TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE
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AND CHOLA EMPIRE
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Chahamanas also known as Chauhans
were ruling between Delhi and Ajmer
Founder: Nagabhata I
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to Brahmans
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Chahamanas/Chauhans
Chamhana/Chauchan
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790 AD
Rashtrakuta 8th Century AD
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700-800 AD
Also known as Kannauj Triangle Wars took place
between Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas during 8th and
9th centuries
Palas
Pala S They ruled over Bengal region
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They were the followers of
Founder: Gopala Founder of Odantapuri Buddhist religion
Son: Dharmapala Founder of Vikramshila University -
Gopala Dharampala Devapala
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(Bhagalpur, Bihar) Mahipala Ramapala
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Defeated Indrayudh
Conquered Kannauj for a brief time
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Timeline: 850-1280 AD
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Gurjara Pratihara
Founder: Nagabhatta
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Capital: Kannauj/Bhinmal
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Rulers
Nagabhatta 1
Mihir Bhoja (836-885 CE)
He was a praised by the Arabian Scholar Sulaiman for keeping his empire safe from robbers
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Sulaiman was an Arab traveler who visited during his reign and described his military power, riches and
efficient administration
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Mahendrapala
Rajashekhara was his court poet
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Founder:
Chola Vijayalaya
Dynasty (850-1280 AD)
Rajendra I (1012-1044 AD)
Feudatory
Founder: Vijayalayato Pallavas Kaveri delta
Son of Raja Raja I
Feudatory
Captured
to Pallavas
Captured Tanjore/Thanjavur from
Tanjore/Thanjavur from
1 Muttaraiyar
Muttaraiyars
Built a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudeni :
Known as “ Napoleon of South India”
Completely conquered Sri Lanka (Ceylon
Built a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudeni
Anuradhapur)
Rulers:
Rulers Mahmud of Ghazni was his contemporary
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Raja Raja
Prantaka I (985-1014
I (873-955 AD) AD) Crossed Ganga and defeated 2 local Kings of
Defeated Pandyas at Vellore Bengal
Contemporary to Mahmud of Ghazni Title assumed: Gangaikondachola
Lost to Rashtrakuta king Krishna III Made victory
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Defeated Cheras at Trivandrum-Built a new city Gangaikondacholapuram
Son
Pillar and Krishneshwara temple at Rameshwaram
Defeated Pandavas and conquered Madurai Carried Naval Expedition against Sri Vijaya
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Invaded
Raja Raja I Sri Lanka Empire and Sailendra Dynasty of Sri
Defeated Cheras at Trivandrum Vijayapuram
Rajendra I (1012-1044 AD) Napoleon of South India
Defeated Pandavas and conquered Madurai
Completely
Conquered Maldivesover ran Cheras
and invaded and Pandyas
Sri Lanka
He encouraged theconquered
Completel Sailendra ruler of Sri Vijaya-Vijayatunggavarman to built a Budhist Vihara at
Sri Lanka
Nagapattinam
Crossed Ganga and defeated 2 local Kings of Bengal
Title assumed: Gangaikondachola
E Built a new city Gangaikondacholapuram
Carried Naval Expedition against Sri Vijaya Empire and Sailendry Dynasty
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Western Chalukyan
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Sri Vijayapurams where Shailendra Shailendra Dynasty
Dynasty was ruling over here
- Believed in↓Buddhism
Chola fought against Chalukyas of Kalyani
Chola empire declined during early part of 13th Century
Place of Cholas was taken by Pandyas and Hoysalas
Place of late Chalukyas was taken by Yadavas and Kakatiyas
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Capital: Devagiri
Yadavas
Capital: Warangal
Capital: Halebidu
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Famous for star
shaped temple
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King hast all the authority
He had Council of Ministers to advice him
Chola Empire divided into:
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Mandalams (province)
Further divided into
Valanadu/Nadu
Chola Government Decentralised
Cholas are known for local/village government
2 Assemblies
Ur: Assembly of common people Agrahars Land of Brahmins
Sabha: Assembly of learned Brahmins
Affairs of village were managed by an executive committee
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Election held every member of
committee appointed
People with property or
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for 3 yrs
land were privileged to
take part in elections
A Uttaramerur inscription: Related to Chola Dynasty
Land Donations during Cholas
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1. Brahmadeya: land donated to Brahmans
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Vellanvagi: land donated to non-Brahmans /peasants
Vellanvagai:
3. Devadana: land donated to temples
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4. Pallichchhandam:
Pallichhandam: land donated to Jain community
5. Shalabhoga: land donated for maintenance of school
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Tax during Chola Empire
Two types:
Vetti: forced labour
Kadamai: land revenue
All listed in UNESCO Heritage
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Great Living Chola Temples
Brihadeshvara Temple Airavatesvara Temple
Built by: Raja Raja II
At Tanjore Also known as Rajarajeshwara Temple
Built by: Raja Raja I
At Gangaikondacholapuram
Built by: Rajendra I
Temple Architecture
Stupi
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Nagara style Dravida style
Chief deity installed here Main entry/
Main shrine: Shikhara
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Also known as Sanctum They are made on
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hall where
Gopuram (main entrance) is apsidal plane
not present here
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Main shrine: Vimana bell is placed
Gopuram is present here (elliptical shape)
Nandi is placed inside the
- - Nandi is placed
temple Shikhar
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Mandap: Pillared hall
outside the temple
Known as Gaja
Pristha
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North Indian Style Temple
Some North architecture
Some North-Indian Indian style follows Panchayatan style
Cap stone weight: 90 tonnes
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Gopuram
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Dravidian temples consist of
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Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore large water reservoir, or temple
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temple complex
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In South Indian temples
Nandi is placed outside
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Shiva Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram
•In early 11th century, the Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple and filled it with Sun-pedestal
seized from the: Chalukyas
A sun pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga; a Nandi statue from
the eastern Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalinga of Orissa;
and a Kali statue from the Palas of Bengal (Brihadeshwara temple)
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Airavateshwara Temple at Kumbakonam
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Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Madhya Pradesh
Built by:ofChandela
(A part
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KhajurahoDynasty
temples)
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Built by: Chandela dynasty rulers
Inside
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Inside: sculptors based on
Vatsyayana Kamasutra
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Virupaksha Temple at ⑳Hampi, Karnataka
Pattadakallu, Karnataka
Built by: Chalukya Dynasty Queen Lokamahadevi commissioned its construction
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Vesara style (Nagara + Dravida)
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Dancing Figure of Shiva (The king of dance)
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Natraj -
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Performing Tandava
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Made of Bronze
using Lost wax technique
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Cholas were known for their splendid bronze sculptures
Other Temple Architectures
Konark Sun Temple, Odisha
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Also known as Black Pagoda
Built by: Narasingha Deva I (Eastern Ganga Dynasty)
: Nagara + Kalinga style
Seen in 10₹ note
Dilwara Jain Temple by Vastupala brothers
It is Maru Gurjara style (developed by Solankis
: Feudatories of Chalukyas)
Place: Mount Abu, Rajasthan
Somnath Temple of Gujarat >
Maru Gurjara style
Modhera Sun Temple: Maru Gurjara Temple
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Place: Modhera, Gujarat
Jagannath Puri temple
Place: Puri, Odisha
· Also known as White Pagoda
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Style: Rekha deula
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Built by: Avanti + Eastern Ganga Dynasty
