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Statistics and Probability.pptx

The document outlines the curriculum for Grade 11 Statistics and Probability, taught by Mr. Russell Van Erick F. Ramos, covering topics such as the nature of statistics, types of data, measurement scales, types of studies, data collection methods, and sampling techniques. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explains various measurement levels, and discusses observational versus experimental studies. Additionally, it details different data collection methods, including surveys, and various sampling techniques like random and convenience sampling.

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Jean Claire Saniel
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Statistics and Probability.pptx

The document outlines the curriculum for Grade 11 Statistics and Probability, taught by Mr. Russell Van Erick F. Ramos, covering topics such as the nature of statistics, types of data, measurement scales, types of studies, data collection methods, and sampling techniques. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explains various measurement levels, and discusses observational versus experimental studies. Additionally, it details different data collection methods, including surveys, and various sampling techniques like random and convenience sampling.

Uploaded by

Jean Claire Saniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics and Probability

Grade 11
Teacher: Mr. Russell Van Erick F. Ramos
Topics
Introduction to Statistics and Probability
• Nature of Statistics
• Types of Data
• Types of Studies
• Data Collection
• Sampling techniques
Nature of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
- consists of the collection,
organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.

-Used in describing a situation


Inferential Statistics
- Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among
variables, and making predictions.

- Statisticians tries to make inferences from sample to population, uses


probability.

- An area in inferential statistics called hypothesis testing is a


decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population.
Types of data

Data
Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete Continuous
Measurement scales
1) Nominal level of measurement - classifies data into non-overlapping, and no
order or ranking can be imposed on data. Examples:
• Classifying teachers according to the the subjects they teach
• Classifying survey samples as male or female

2) Ordinal level of measurement- classifies data into categories that can be


ranked, however precise difference between the ranks do not exist.
Examples:
• From students' evaluation a guest speaker might be ranked as superior, average, or poor
• For instance, people are classified according to their build ( small, medium, large)
Measurement scales
3) Interval level of measurement- ranks data and precise differences between units of
measure do exist; however there is no meaningful true zero. Examples:
• Psychological tests, yields value in an interval scale
• IQ

4) Ratio level of measurement- possesses all the characteristics of interval


measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, it exists when the same variable
is measured on two different members of the population Examples:
• Measuring height
• Measuring weight
• Measuring area
Types of Studies

1. Observational Study - researchers merely observes what is happening or


what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on
these observations.

2. Experimental Study - researchers manipulates one of the variables and


tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.
Data collection
• Data can be collected in a variety of ways
• One of the most common methods is through the use of surveys
• Surveys can be done by using variety of methods:
▪ Telephone surveys
▪ Mailed questionnaire surveys
▪ Personal interview surveys
• Data can also be collected in other ways, such as surveying methods or
direct observation of situations.
Data collection

• Telephone surveys
Advantage/s: Advantage over personal interview surveys, because it's less costly.
Disadvantage/s: Some people in the population will not have phones or will not
answer phone calls, hence not all people have a chance of being surveyed.
Data collection
• Mailed questionnaire surveys
Advantage/s: It is used to cover a wider geographic area than
telephone surveys; also respondents can remain anonymous if they
desire.
Disadvantage/s: Low number of responses and innappropriate answers
to questions; and some people may have difficulty reading or
understanding the questions
Data collection
• Personal Interview surveys
Advantage/s: Obtaining in-depth responses to questions from the
person being interviewed.
Disadvantage/s: Interviewers must be trained in asking questions, and
recording responses which makes it more costly than the 2 previous
surveys. Another disadvantage is that the interviewer may be biased
on his or her selection of respondents.
Sampling techniques
• Random sampling - using chance methods or random numbers

• Systematic samples - numbering each subject of the population and


selecting every kth subject

• Strattified sampling - dividing the population into groups according to


some characteristics that is important to the study, then sampling
from each group. Samples wit the strata should be randomly selected
Sampling techniques
• Cluster sampling - population is divided into groups called clusters by some
means such as geographic area or schools in a large school district, etc. Then
the researcher randomly select some of these clusters and uses all members of
the selected clusters as the subjects of the samples.

• Convenience sampling - researchers uses subjects that are convenient.


Example: Researcher may interview subjects entering a local mall to determine
the nature of their visit or perhaps what stores they will ba patronizing.

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