of Cleveland, measured 6 feet, and showed eight
rattles and a button; the skin and skeleton are preserved in the
Biological Laboratory of Western Reserve University.

[68] See Vol. II, p. 55.

[69] Bachman's account of these experiments is interesting:

"A coarse painting," he said, was made on canvas, "representing
a sheep skinned and cut open. This proved very amusing—no
sooner was this picture placed on the ground than the Vultures
observed it, alighted near, walked over it, and some of them
commenced tugging at the painting. They seemed much
disappointed and surprised, and after having satisfied their
curiosity, flew away. This experiment was repeated more than
fifty times, with the same result. The painting was then placed
within two feet of the place where the offal was deposited—they
came as usual, walked around it, but in no instance evinced the
slightest symptoms of their having scented the offal which was so
near them.

"The most offensive portions of the offal were now placed on

the earth; these were covered over by a canvass cloth—on this
were strewn several pieces of fresh beef. The Vultures came, ate
the flesh that was in sight, and although they were standing on a
quantity beneath them, and although their bills were frequently
within the eighth of an inch of the putrid matter, they did not
discover it. We made a small rent in the canvass, and they at
once discovered the flesh and began to devour it. We drove them
away, replaced the canvass with a piece that was entire; again
they commenced eating the flesh exhibited to their view, without
discovering the hidden food they were trampling upon.
 "As it [the organ of smell] does however exist, (although in
an inferior degree,) I am not disposed to deny to birds the power
of smell altogether, nor would I wish to advance the opinion that
the Vulture does not possess the power of smelling in the
slightest degree, (although it has not been discovered by our
experiments). All that I contend for is, that he is not assisted by
this faculty in procuring his food—that he cannot smell better for
instance, than Hawks or Owls, who it is known are indebted
altogether to their sight, in discovering their prey."

[70] See Bibliography, No. 104, and Vol. II, p. 55; also
Ornithological Biography, vol. ii, p. 46.

[71] See Bibliography, No. 125, and for the quotation to

follow, Samuel N. Rhoads, "George Ord," Cassinia, No. xii
(Philadelphia, 1908).

[72] See W. Sells (Bibl. No. 140), Proceedings of the

Zoölogical Society of London, pt. v, p. 33 (1837).

[73] See Vol. II, pp. 4 and 23, and Bibliography, No. 106.

[74] See Bibliography, No. 136.

[75] See Bibliography, No. 105.

[76] See Bibliography, No. 106.

[77] See Bibliography, No. 35.

[78] See Bibliography, No. 104 et seq.

[79] See Vol. I, p. 224.

[80] "I myself, with mine own eyes, have seen Wilson's
original diary, written by him at Louisville, and I have just now on
the table before me the account of the Academy of Sciences
indignantly rejecting Mr. Audubon as a member, on that diary
having been produced to their view." See Bibliography, No. 119.

[81] See Bibliography, No. 119.

 [82] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[83] See Bibliography, No. 117.

[84] See Bibliography, No. 114.

[85] Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the

United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, &
1824. Originally in 4to., London, 1825.

[86] See "Nests and Nest-Building in Birds," Pt. 2, Journal of

Animal Behavior, vol. i (1911).

[87] See Bibliography, No. 138.

[88] See Chapter XXIII.

[89] Swainson expounded the Quinarian or Circular System in

the Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoölogy of the northern parts
of British America, published in collaboration with John
Richardson, and the first zoölogical publication issued by the
British Government; but A Treatise on the Geography and
Classification of Animals contained his most authoritative thesis
upon this grotesque concept.

[90] See Vol. I, p. 403.

[91] For the history of the Audubon-Swainson

correspondence, see Note, Vol. I, p. 400. Swainson's letter which
follows was first published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 218), The
Auk, vol. xxii, p. 248 (1905).

[92] Reproduced in Vol. I, p. 430.

[93] Possibly Henry Ward, who came to America with

Audubon in 1831 as his assistant and taxidermist (see Vol. II, p.
2); a Frederick Ward is also mentioned in Audubon's letters.

[94] Isaac Lea, naturalist and Philadelphia publisher; Mr. Lea

was a member of the firm of Messrs. Carey & Lea, at one time
the principal proprietors of Wilson's American Ornithology, and it
was thought that the prejudice which he manifested towards
Audubon and his friends was traceable to his desire to maintain
the sales of that work. His attitude was compared with that of
Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison, was also an interested
publisher. See Vol. I, pp. 223 and 281.

[95] From the Howland MSS.

[96] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 217), The

Auk, vol. xxii, p. 31 (1905).

[97] William John Burchell (1782?-1863), an indefatigable

collector and explorer, especially in Africa and Brazil; the zebra,
Equus burchelli, and many animals and plants which he
discovered have been dedicated to him.

[98] Referring to the Fauna-Boreali Americana, the second

part of which, on "Birds," published in 1831, was by Swainson;
see Vol. I, p. 410.

[99] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 203), The Auk,
vol. xv, p. 11 (1898); reproduced by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 205),
The Osprey, vol. v, p. 23 (1900).

[100] See Note, Vol. II, p. 105.

[101] But three other letters of Audubon to Swainson, after

this date, are noted by Albert Günther (Bibl. No. 204) in the
Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, 112th session (1900): one of
"6 June, 1831," announces Audubon's prospective return to
America in August of that year; another, dated "6 Dec. 1837,"
asks for the loan of some bird skins; and the last of "11 Jan.
1838," is reproduced in Chapter XXXII. Swainson is said to have
been negotiating at this time with Charles L. Bonaparte in
reference to a joint compilation for a work on the birds of the
world; Bonaparte estimated that there were then between 7,000
and 8,000 known species to be characterized, but Swainson's
terms were not satisfactory, and nothing came of the project. To
the above list should be added the letter, evidently misdated, of
"April 28th. 1831," soon to follow.

[102] See Vol. I, p. 438.

 [103] See Vol. II, p. 88.

[104] Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. i, p. xvii.

[105] Signed "Ornithophilus" (see Bibliography, No. 97), and

attributed by Coues (see Bibliography, No. 181), with a question
mark, to Swainson, but the internal evidence shows conclusively
that he was not its author. The writer of this article said that it
was not enough to state that Audubon "has invented a new style
in the representation of natural objects; for so true are his
pictures, that he who has once seen and examined them, can
never again look with pleasure on the finest productions of other
artists. To paint like Audubon, will henceforth mean to represent
Nature as she is.... To relieve, as Mr. Audubon says, the tedium of
those who may have imposed upon themselves the task of
following an author through the mazes of descriptive ornithology,
he has interspersed descriptions of American scenery and
manners, gloomy forests, tangled cane-brakes, dismal swamps,
majestic rivers, floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes; the migration
of the white man, the retreat of the red; the character and
pursuits of the backwoodsman.... Much, therefore, is it to be
wished that Mr. Audubon would undertake the delineation of the
birds of Great Britain, which, with his matchless talents, aided by
those of Mr. Havell, would eclipse, not only all other
representations of these birds, but even the 'Birds of America,'
unrivalled as that work now is."

[106] See Ornithological Biography, vol. v, p. 194; and

Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv and v. It seems
that Dr. James Trudeau, out of ignorance or disregard for
Swainson's designation, later named a woodpecker, obtained near
New Orleans in 1837, Picus auduboni, and by a strange
coincidence, as Dr. Gill has noticed, the same name was given by
two different naturalists to the same bird, now regarded as a
variety and known as Dryobates villosus auduboni.

[107] The Cabinet Cyclopædia was published by Messrs.

Longman, Orme & Company, and edited by Rev. Dionysius
Lardner. Swainson wrote eleven of the twelve volumes devoted to
natural history. The volume to which we refer is entitled
Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography, by William Swainson, A.
C. G. [Assistant Commissary-General], F. R. S. & L. S., Hon. F. C.
P. S. etc., and of several foreign societies (see Bibliography, No.
169). The Literary Gazette for August 8, 1840, in noticing this
work, said: "Perhaps the amusing and frequent illustration of his
character is to be found in the autobiographical sketch of himself,
which he has not only included in this portion of his volume, but
induced his publishers to forward on a separate sheet with the
subjoined note:

"'Messrs. Longman, Orme, & Co., will feel particularly obliged

if the Editor of the ... will permit the above Autobiography to
appear in his columns at the first suitable opportunity.'

"'39 Paternoster Row, July 29, 1840.'"

Quoted by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv,
p. 105 (1900).

[108] Theodore Gill, loc. cit.

[109] Albert Günther, loc. cit.

[110] For notice of Bonaparte see Note, Vol. I, p. 329.

[111] See Vol. II, p. 40.

[112] See Vol. II, p. 184.

[113] This manuscript list is preserved with the original

drawings of The Birds of America, in possession of the Historical
Society of New York, where I was permitted to examine it. It
bears the following attests of both naturalists in autograph:

"The above list of the Birds of America was made at London

on the 15th. of December, 1837, when it was supposed to contain
all the known species.

"John J. Audubon,
of Louisiana."
 "The above list of North American Birds was drawn up by
myself to please Mr. J. J. Audubon.

"London, 15 December, 1837.

"Charles L. Bonaparte.

"The total number of good species, 460," has been added in

pencil.

[114] Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North

America, London, 1838.

[115] See Note, Vol. II, p. 122.

[116] A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of the

Humming-Birds; 5 vols., fol., with Supplement by Bowlder Sharpe,
London, 1861.

[117] Charles Winterfield, see Bibliography, No. 148.

[118] From letter written at 73 Margaret Street, Cavendish

Square, and sealed with turkey-cock seal. (Jeanes MSS.)

[119] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 43) in the

Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. v (1880).

[120] For this and extracts in the two following paragraphs,

see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 209), The Auk, vol. xviii (1901).

[121] See Vol. II, p. 264.

[122] See Vol. I, p. 16.

[123] See Vol. II, p. 135.

[124] This, and the letter of MacGillivray soon to follow, are

from the Howland MSS.

[125] The Rapacious Birds of Great Britain, by William

MacGillivray, was dedicated to Audubon "in admiration of his
talents as an ornithologist, and in gratitude for many acts of
friendship."
 [126] For an excellent account of the life of William
MacGillivray and of his labors in natural science, see William
MacGillivray, A Memorial Tribute to William MacGillivray (Bibl. No.
211).

[127] See Mrs. Gordon, "Christopher North:" A Memoir of

John Wilson (Bibl. No. 44).

[128] This and extracts from letters which follow are from the
Jeanes MSS.

[129] See Bibliography, No. 2.

[130] For letter written to Dr. Phillips in 1842, see Vol. II, p.
244.

[131] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., Life of John James Audubon, the

Naturalist (Bibl. No. 73), p. 385.

[132] The Jeanes MSS.

[133] C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl.

No. 191).

[134] See Note, Vol. II, p. 7.

[135] Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), a native of Yorkshire, was

brought up a printer; in 1807 he emigrated to the United States,
and became noted for his wide botanical explorations, for his
Journal of Travels in the Arkansas Territory in 1819, and for his
excellent Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
Canada (1833-1834), which has had several editions. From 1822
to 1834 he was professor of Natural History and curator of the
Botanical Gardens at Harvard University; in 1834 he crossed the
Rocky Mountains along the sources of the Platte, explored Oregon
and Upper California, and visited the Sandwich Islands. He
returned to England, where he had inherited property, in 1842,
and died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, September 10, 1859.

[136] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit.; and Note, Vol. II, p.
29.
 [137] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 391.

[138] In a letter signed "I. P. Davis," and superscribed to

"John J. Audubon Esqr at Mr. Berthoud's, 106 Broad Street New
York." (Rowland MSS.)

[139] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New

Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[140] Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv, p. xi.

[141] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 398.

[142] Printed in the Edinburgh Journal of Natural History (

Bibl. No. 37), vol. i, p. 17 (December, 1838).

[143] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 411.

[144] Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), loc. cit.

[145] For this and the quotations in the following paragraph,

see Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly
Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[146] See Vol. II, p. 149.

[147] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), The Auk, vol. xx, p.
377 (1903).

[148] From MS. in the Public Library, New York.

[149] The Linnæan Society's MSS. See Chapter XXIII, Note

354.

[150] First published by R. W. Shufeldt (Bibl. No. 45), in The

Auk, xi (1894); see also Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his
Journals (Bibl. No. 86).

[151] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), loc. cit.

[152] See ibid.

[153] See Vol. I, p. 241.

 [154] Voyage Autour du Monde, exécuté par ordre de sa
Majesté l'Empereur Nicholas ler, sur la Corvette Le Séniavine,
1826-1829. Par Fréderic Lutké, Capitaine de vaisseau. Partie
Historique, avec un atlas, lithographié, d'après les dessins
originaux d'Alexandrie Postels et du Baron Kittlitz. Traduit du
Russe sur le manuscrit original, sur les yeux de l'auteur, par Le
Conseiller D'Etat F. Boyé. Text in 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1835-36. The
first two volumes are historical, and the third, entitled "Travels of
the Naturalists," is translated by Alexandre Postels. The
expedition traversed the Behring Sea, touched at some of the
Aleutian Islands, and then explored South America as far as the
coast of Chili.

[155] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), in

The Auk, vol. xxv (1908). Mr. Deane writes me that he has a copy
of a receipt from William MacGillivray to Audubon for the final
amount due him for work on the technical parts of Volume V of
the Ornithological Biography; at the bottom of this paper
Audubon made a memorandum, under date of November 21,
1838, to the effect that the total amount which he had paid
MacGillivray for his work upon this volume was £47-11-1.

[156] See Note 5, Vol. II, p. 7. Mr. John Hardin (see Vol. II, p.
295) showed me an uncolored print of the Hen Turkey which John
W. Audubon had given him, and a correspondent in New Orleans
informs me that a relative possesses a number in this condition,
which were received many years ago as a gift from Mrs.
Audubon. Mr. Charles E. Goodspeed, of Boston, was the recipient
of the Painted Bunting plates, noticed above.

[157] Henry Augustus Havell (1803-1840), painter, engraver,

and at one time assistant to his elder brother, Robert Havell,
Junior.

[158] George Alfred Williams (Bibl. No. 232), Print-Collectors

Quarterly, vol. vi, p. 225 (1916).

[159] Loc. cit.

[160] In 1914 Dr. Samuel Henshaw showed me an impression

of this suppressed plate, and also a large printed label, cut from a
board backing, which bore within an ornamental border the title
"Audubon's Birds of America—Engraved, printed, and colored by
Lizars &c. &c." This suggests that Lizars may have issued the first
two numbers, which he engraved, in portfolio.

[161] See Bibliography, No. 142.

[162] See Bibliography, No. 152.

[163] W. B. O. Peabody; see Bibliography, No. 143.

[164] See Samuel N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231) The Auk, vol.
xxxiii, p. 130 (1916); transcript of a clipping which apparently had
been taken from a New York newspaper of January, 1838; the
reading of the American notice is the same, excepting the
statement that applications in this country should be made to "N.
Berthoud, Esq., New York; Dr. George Parkman, Boston; Rev. Jno.
Bachman, Charleston, S. C.; James Grimshaw, Esq., New Orleans,
or W. G. Bakewell, Esq., Louisville." It is dated "New York, 11 Jan,
1838."

[165] Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No.

86), vol. i, p. 71.

[166] See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), loc. cit.

[167] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv, p.
401 (1908).

[168] Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which was then

$1,624: The Birds of America, with its letterpress, was offered at
$1,000; library, or octavo edition, with reduced plates, in 100
Parts, at $100; The Quadrupeds of North America, 2 vols., folio,
with 3 vols. text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according to
binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.); Birds and
Quadrupeds, library ed., 10 vols., 650 plates, $150 to $160,
according to style; Synopsis of Birds of America, $4; The
Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 3 vols., text only, $9.
See Mrs. Horace St. John, Life of Audubon (Bibl. No. 71), in
advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were similar to
those that prevailed during the lifetime of the naturalist.
 According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books
show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr. George
Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of The Birds of America, in
full binding, at $1,075; a set of the same, half bound, at $950;
and the "Biographies" at $27.

The highest recorded price of The Birds of America is believed

to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at auction at
Philadelphia, in 1906 (See Prices Current for 1906); the highest
price paid for a single plate, that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1)
upwards of $140; and the highest price asked for the octavo
edition of the Birds (in original parts), $750. The Quadrupeds in 2
vols., original folio, now brings about $500.

[169] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), loc. cit.

[170] For a copy of this minute, the substance of which was

published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am indebted to
the present librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[171] Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer

and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the southern
district of New York, and author of Reports of Cases in the
Supreme Court of City of New York— 1828-29 (2 vols., New York,
1831-33). Mr. Hall was a subscriber to the octavo editions of
Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds.

[172] According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed., The Life of John

James Audubon (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have drawn
numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381, under date of
May 12, 1834.

[173] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New

Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[174] From last page of paper covers, in which parts of the

work were originally issued.

Below are the following notices:

 "Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are
respectfully requested to apply to J. J. Audubon, 86 White street,
Henderson Greene, 377 Broadway, or W. A. Colman, Broadway,
New York; to J. B. Chevalier, 70 Dock street, or Orrin Rogers, 67
South Second street, Philadelphia; C. C. Little or James Brown,
Boston; J. P. Beile, or Geo. Oates, Charleston, S. C.; Gideon B.
Smith, Baltimore; David Ridgely, Annapolis, Md.; J. S. Kellogg &
Co., Mobile, Ala."

"S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and Virginia;

and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania."

This first octavo edition of Audubon's Birds was issued by J. J.

Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five
plates each, to be bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in
parts are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to have
been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in Philadelphia for
$750. The introduction to No 1, is dated "New York, Nov. 1839,"
and the fifteenth number, beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840."
The first five volumes (1840-42) were issued with the coöperation
of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street, Philadelphia, but,
according to Mr. Ruthven Deane, he was an agent who received a
commission on sales, and, for a time, a share in the profits, but
not a co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when
misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared for by
Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death. For fuller
details, see Bibliography, No. 4.

[175] Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see

Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the present "Check
List" of the American Ornithologists' Union; seventeen have
proved to be identical with others; ten are extra-limital; two are
hybrids; and five have never been found since; of Audubon's
suppressed species, two have been resuscitated. Audubon is
thought to have been personally acquainted with 385 American
species, others being known to him only through specimens sent
by collectors, or discovered in museums.

[176] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b), The

Auk, vol. xxv (1908).
 [177] See "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon" (Bibl. No.
223), The Nation, vol. lxxxiv, from which the following data
regarding issues and sales of this work are drawn. The total
edition of the plates for No. 2 was 1,345, and of No. 3, 1,339. No.
11 of the plates was the first to run to 1,000 copies in the first
printing, and this issue was continued to No. 50, inclusive,
excepting Nos. 3, 28, 29, and 30, of which 1,500 seem to have
been printed; the plates of these numbers were done at the
lithographic establishment of Endicotts, New York, all others being
the work of J. T. Bowen, Philadelphia. When subscriptions began
to fall off with No. 51, the edition was reduced to 1,150, and
again with No. 57, to 1,050, which remained constant to No. 84,
or as far as this record goes. Of the text, printed by E. G. Dorsey,
1,200 copies formed the first edition of No. 1, 1,000 copies that
of No. 2, and of successive numbers to No. 23. With No. 24, the
edition was increased to 2,000, and in February, 1841, the earlier
numbers were reprinted, thus forming a second edition of these
parts, and affording a chance for correction of errors. (See
Audubon's letter quoted above.)

[178] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. Nos. 47 and 49-51), The Auk,
vols. xxi, xxiii, and xxiv (1904-7), Passim; and William H. Dall,
Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52) (1915); to
these admirable accounts I am indebted for such abstracts of this
correspondence as are here reproduced.

[179] See Vol. II, p. 169.

[180] See Note, Vol. II, p. 211.

[181] William Yarrell (1784-1856) was the author of A History

of British Fishes (1835-36), and A History of British Birds (1839-
43) in three volumes; the latter has passed through several
editions, the fourth and best being by Alfred Newton in four
volumes (1871-85). For the favor of reproducing this letter, and
another by Yarrell given in Chapter XXXIV, I am indebted to Mr.
Ruthven Deane.

[182] See John E. Thayer (Bibl. No. 53), The Auk, vol. xxxiii
(1916). Mr. Thayer's Ornithological Museum now contains the
original specimen of Parkman's Wren, to which Audubon refers; it
is "mounted on a twig, in a paper box with a glass front," and is
"in excellent condition."

[183] Baird wrote to Audubon, November 4, 1846: "Please tell

me the address of your friend Ayres. I have been collecting fishes
for some weeks, and wish to correspond & exchange with him on
this subject." A woodpecker, Colaptes ayresii, was named after
this friend by Audubon, in The Birds of America, vol. vii, in 1843.

[184] Addressed to Messrs. Little & Brown, booksellers,

acknowledging the receipt of a check for $214.20.

[185] See Vol. I, p. 103.

[186] See Bibliography, No. 60.

[187] See Chapter XXXVI.

[188] Parke Godwin, The Homes of American Authors (Bibl.

No. 68) (1853).

[189] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 224), The Auk, vol. xxv
(1908).

[190] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D.

(Bibl. No. 191), p. 199.

[191] See Vol. II, p. 144.

[192] See William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a

Biography (Bibl. No. 52), pp. 88-91, for the complete letters from
which the preceding extracts have been taken.

[193] See Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl.

No. 86), vol. i, pp. 453-532, and vol. ii, pp. 1-196.

[194] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 149), The American

Review, vol. i (1845); see also Charles W. Webber, Romance of
Natural History (Bibl. No. 173) (1852).

[195] See Vol. II, p. 294.

 [196] See Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. ii, Note on pp. 175-
6.

[197] At the close of the Civil War, Bachman wrote to a

friend: "I had been a snuff-taker for forty years and I had tried
three times to wean myself from the vice. I have done it
effectually now...."

[198] Bibliographical Appendix to Birds of the Colorado Valley

(Bibl. No. 181).

[199] See Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

[200] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D.

(Bibl. No. 191).

[201] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv
(1907). To Mr. Deane I am indebted for Audubon's copy of a
letter to John Bachman, soon to follow; this was written on
several blank sheets at the end of his "Copy of my Journal from
Fort Union homeward. Commencing (Sunday) Aug. 16th (1843) at
12 o'clock, the moment of our departure."

[202] The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (Bibl. No.

6), vol. i, p. 312 (London, 1847).

[203] William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography

(Bibl. No. 52), p. 121.

[204] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 150), The American

Review, vol. ii (1845).

[205] William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 124.

[206] Jeanes MSS. See Note, Vol. I, p. 180.

[207] For "C," meaning Alexander Culbertson, a young

Englishman, famous rider and shot, then in charge of Fort Union
at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Audubon, with the assistance of
Sprague, painted his portrait and that of his wife, a Blackfoot
Indian princess, who also was noted for her skill in horsemanship.
"I lost the head of my first [buffalo] bull head," said Audubon,
"because I forgot to tell Mrs. Culbertson that I wished to save it,
and the princess had its skull broken open to enjoy its brains.
Handsome, and really courteous and refined in many ways, I
cannot reconcile myself to the fact that she partakes of raw
animal food, with such evident relish." (Maria R. Audubon,
Audubon and his Journals, vol. ii, p. 111).

For previous and following extracts, see C. L. Bachman, op.

cit., p. 208.

[208] See William H. Dall, op. cit., pp. 130-2.

[209] Ibid., p. 126.

[210] Ibid., p. 129.

[211] Mrs. Harriet Bachman died in July, 1846, and almost

immediately a daughter was stricken with a fatal disease; "It
seizes," said the father, "with a deadly hold, weakens the cords of
life; and only relinquishes its fatal grasp, when life is extinct."
(See C. L. Bachman, op. cit.)

[212] New York City furnished (for vol. i) 82 subscribers, who

took 86 copies; Philadelphia, 33; Boston, 27 (28 copies); and
Baltimore, 15. In 1854 Victor Audubon obtained 129 subscribers
for the second edition (published with reduced plates) in three
days.

[213] For this and the following extract, see Ruthven Deane
(Bibl. No. 51), loc. cit., p. 65.

[214] In the summer of 1846 Baird's nominal position in

Dickinson College had been changed to an active one by his
election to a professorship of chemistry and natural history, and
his marriage had followed in August. The college had about one
hundred students enrolled at that time, and the grammar, or
preparatory, school attached to it, about half as many more. See
Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv, p. 65 (1907).

[215] For this and the two following letters, see ibid., pp. 66-
69.
 [216] William H. Dall, op. cit., which see also for preceding
extract.

[217] See Vol. II, p. 275; and Bibliography, No. 6.

[218] This hastily written note, possibly a duplicate of the one

actually sent, was inserted in a copy of The Viviparous
Quadrupeds of North America (vol. i, London, 1847) which I
purchased in London, August, 1913, and which bore this
inscription, in autograph, on the title:

J. E. Gray.
from J W. Audubon
with grateful
Recolections
May 4, 1847.

[219] Her assistance to Audubon was recognized in his

dedication to her of "Maria's Woodpecker," Picus martinæ (see
Ornithological Biography vol. v, p. 181).

[220] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 270.

[221] Miss Eliza Mallory, who in 1874 was living in the Victor
Audubon house.

[222] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 391. John Bachman died

at Charleston, February 24, 1874.

[223] See Vol. II, p. 150.

[224] See Bibliography, No. 79.

[225] See Vol. II, p. 279.

[226] See Ruthven Deane, loc. cit., p. 70.

[227] See William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 155.

[228] For this and the following letter, see C. L. Bachman, op.
cit., p. 274.
 [229] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D.
(Bibl. No. 191), p. 276. The suggestion made to Mr. Harris was
adopted, which accounts for the six colored plates inserted in the
third volume of the text; the "Large Work" referred to the folio
plates with accompanying text, the "Small," to the first composite
edition of both text and plates; see Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

[230] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 278.

[231] John W. Audubon's children by Maria Bachman were:

(1) Lucy Audubon (Mrs. De Lancey Barclay Williams), 1838-1909;
(2) Harriet Bachman Audubon, 1839- ; by Caroline Hall, who died
in 1899: (3) John James Audubon, 1842 (lived one day); (4)
Maria Rebecca Audubon, 1843- ; (5) John James Audubon, 1845-
1893; (6) William Bakewell Audubon, 1847- , who emigrated to
Australia, where he engaged in sheep-raising, and has two
children, Leonard Benjamin and Eleanor Caroline Audubon;
Leonard Audubon, who is twenty-nine, is now fighting for France
in the 55th Battalion of the Australian contingent; as I have been
recently informed by his aunt, he has been almost constantly on
the fighting front since August, 1916, and in the spring of 1917
he was promoted from the ranks "on account of great bravery
under unusual conditions;" if still living, William Audubon and his
son are the sole male representatives of the American branch of
the Audubon family; (7) Jane Audubon, 1849-1853; (8) Florence
Audubon, 1853- ; (9) Benjamin Phillips Audubon, 1855-1886.

Victor G. Audubon had six children by his second wife,

Georgiana R. Mallory, who died in 1882; (1) Mary Eliza Audubon,
1845- ; (2) Rose Audubon, 1846-1879; (3) Victor Gifford
Audubon, 1847-1915; (4) Delia Talman (Mrs. Morris Frank Tyler),
1849- ; (5) Lucy Bakewell Audubon, 1851-1898; and (6) Anne
Gordon Audubon, 1854-1907.

[232] See Vol. II, p. 267.

[233] Due, it was believed, to a fall into the "well" (now

guarded by an iron rail), which led to a basement window of his
house, though one who knew John W. Audubon well, said that
Victor's illness resulted from a fall from a railroad train; see Jacob
Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), Shooting and Fishing, May 11, 1893.
 [234] Maria R. Audubon, in biographical memoir of her father
in Audubon's Western Journal, 1849-1850 (Bibl. No. 219).

[235] For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 9, and for

Prospectus of this work, Appendix III, No. 3.

[236] For conflicting accounts of this text, see Bibliography,

No. 10, and for a definitive statement, Appendix III, No. 3. Miss
Maria R. Audubon has told me that during the War, the Bien firm
issued a patriotic poster, showing an eagle, taken from one of her
grandfather's original drawings, and the American flag; it was
thought that a large number of copies were sold.

[237] Maria R. Audubon, op. cit.

[238] Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No.

86), vol. i, p. 380.

[239] See William MacGillivray, A Memorial Tribute to William

MacGillivray (Bibl. No. 211), p. 40.

[240] See Bibliography, Nos. 174 and 219.

[241] See Bibliography, No. 54.

[242] Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), loc. cit.

[243] See Bibliography, No. 219.

[244] See Chapter I.

[245] Charles Augustus Stoddard; for his memorial sermon,

see Bibliography, No. 178. In the absence of the rector of the
Church of the Intercession, the pastor of the Washington Heights
Presbyterian Church was called to officiate at the funeral of Mrs.
J. J. Audubon, June 22, 1874.

[246] For the privilege of examining this unique collection I

am indebted to the courtesy of the Society, and of its librarian,
Mr. Kelby.
 [247] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv
(1908).

[248] At that time the American Museum of Natural History,

New York, possessed nine; the Smithsonian Institution, six;
Princeton University, four; Wesleyan University, Middletown,
Connecticut, one, while the remainder were in private hands.

[249] For the substance of this paragraph, I am indebted to

the Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation
Society, New York, 1913.

[250] See Mrs. Horace St. John, Audubon, the Naturalist of

the New World (Bibl. No. 71), New York, 1856.

[251] See Valentine's Manual of the City of New York, New

York, 1865.

[252] On October 30, 1847, Bachman wrote John and Victor

Audubon that he proposed to visit them in the following May,
when he would leave his two daughters with them awhile, "to
hear you and Victor grumble about that eye-sore of a railroad,
and to enjoy your good company, and your fish and shrimps."

[253] To Mr. Jesse Benedict.

[254] Mr. Charles F. Stone, whose sister was an artist.

[255] For probable meaning of this term, see Note, Vol. I, p.

54.

[256] Or acariasis, an affection of the skin caused by the

mange-mite, Demodex folliculorum, a microscopic arachnid
parasite found in the sebaceous glands of dog and man.

[257] A skin disease to which negroes in Central America are

specially prone.

[258] See Vol. I, p. 54.

 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUDUBON THE
NATURALIST: A HISTORY OF HIS LIFE AND TIME. VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and
with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
 containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute

this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
 payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

testbankpack.com