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Final Exam
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GEOG
([email protected])
SHUN LEE CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL
Paper 1
SECONDARY 6 FINAL EXAMINATION 2021-22

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1

Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes

This paper must be answered in English.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

G
1. This paper consists of FOUR sections:
Section A － consists of 20 multiple-choice questions. Answer ALL questions in this
section.

OR
Section B － consists of an OPTIONAL fieldwork-based question (Question 1) and 4
data / skill-based structured questions (Questions 2 to 5). Attempt any
TWO questions in this section.
Section C － consists of 3 short essay questions (Questions 6 to 8). Attempt any ONE
question in this section.
1.
2. Draw sketch maps and diagrams to supply additional, relevant information when
appropriate.
3. A map extract is provided and to be returned at the end of the examination.
4. Answers to Section A should be marked on the Multiple-choice Answer Sheet. Answers to
Sections B and C should be written in the Answer Book. In the Answer Book, start each
ND

question (not part of a question) on a new page. The Answer Sheet for Section A and the
Answer Book for Sections B and C must be handed in separately at the end of the
examination.
5. Name, class and class number should be written in the boxes provided on the
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet, the front cover of the Answer Book and all the
BA

Supplementary Answer Sheet after the start of the examination. All information should be
included; otherwise, mark(s) will be deducted.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION A (MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS)

1. Read carefully the instructions on the Answer Sheet. After the announcement of the start of
the examination, you should insert the information required in the spaces provided.
2. When told to open this book, you should check that all the questions are there. Look for the
words ‘END OF SECTION A’ after the last question.
3. All questions carry equal marks.
4. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. You are advised to use an HB pencil to mark all the
answers on the Answer Sheet, so that wrong marks can be completely erased with a clean
rubber. You must mark the answers clearly; otherwise you will lose marks if the answers
cannot be captured.
5. You should mark only ONE answer for each question. If you mark more than one answer,
you will receive NO MARKS for that question.
6. No marks will be deducted for wrong answers.

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Section A: There are 20 questions in this section. Answer ALL questions in this section. All the
answers must be marked on the Answer Sheet. (24%)
Refer to the map extract of Hong Kong (1: 20 000) provided to answer Questions 1 to 6.
1. Which of the following features can be found in the area west of easting 94?
(1) power lines
(2) declared monuments
(3) mosques
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

2. The average gradient of the footpath from trigonometric station 297 at 919824 to 916829 is
A. 1 in 1.9. C. 1 in 3.5.

G
B. 1 in 2.6. D. 1 in 5.4.

OR
3. What is the approximate area of the Yuen Long Industrial Estate in grid squares 9386, 9486,
9387 and 9487?
A. 0.49 km2 C. 0.97 km2
B. 0.74 km2 D. 1.21 km2
1.
4. _______________ is 1.9 km away and at a reduced bearing N26oW from the trigonometric
station at 963834.
A. Tai Hong Wai (978846)
B. hospital (955851)
ND

C. Wong Uk Tsuen (952854)

D. Nam Hang Pai (944822)

5. In which of the following locations is the photograph below most likely to be taken?
BA

A. Shui Tsiu Lo Wai (945830) C. Kingswood Villas (918868)

B. Yuen Long Kau Hui (945855) D. Tsui Sing Lau (918855)

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6. Which of the following best shows the cross section from the trigonometric station 220
(963834) to Kat Hing Wai (977845)?
A.

G
B.

OR
1.
C.
ND
BA

D.

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7. Which of the following tectonic processes have occurred in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
(1) vulcanicity
(2) folding
(3) seafloor spreading
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

8. Refer to the photograph below.

G
X
P

OR
Which of the following descriptions about the photograph is / are correct?
1.
(1) Feature P is a reverse fault.
(2) Feature P is produced by tensional force.
(3) Block X is the upthrown block.
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
ND

B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

9. Refer to the graph below.

BA

Speed of
channel
flow

Which of the following are possible labels for the X-axis in the above graph?
(1) gradient
(2) roughness
(3) discharge
A. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

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10. Refer to the photograph below.

Feature X

G
Which of the following descriptions about feature X are correct?

OR
(1) It is a stack.
(2) It is formed at headland.
(3) It is formed by wave erosion.
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
1.
11. Which of the following industries is raw material-oriented?
A. textile industry
B. milk-processing industry
ND

C. ship-building industry
D. automobile industry

12. Refer to the figure below. X and Y represent the shift of location of iron and steel industry in
China in two different periods of time.
BA

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Which of the following comparisons between X and Y are correct?

X Y
(1) Period of shift 1960s 1980s
(2) Purpose strategic considerations economies of scale
(3) Pull factors proximity to power resources large reserve of iron ore
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

13. Refer to the table below which shows the population of place X in 2005 and 2015.
2005 2015
Percentage of rural population 60 50
Percentage of urban population 40 50

G
Total population (million) 5 6
Which of the following processes have taken place in country X?

OR
(1) urbanization
(2) urban growth
(3) rural depopulation
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
1.
14. Which of the following are major strategies of the HKSAR government to increase land for
housing development?
(1) revitalization scheme of industrial buildings
ND

(2) development of brownfield sites in the New Territories

(3) reclamation of artificial island outside Victoria Harbour
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
BA

15. Refer to the photograph below which shows a farming method.

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Which of the following is / are the advantage(s) of the farming method?

(1) conserve soil nutrients
(2) reduce soil erosion
(3) increase infiltration
A. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

16. Refer to the photograph below.

G
OR
1.
Which of the following are the characteristics of the agricultural activity shown in the above
photograph?
(1) high output per labour
(2) high yield per hectare
ND

(3) arable farming

A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

17. Refer to the photographs below which show two types of plants in the tropical rainforest.
BA

Which of the following pairs of comparison about them is / are correct?

(1) Name saprophytes stranglers

(2) Nutrient source decaying organic matter host plants
(3) Habitat undergrowth layer emergent layer
A. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only
B. (3) only D. (1) and (3) only

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18. Refer to the satellite image below that shows the rainforest coverage in Argentina in 1972 and
2009 respectively.
1972 2009

Which of the following is (are) the major cause(s) for the changes shown above?
(1) commercial logging

G
(2) plantation
(3) shifting cultivation

OR
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

19. Refer to the figure below.

1.
ND

Which of the following are the impacts brought by the change shown above on the Arctic
region?
BA

(1) increase in short-term fresh water supply

(2) loss of natural habitats
(3) opening up of new shipping routes
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

20. Which of the following is / are possible impact(s) caused by global warming in low-latitude
regions?
(1) more intense rainfall in coastal areas
(2) shorter winters
(3) lengthen growing season
A. (1) only C. (1) and (2) only
B. (3) only D. (2) and (3) only

END OF SECTION A
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Section B: Answer any TWO questions from this section. Each question carries 18 marks.
(39%)

1. (This is the OPTIONAL fieldwork-based question in the HKDSE 2022” public examination,
in which the school does not cover.)

G
OR
1.
THIS IS A BLANK PAGE.
ND
BA

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2. Study the map extract (1: 20 000) of Hong Kong.

Photograph 2a was taken from the MTR Long Ping Station at 939854 to the southerly direction
showing the Yuen Long Nullah. Photograph 2b shows the bypass floodway channel from
937839 to 962859 next to the Yuen Long Highway.

Photograph 2a

G
OR
1.
ND

(a) The Yuen Long area in 9384, 9385, 9484 and 9485 used to be a flooding blackspot in the
summer of Hong Kong before the development of the new town.
BA

With reference to map evidence, explain the physical factors for the frequent flooding problem
in the summer in this area. (5 marks)

(b) Refer to the map extract and Photograph 2a.

(i) Identify the hard engineering strategy applied to the Yuen Long Nullah to reduce the risk
of flooding in the area. Support your answer with photographic evidence. (2 marks)

(ii) Discuss how the hard engineering strategy identified in (b) (i) can help reduce the risk
of flooding in the area. (3 marks)

(iii) Explain why the Yuen Long Nullah is not a good habitat for aquatic species. (4 marks)

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Photograph 2b

(c) Refer to the map extract and Photograph 2b.

G
Besides the hard engineering strategy in (b) (i), the government has also developed a bypass
floodway channel to address the flooding problem in the Yuen Long area.

OR
Explain why a new bypass floodway channel is a more appropriate measure than enlarging the
Yuen Long Nullah to address the flooding problem in the area. (4 marks)
1.
ND
BA

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3. Figure 3a shows the locations of the IT corporations in the Silicon Valley of the United States.
Figure 3b shows some typical locations of the production units of the IT corporations in the
2010s. Table 3c shows the changes of some socio-economic information about China from
2009 to 2019.

Figure 3a

G
OR
1.
Figure 3b
ND
BA

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Table 3c
2009 2019
Value addedness of manufacturing sector (billion RMB) 8 808 38 426

Average annual wages of manufacturing workers (RMB) 26 810 78 149

Population with access to Internet services (%) 28.9 61.2

Number of university graduates (million) 12.6 17.5

(a) Refer to Figure 3a.

G
Explain the factors affecting the location of the IT corporations in the Silicon Valley. (4 marks)

OR
(b) Refer to Figure 3b.

(i) With reference to the nature of different countries, account for the mode of production
and the locations of the production units of the IT corporations in the 2010s. (5 marks)
1.
(ii) How does globalization favour the occurrence of this mode of production? (2 marks)

(c) Refer to Figure 3b and Table 3c.

ND

With respect to the characteristics of IT corporations, discuss their socio-economic impacts on

China. (3 marks)

(d) Refer to Figure 3b and Table 3c.

BA

Discuss whether IT corporations should relocate the R&D centres to China. (4 marks)

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4. Figure 4a shows the vegetation of the Amazon rainforest and the location of the Iguaçu
National Park. Figure 4b shows the nutrient cycle and a modern farming practice in the
Amazon rainforest. Photograph 4c shows the scene in the Iguaçu National Park.

Figure 4a

G
OR
Equator 0o
1.
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5oS
The Iguaçu National Park
ND
BA

Figure 4b

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Photograph 4c

G
(a) Refer to Figure 4a.

OR
Give an account of the vegetation characteristics of the Amazon rainforest. (4 marks)

(b) Refer to Figure 4b.

(i) Describe the respective inputs and outputs of biomass and litter in the nutrient cycle of
1.
the Amazon rainforest. (3 marks)

(ii) Account for the changes in the soil nutrient storage after the farming practice in the
Amazon rainforest. (3 marks)
ND

(iii) Irrespective to the changes in (b) (ii) of the nutrient cycle, describe other environmental
impact brought by the farming practice to the Amazon rainforest. (4 marks)

(c) Refer to Figures 4a, 4b and Photograph 4c.

BA

“The Brazilian government has invited the private developers to invest and operate the Iguaçu
National Park for rainforest conservation in the Amazon rainforest.”

Discuss whether the above practice is effective in rainforest conservation in the Amazon
rainforest. (4 marks)

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5. Table 5a shows some data related to the global mean temperature anomalies from 1996 to
2016. Photograph 5b shows three different locations in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. Table 5c
shows some data about the urban microclimate collected at the street level of the locations in
Photograph 5b. Photograph 5d shows the rooftop greening in an urban area of Hong Kong.

Table 5a

Average atmospheric
Fossil fuel energy *Global mean
concentration of Global forest area
Year consumption temperature
carbon dioxide (’000 hectares)
(% of total) anomalies (oC)
(ppm)
1996 362.74 79.8 4 084 669 + 0.33

G
2006 382.09 80.3 4 029 329 + 0.63
2016 404.41 80.4 3 995 825 + 1.02

OR
Photograph 5b
1.
C
ND

A B
BA

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Table 5c
A B C
Average air temperature (°C) 31.5 32.0 35.1
Average wind speed (km / h) 10.5 5.7 1.8
Average height of buildings (m) 28 4 51

Photograph 5d

G
OR
1.
(a) Refer to Table 5a.
ND

(i) Account for the change of the average atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide from
1996 to 2016. (3 marks)

(ii) Explain the relationship between the change in (a) (i) and the global mean temperature
anomalies. (4 marks)
BA

(b) Refer to Photograph 5b and Table 5c.

(i) Which location has the highest air temperature? (1 mark)

(ii) Explain the reasons for (b) (i) with reference to their locational characteristics. (6 marks)

(c) Refer to Table 5a, Photographs 5b and 5d.

Discuss whether the rooftop greening in Photograph 5d could better alleviate the global
temperature anomalies in Table 5a than the local temperature variations in Hong Kong in
Photograph 5b. (4 marks)

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Section C:Answer any ONE question from this section. Each question carries 12 marks.
(12%)

6. Describe and explain the occurrence of tsunamis along the Circum-Pacific Belt. Discuss
whether land use zoning is more effective than tsunami warning system in reducing losses
resulting from tsunamis. (12 marks)

7. Account for the urban problems arisen from inadequate land supply in the inner urban areas of
Hong Kong. Discuss whether reclamation is effective in addressing these problems.(12 marks)

8. Describe the physical constraints on farming in southern California. Discuss how cultural
inputs are important in the success of farming in the region. (12 marks)

G
OR
END OF PAPER
1.
ND
BA

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Shun Lee Catholic Secondary School

Final Examination 2021-2022
Marking Scheme
Subject: HKDSE Geography (Paper 1)
Level: Secondary 6

Section A
1. A 6. D 11. B 16. C
2. D* 7. B 12. A 17. A
3. B# 8. C 13. A 18. B
4. B 9. A 14. C 19. C
5. D 10. D 15. D 20. C

G
Remarks:
# Q2: The horizontal distance of the footpath from 919824 to 916829 on the map is 2.9 cm.

OR
Average gradient of the footpath = Vertical distance / Horizontal distance
= (297 - 190) m / (2.9 x 20 000 / 100) m = 107 / 580 = 1 / 5.4 = 1 in 5.4 (Answer: D)

# Q3: Draw a rectangle to best delimit the area of the Yuen Long Industrial Estate.
The length and width of the rectangle is 5 cm x 3.7 cm on the map.
1.
The area of the school campus in reality is
(5 cm x 20 000) x (3.7 cm x 20 000)
= 100 000 cm x 74 000 cm
= 1 000 m x 740 m
ND

= 1 km x 0.74 km
= 0.74 km2 (B. 0.74 km2 is the best answer.)

Section B
Question 1
BA

(This is the OPTIONAL fieldwork-based question in the HKDSE 2022” public examination.)

Question 2
(a)
Explanation of the physical factors Map evidence
- the Yuen Long area is located at lowland / - contour lines indicate that most part of 1+1
low-lying relief / lower course of the river the area is below 20m
- joining of many tributaries at the main - many tributaries are found upstream of 1+1
stream of the Yuen Long area increases the the Yuen Long area in grid squares
river discharge 9282, 9382, 9482, 9283, 9383 and 9483
- the main stream of the Yuen Long area has - contour lines in the area are widely 1+1
gentle gradient spaced
- strong fiction of the river bed lowers river 1
velocity / reduces river energy to transport

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the loads further away

- result in deposition / silting / shallower 1
river bed that reduces the bankfull
discharge of the river to store flood water
- there is always heavy precipitation in the 1
rainy summer of Hong Kong
- the larger river discharge easily exceeds 1
the smaller bankfull discharge of the river,
leading to overbank flow, i.e. flooding
(max. 3 marks if no map evidence is mentioned) (5)
(b) (i) - hard engineering strategy: channelization 1 (1)
Photographic evidence:

G
- river banks and river bed are covered with concrete materials 1
- river channel has been straightened, widened and deepened (any 2) 1 (1)

OR
(ii) - river banks and river bed are not exposed after being covered with concrete materials 1
- which can address soil erosion in times of heavy precipitation and large runoff 1
- straightened river channel can increase river velocity and river energy 1
- which help transport the loads further downstream from the river section 1
- both relieve the problem of silting and maintain the carrying capacity of the river 1
1.
- the widened and deepened river channel can enlarge the bankfull discharge /
carrying capacity of the river to store flood water 1 (3)
(iii) - the Yuen Long Nullah is located at the lower course of Shan Pui River 1
- it collects much sewage discharged from the farms / rural settlements upstream /
ND

commercial activities next to the nullah 1

- so the water quality of the nullah is poor 1
- eutrophication causes the rapid growth of algae and depletes the oxygen in the water 1
- high turbidity restricts the aquatic plant species at the river bed to carry out
photosynthesis 1
BA

- the river banks and river bed of the nullah are also covered with concrete materials 1
- which supply no food to feed the aquatic plant and animal species 1 (4)
(c) Why a bypass floodway channel is more appropriate to address flooding: (Max. 3)
- there is lower building / development density along the bypass floodway channel 1
- only sparse rural settlements and cultivated lands are found 1
- lower land value / lower land resumption / acquisition cost 1
- less disturbance caused by the construction work to the nearby population 1
Why enlarging the Yuen Long Nullah is less appropriate to address flooding: (Max. 3)
- there is higher building / development density next to the Yuen Long Nullah 1
- widening the river channel at the nullah involves higher cost of land resumption 1
- the construction work would cause heavier traffic flow / create air and noise pollution 1
- lengthen the commuting time / degrade the living environment of the nearby residents 1
- disrupt the operation of the shops / economic activities of the nearby areas 1
- severe social opposition from the residents / shop owners / landowners is likely 1 (4)

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Question 3
(a) (IT corporations in the Silicon Valley are mostly headquarters and R&D centres)
- (3a) presence of many universities 1
- (Exp, labour factor) large pool of skilled labour is available for management and R&D 1
- (3a) clustering / concentration of a large number of IT industries (companies) 1
- (Exp, agglomeration factor) large agglomeration economies / external economies of scale
(e.g. sharing of technology / market information / advertising effect) 1
- (3a) presence of large urban areas 1
- (Exp, capital factor and supporting services) large venture capital is available from banks /
many professional services (e.g. legal, accounting and insurance, etc.) are available 1
- (3a) well-developed transport network (e.g. highways) 1
- (Exp, transport factor) favours the commuting of skilled labour for R&D 1 (4)

G
(b) (i) Description (max. 2):
- mode of production: multi-point production / trans-national production 1

OR
For locations of production units:
- headquarters and R&D centres are all located in MDCs (e.g. US, EU, Japan) 1
- component manufacturing plants are scattered over both MDCs (e.g. US, EU, Japan
and South Korea) and LDCs (e.g. China, Mexico, Indonesia and India) 1
- assembly plants are concentrated in LDCs (e.g. China, Thailand and Malaysia) 1
1.
Explanation (max. 3):
For the locations of headquarters and R&D centres in MDCs:
- long history of development / agglomeration of economies 1
- presence of well-educated / skilled labour / expertise / talent pool for R&D 1
ND

For the locations of component manufacturing plants in both MDCs and LDCs:
- procedures that require higher (or lower) technology / skilled (or less skilled) labour in
MDCs (or LDCs) 1
For the locations of assembly plants in LDCs:
- lower land rent / labour cost for some standardized / labour-intensive procedures of
BA

the low-end components 1

- lower overall production cost 1 (5)
(ii) (mode of production: multi-point production / trans-national production)
- (globalization) improvement in global transportation (e.g. air transport, vessels) 1
- (exp) more efficient transfer of components from different countries for assembling /
/ delivery of the finished products to global markets 1
- (globalization) improvement in global (tele)communication (e.g. teleconferencing) 1
- (exp) easier supervision and management of outsourcing production worldwide 1 (2)
(c) - (characteristic) IT corporations are high-tech industries making high value-added products 1
- (impact, 3c) higher value addedness of manufacturing sector in China 1
- (characteristic) IT corporations require abundant skilled labour in the manufacturing plants 1
- (impact, 3c) increase in average annual wages of manufacturing workers 1
- (characteristic) inflow of technology from the IT corporations to China 1
- (impact, 3c) higher percentage of population with access to Internet services 1
(max 2 marks if mentioned only the impact from Table 3c) (3)
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(d) Argument for “IT corporations should relocate the R&D centres to China”:
Description Explanation
- (3b) Figure 3b shows that many IT - (land and labour factors and overall 1/2
corporations are able to adopt production cost) IT corporations should
multi-point production mode. relocate the R&D centres from other
MDCs to the LDCs like China in order to
enjoy lower land rent, lower labour cost
and hence lower production cost.
- (3c) Table 3c shows that China had a - (technology factor) The improvement in 1/2
higher popularity of Internet services technology like telecommunication
(from 2009 to 2019). network in China can enable the skilled
labour of the R&D centres to conduct

G
research and collect market information
on product design easily. Therefore, IT

OR
corporations should relocate from other
countries to China.
- (3c) Table 3c shows that China had an - (labour factor) There is more skilled 1/2
increasing number of university labour available in China for R&D that
graduates. is favourable for setting up the R&D
1.
centres of the IT corporations.
- OR other relevant arguments based on Figure 3b and Table 3c 1/2
Arguments for “IT corporations should NOT relocate the R&D centres to China”:
Description Explanation
ND

- (3b) Figure 3b shows that the R&D - The long history of development in 1/2
centres of the IT corporations are all these MDCs create strong industrial
set up in the MDCs (e.g. Silicon inertia for the IT corporations to stay
Valley of the US, EU and Japan). there because of larger pool of skilled
labour and better technological level for
BA

R&D than China. As such, IT

corporations tend not to relocate the
R&D centres to China.
- IT corporations do not have sufficient 1/2
protection from the government that
may result in leakage of product design
to other local IT corporations in China.
Therefore, IT corporations would not
relocate their R&D centres from other
countries to China.
- OR other relevant arguments based on Figure 3b, Table 3c and own knowledge 1/2
(4)

Question 4

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(a) (“Give an account of” = Describe only)

- (4a) luxuriant growth / dense coverage / high density of vegetation 1
- (4a) high biodiversity / species diversity of vegetation 1
- (4a) high stratification / complex layered structure of vegetation 1
- evergreen vegetation 1
- (4a) special adaptions: buttress roots, climbers, board leaves (any 2) 2 (4)
(b) (i) For biomass:
- (input) rapid uptake of nutrients by luxuriant vegetation 1
- (output) active littering from dense vegetation 1
For litter:
- (input) large input of dissolved nutrients from rain 1
- (output) heavy loss of nutrients through surface runoff 1

G
- (output) rapid decomposition of nutrients by decomposers 1 (3)
(ii) (“farming practice”: cattle ranching)

OR
- reduction of vegetation cover due to deforestation caused by cattle ranching 1
- reduction of littering resulted from less vegetation cover 1
- reduction of humus / reduction of bacterial decomposition 1
- less nutrients are released from litter to soil 1
- more serious soil compaction caused by the trampling effect of the livestock 1
1.
- more serious soil erosion by larger surface runoff 1
- more input of chemical fertilizers / energy subsidies into soil for creating pastureland
in the short run 1
- export of cattle leads to the output of nutrients away from nutrient cycle in the long run 1
ND

(4)
(iii) (“Other environmental impact” is largely caused by deforestation of cattle ranching)
Impact on biosphere:
- destruction of natural habitats for wildlife 1
- lower biodiversity / disruption of food chain / food web / lower ecological stability 1
BA

Impact on lithosphere:
- presence of rills / gullies / badland / formation of hard pan (laterite) 1
- excessive use of chemical fertilizers may cause soil toxication / land degradation 1
Impact on atmosphere:
- change of micro-climate, e.g. larger soil temperature extreme, higher wind speed,
higher evapotranspiration, lower humidity, etc. (any 2) 2
Impact on hydrosphere:
- change of water cycle, e.g. more runoff, less infiltration, less interception, etc. (any 2) 2
(Max. 3 marks for covering impact of any 2 spheres only) (4)
(c) Arguments for “the above practice is effective in rainforest conservation in Amazon rainforest”:
Description Explanation
- (italic sentence) Inviting private - (4b) can prohibit all kinds of economic 1/2
developers to invest and operate activities (e.g. cattle ranching) from
the Iguaçu National Park (the national causing deforestation that helps

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park) as a designated conservation rainforest conservation.

zone in the Amazon rainforest
- (4c) The private developers can - (4b) It can diversify the economy of 1/2
develop eco-tourist facilities / Brazil and reduce the reliance on other
infrastructure (e.g. waterfall trails) in economic activities (e.g. cattle ranching)
the national park for the development that involve deforestation to earn profits,
of eco-tourism for profit-making, hence conserving the rainforest.
- (4c) The revenue earned from the
entrance fees of the large number of
tourists to the national park could be
reinvested in the conservation work of
the Amazonian rainforest.

G
- OR other relevant arguments based on Figures 4a, 4b and Photograph 4c 1/2
Arguments for “the above practice is ineffective in rainforest conservation in Amazon

OR
rainforest”:
Description Explanation
- (4c) The private developers have - This construction causes the removal of 1/2
constructed more eco-tourist facilities vegetation and hence deforestation in the
/ infrastructure (e.g. waterfall trails) in Amazon rainforest.
1.
the national park. - (4c) The influx of tourists may exceed the
carrying capacity of the national park
and bring about various environmental
pollutions (e.g. water and land).
ND

- (4a) The size of the national park - (4b) The large territory of the rainforest 1/2
invested and operated by the private unprotected by the national park may still
developers is too small relative to the be opened up by cattle ranchers that
large territory of the Amazon causes removal of vegetation and
rainforest. deforestation.
BA

- The establishment of the national - (4b) e.g. higher food demand from the 1/2
parks is unable to address the root MDCs / shifting of diet towards meat in
causes of deforestation in the Amazon the world increases the scale of cattle
rainforest, ranching and causes massive
deforestation in the rainforest.
- OR other relevant arguments based on Figures 4a, 4b and Photograph 4c 1/2
(Max. 3 marks without a clear stance for “whether”) (4)

Question 5
(a) (i) - (D, 5a) carbon dioxide (CO2) increased steadily from 362.74 ppm in 1996 to
404.41 ppm in 2016 1 (1)
- (E, 5a, direct cause) larger fossil fuel energy consumption for electricity generation
in power plants and factories 1
- (Elaboration, underlying cause) because of larger population / higher living standard /
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higher degree of urbanization / industrialization

- (E, 5a, direct cause) reducing size of global forest area 1
- (Elaboration, direct cause) more burning of forest / less trees to absorb carbon dioxide 1
(2)

(ii) - (D, relationship) positive relationship / when average atmospheric concentration of CO2
increases, global mean temperatures anomalies increase 1 (1)
- (E) CO2 is a kind of greenhouse gas 1
- (E) it allows incoming solar radiation to pass through 1
- (E) it blocks / absorbs more long-wave / terrestrial radiation* to escape back to space 1
- (E) more counter radiation / re-radiation is reflected back to the earth’s surface 1
- (E) more heat is thus trapped 1

G
- (E) enhancing / intensifying the greenhouse effect 1 (3)
(* This point should be included in the answers of max. marks.)

OR
(b) (i) - location: C 1 (1)
(ii) Reasons for location C having higher temperature:
- (5b) C is located at a place with higher building density / narrower roads 1
- (5c) C belongs to commercial land use with greater height of buildings 1
- (elaboration) there are many artificial heat sources (e.g. air conditioners, car exhausts) 1
1.
- (elaboration) buildings are made up of concrete that absorbs heat quickly 1
- (elaboration) more greenhouse gases enhance the greenhouse effect and trap more heat /
more air pollutants bring about stronger blanket effect that prevents heat loss 1
Reasons for locations A and B having lower temperature:
- (5b) A is located closer to the sea / at the waterfront (coast) 1
ND

- (5c / elaboration) A has higher wind speed / A receives more cool onshore wind 1
- (elaboration) better air circulation facilitates heat diffusion / brings moderation effect 1
- (5b / 5c) B belongs to recreational land use with denser tree / vegetation cover 1
- (elaboration) trees provide sheltering / shading effect to block sunlight penetration 1
BA

- (elaboration) there is more latent heat loss through evapotranspiration from vegetation 1
(6)
(c) Stance: Disagree
Arguments for “rooftop greening could not better alleviate the global temperate anomalies than
the local temperature variations of Hong Kong”:
Description Explanation
- (5d) The rooftop greening in - (5a, 5b) The limited vegetation can only 1/2
Photograph 5d is too small in scale. provide little sheltering effect to reduce
indoor temperature of the buildings,
reduce the artificial heat source of using
air conditioning and hence alleviate the
local temperature variations of HK in
Photograph 5b instead of the global
temperature anomalies in Table 5a.

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- (5a) The reducing global forest area - (5d) The small-scale rooftop greening in 1/2
has been large in scale (and it increased Photograph 5d cannot compensate the
significantly by 88 844 000 hectares from significant loss of forest area in different
1996 to 2016) in Table 5a. parts of the world and fail to slow down
the enhanced greenhouse effect and
alleviate the global temperature anomalies
(i.e. global warming).
- Rooftop greening incurs high - (5a, 5d) As such, rooftop greening is often 1/2
installation / maintenance cost for small in scale as in Photograph 5d that
selecting specific vegetation species to cannot provide lots of vegetation to absorb
be grown in the unfavourable urban CO2 and offset the increasing
environment. concentration of CO2 in the world and

G
hence fail to alleviate the global
temperature anomalies in Table 5a.

OR
- OR other relevant arguments based on Table 5a, Photographs 5b and 5d 1/2
(4)
1.
ND
BA

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Section C
Question 6
Describe and explain the occurrence of tsunamis along the Circum-Pacific Belt. Discuss whether
land use zoning is more effective than tsunami warning system in reducing losses resulting from
tsunamis. (12 marks)

Description and explanation 6

Discussion 6

Description
A map showing the spatial distribution of tsunamis along the Circum-Pacific Belt for
reference:

G
OR
1.
ND
BA

- (location: type of plate boundary, plate movement and plates involved) most tsunamis occurring
at the coastal areas along the Circum-Pacific Belt are  along the destructive plate boundaries
formed by the collision of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Plate, Pacific Plate and North American
Plate as well as Nazca Plate and South American Plate (any 1 pair)
- (location: type of plate boundary, plate movement and plates involved) a few tsunamis are found
 near the conservative plate boundary in the western coast of North America where Pacific
Plate slides past North American Plate
- these tsunamis are caused by submarine  volcanic eruptions,  earthquakes and 
landslides along these destructive and conservative plate boundaries
 How submarine volcanic eruptions occur along the Circum-Pacific Belt:
- (magma currents and internal force) along the destructive plate boundaries, the converging
magma currents and compressional force drive the plates (e.g. Eurasian Plate and Philippine Plate)
to move together
- (subduction) the denser oceanic plate (i.e. Philippine Plate) subducts and inserts into the mantle;
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the crustal materials in the subduction zone are then melted under the high temperature and
pressure
- (lines of weakness) continuous compression exerts strong pressure and creates many lines of
weakness at the crusts
- (molten rocks and magma rising) as the molten rocks are less dense than the magma, they are
pushed close to the crust and are forced to rise along the lines of weakness and extrude onto the
sea floor to form violent submarine volcanic eruptions

 How submarine earthquakes occur along the Circum-Pacific Belt:

- (rocks fracture) along the conservative plate boundary, the sliding past of plates (e.g. Pacific
Plate and North American Plate) exerts strong energy at the crusts; when the energy accumulated
exceeds the elastic limits of the rocks, rocks fracture

G
- (seismic waves and vibrations) seismic waves and huge energy are released that cause strong
vibrations of crusts under sea and form submarine earthquakes

OR
 How the submarine volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides trigger off tsunamis along the
Circum-Pacific Belt:
- (displacement of sea water) the above submarine volcanic eruptions and submarine earthquakes
together with  submarine landslides taking place under sea cause vertical displacement of
1.
large bodies of sea water
- (sea waves piled up) it then sets off big sea waves piled up near the shallow shore in the coastal
areas along the Circum-Pacific Belt to form tsunamis (6)
ND

Discussion
 Brief description of the losses brought by tsunamis:
- the losses brought by tsunamis to the Circum-Pacific Belt include coastal flooding, inundation of
settlements and loss of lives and properties
- (whether: stance) it is true that land use zoning is more effective than tsunamis warning
BA

system in reducing losses resulting from tsunamis

- (description and examples of land use zoning) land use zoning refers to the designation of different land uses in the
coastal areas prone to tsunamis; it may include  decentralizing residential land use from coastal to inland areas, 
developing recreational land use like woodland as buffer zones in coastal areas,  developing government land use
like sea walls in the coastal areas,  forbidding dangerous land use like nuclear power plants in coastal areas and 
establishing evacuation routes with road signs to higher ground
- (description of tsunami warning system) tsunami warning system issues alerts to the citizens about tsunamis, raises
their hazard awareness and increases the lag time for the citizens to be evacuated from the coastal areas to inland
areas or high ground

 Why land use zoning is MORE effective than tsunami warning system in reducing losses:
 (reason: less coastal population and hence loss of lives) land use zoning includes 
decentralizing residential land use from coastal to inland areas, which can directly bring about
less coastal population attacked by tsunamis, so land use zoning can reduce loss of lives more
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effectively than tsunami warning system

 (reason: better shelter coastal settlements and hence reduce loss of lives and properties) land
use zoning includes  developing recreational land use like woodland as buffer zones and 
developing government land use like sea walls in coastal areas, which can better shelter the
coastal settlements from the direct attack of high-magnitude tsunamis near the destructive plate
boundaries, so land use zoning can prevent inundation of settlements and reduce loss of lives and
properties more effectively than tsunami warning system
 (reason: can reduce possibility of secondary hazard) land use zoning includes  forbidding
dangerous land use like nuclear power plants in coastal areas, which can significantly reduce the
possibility of secondary hazard like nuclear explosion that may bring heavy casualties while
tsunami warning system cannot, so land use zoning can reduce loss of lives and properties more
effectively than tsunami warning system

G
 (reason: can reduce property loss) land use zoning includes  decentralizing residential land use
from coastal to inland areas and  developing government land use like sea walls in coastal areas,

OR
which can prevent inundation of settlements, so land use zoning can reduce loss of properties
while tsunami warning system cannot

 Why tsunami warning system is LESS effective than land use zoning in reducing losses:
 (reason: poor communication system in LDCs to receive warning signals) the effectiveness of
1.
tsunami warning system to alert citizens for evacuation in times of tsunamis highly depends on its
communication system, but the Asian countries (e.g. the Philippines) and South American
countries (e.g. Chile) along the Circum-Pacific Belt are mostly LDCs with poor communication
system, so the warning signals may not spread to some remote coastal areas to raise the hazard
ND

awareness of the citizens for evacuation; hence tsunami warning system cannot effectively reduce
loss of lives in these LDCs
 (reason: high-magnitude tsunamis along destructive plate boundaries) the tsunamis occurring at
the coastal areas along the Circum-Pacific Belt are mostly along the destructive plate boundaries,
so most tsunamis are of high magnitude that travel to the coastal areas at high speed and great
BA

height; even with the tsunami warning system to alert the citizens about tsunamis and raise their
hazard awareness, most citizens may not be evacuated efficiently within the short time lag and
with widespread inundation of settlements; as such, tsunami warning system cannot effectively
reduce loss of lives

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Question 7
Account for the urban problems arisen from inadequate land supply in the inner urban areas of Hong
Kong. Discuss whether reclamation is effective in addressing these problems. (12 marks)
Description and explanation 6
Discussion 6

Description and explanation

- (D) different urban problems have been arisen from the inadequate land supply in the inner urban
areas of HK, for example, housing, transport and environmental problems
- (E) (housing problems) inadequate land supply in the inner urban areas has resulted in the vertical
development of many residential and commercial buildings, high building and development
density, overcrowding and hence small living space

G
- (E) (housing problems) inadequate land supply has resulted in high development density and
insufficient space to develop community facilities, green areas and open space for the residents,

OR
so the living environment in these inner urban areas is often poor
- (E) (housing problems) inadequate land supply has also resulted in keen land use competition and
high land rent; the low-income group is hence compelled to live in the substandard housing in
some old inner urban areas with severe problems of urban decay and land use conflicts
- (E) (transport problems) inadequate land supply has resulted in high development density and a
1.
lack of sufficient space to develop wide roads; the narrow roads there are not able to
accommodate the heavy traffic flow that leads to frequent traffic congestion
- (E) (environmental problems) inadequate land supply has resulted in tall and dense buildings with
wall effect that blocks air ventilation and the inflow of natural wind to disperse the air pollutants
ND

and greenhouse gases, so air pollution and urban heat island effect have been serious (6)

Discussion
 Effectiveness of reclamation in addressing the urban problems:
- reclamation creates new flatland from oceans at the coastal areas of the inner urban areas (e.g.
BA

Central and Olympics along Victoria Harbour) and the new towns (e.g. Shatin and Taipo)
- it helps decentralize the excessive population and economic activities from the inner urban areas
to the newly reclaimed lands that speeds up the progress of urban redevelopment projects in the
inner urban areas for addressing various housing, transport and environmental problems
- on one hand, the newly reclaimed lands at the coastal areas of the inner urban areas enable a
holistic planning with new residential buildings, comprehensive road network and sufficient open
space that could prevent those problems of substandard housing, traffic congestion and air
pollution resulted from wall effect from happening in these new inner urban areas
- on the other hand, urban redevelopment projects could pull down the old and decayed buildings
and reconstruct new ones in lower development density, re-plan the road network with wider
roads and put in more community facilities that could address the problems of overcrowding,
traffic congestion and poor living environment in the existing inner urban areas

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 Ineffectiveness of reclamation in addressing the urban problems:

- (cost and scale) reclamation projects incur high cost on the government for construction works
and building infrastructure, so they cannot be implemented on a large scale to address the urban
problems comprehensively
- (time) reclamation and the subsequent urban redevelopment projects take long time to complete,
so they cannot help address the urban problems shortly
- (social opposition) reclamation dumps sand and mud into the oceans that results in serious water
pollution and destroys the habitats of marine wildlife; these arouse strong opposition from the
green groups that delays the implementation of the reclamation projects
- (social opposition) the construction works of the reclamation projects also upset the harbour
scenery and sea view of many buildings; these arouse opposition from the property owners, so
reclamation projects could not be implemented on a large scale in different inner urban areas

G
- (new urban problems arisen) given the drive of profit maximization of the private property
developers, the new residential and commercial buildings constructed on the reclaimed land in

OR
the inner urban areas are often tall and dense, so the urban problems like high development
density and air pollution resulted from wall effect cannot be addressed easily
- (new urban problems arisen) some reclamation projects take place in the new towns, but the daily
commuting of the residents from those suburban locations to the inner urban areas for work still
worsens the intra-city traffic congestion problem, especially during the peak hours
1.
- (underlying causes) reclamation could not address some other underlying causes of the urban
problems, e.g. large population leading to overcrowding, rising car ownership resulting in heavy
traffic flow and frequent traffic congestion, etc.
- (complementary measures) other complementary measures have to be implemented to address
ND

those urban problems more effectively, e.g. developing brownfield sites in the New Territories to
increase further the land supply, increasing automobile tax to discourage car purchase, etc. (6)
BA

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Question 8
Describe the physical constraints on farming in southern California. Discuss how cultural inputs are
important in the success of farming in the region. (12 marks)
Description 6
Discussion 6

Description
- (D, location and physical constraints) S. California is located in 32oN-38oN in the SW coast of
the US with the physical constraints of  drought (i.e. water deficiency),  high evaporation rate
under high summer temperature,  frost under low winter temperature / on high altitude areas, 
unproductive soil and  pests and diseases

G
 For the physical constraints of  drought (i.e. water deficiency) and  high evaporation
rate under high summer temperature:

OR
- (climatic) under Mediterranean climate, S. California has low annual rainfall (~ 200-450 mm)
and uneven seasonal distribution of rainfall with most of its rain falling in winter
- (climatic) S. California has  high summer temperature (~ 25oC), resulting in  high
evapotranspiration, river cut-offs and  drought; both bring about insufficient water for
irrigation, wilting of crops and crop failure
1.
- (hydrological) only two major rivers (i.e. Sacramento River and San Joaquin River) drain the
farmlands in the Central Valley, which reduce irrigation water and lead to  drought
- (relief) the mountains around the Central Valley cause rainshadow effect, reduce rainfall and
make the farmlands suffer  water deficiency that lower the crop yield
ND

 For physical constraint of  frost under low winter temperature / on high altitude areas:
- (climatic) S. California has low winter temperatures, especially on some high altitude areas, that result in  frost; it
may cause physical collapse of crops and lower farm production
BA

 For physical constraint of  unproductive soil:

- (climatic) the soil in S. California is unproductive as the high evapotranspiration brought by high
summer temperature speeds up soil moisture loss and leads to  dry and infertile soil that
cannot provide sufficient moisture and nutrients for crop uptake
- (climatic) the high evapotranspiration also induces strong capillary action and salinization that
make  salty and alkaline soil unfavourable for crop growth

 For physical constraint of  pests and diseases:

- (climatic) pests and diseases occur sometimes in S. California under high summer temperature, which may cause
crop failure (6)

Discussion
- (examples of cultural inputs) cultural inputs include  capital,  technological,  labour and 
government inputs

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- (importance of cultural factors to success of farming) because of these cultural inputs, farmers in
S. California have been successful in  using different farm technologies to overcome the
physical constraints, sustain high farm production and generate large amount of farm products to
be exported overseas for huge profits
 (capital input: irrigation systems and GM crops) for the capital input, farmers in S. California
possess large capital to  install irrigation systems like pumping machines to tap underground
water and increase irrigation water supply and to  plant GM crops like drought-resistant species
in the dry environment; both can  overcome the physical constraints of drought and dry soil to
sustain high farm production and large export
 (technological input: precision farming) for the technological input, farmers in S. California
possess high level of technology to  develop precision farming; they can install remote sensors
and geographic information system (GIS) to analyze soil moisture content and then use drip

G
irrigation to input an appropriate amount of water onto the farms; these can  overcome the
constraints of drought and dry soil and sustain high farm production

OR
 (labour input: precision farming) for the labour input, many farmers in S. California are skilled
labour for practising precision farming; they can  operate the IT equipment like remote sensors
and satellite imaginary, make analysis of the weather and soil moisture data and apply drip
irrigation to input an appropriate amount of water to leach away excessive salts on the farms;
these can  overcome the constraint of salty and alkaline soil and sustain high farm production
1.
 (government input: large-scale water scheme for irrigation system) for the government factor,
S. California has supportive government to  implement large-scale water scheme like
construction of dams and reservoirs to store water in rainy season as well as construction of
canals and aquaducts to transfer water from the reservoirs to the farms; these can provide more
ND

water for farmers to  use irrigation systems like sprinklers for irrigation,  overcome the
constraints of drought and dry soil and sustain high farm production
Remarks / Clarification of common misconception:
* Students are expected to cover at least 3 out of 4 cultural inputs (i.e.  capital,  technological,
 labour and  government inputs). Answers failing to do so score no more than 5 out of 6
BA

marks.
* Students are also expected to illustrate of how different cultural inputs can enable the use of
different farm technologies to overcome the physical constraints on farming and sustain high
farm production. Students are recommended to elaborate with different farm technologies (i.e. 
irrigation systems,  GM crops,  precision farming and  water schemes) in their answers.
Answers failing to illustrate with at least 2 farming technologies - will score no more than 3
out of 6 marks.

SLCSS - Secondary 6 Final Exam (2021-22) - GEOG 1-33 P. 33

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