Questions 864–869 are based on the following passage:

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a popular laboratory technique in organic chemistry for
separating chemicals of different polarities. In TLC, a strip of glass coated in a polar
substrate is placed vertically into a liquid solvent. As shown in Figure 1, a small amount of
the chemical solution is dabbed near the bottom of the strip, where it meets the solvent. As the
solvent is drawn up the strip, it pulls the test solution along with it.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Polar molecules in the test solution interact more strongly with the polar substrate on the
glass than nonpolar molecules. Therefore, polar molecules move more slowly than nonpolar ones.
In this way, the chemical constituents of a test solution of many components can be separated.
After the strip runs for a set amount of time, it is removed and the components of the test
solution can be visualized as different stains along the strip as demonstrated in Figure 2.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

To calculate the retention factor ( ), the distance of each stain from the bottom is compared
to how far the solvent travelled. The equation for value is

A chemist has four unknown test solutions and uses TLC to analyze them. His results are provided
in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Test Solution Stain 1 Distance Stain 2 Distance Stain 3 Distance Solvent Distance

1 3 cm 8 cm 0 cm 20 cm

2 5 cm 7 cm 0 cm 20 cm

3 5 cm 10 cm 12 cm 20 cm

4 10 cm 15 cm 18 cm 20 cm

864. How many different chemicals of different polarities were present in test solution 1?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
 (D) 4
865. The purpose of the solvent bath in TLC is to
(A) keep the test solution cold
(B) interact with the polar coating of the glass strip
(C) draw the test solution up the glass strip
(D) dissolve the glass strip

866. In TLC, polar chemicals in test solutions travel

(A) more than nonpolar chemicals because they interact more with the polar substrate
(B) less than nonpolar chemicals because they interact more with the polar substrate
(C) more than nonpolar chemicals because they interact less with the polar substrate.
(D) the same distance as nonpolar chemicals because they interact less with the polar
substrate

867. How far did the most nonpolar chemical in test solution 4 travel in the experiment?
(A) 8 centimeters
(B) 10 centimeters
(C) 15 centimeters
(D) 18 centimeters

868. What is the value of stain 1 in test solution 2?

(A) 0.10
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.50
(D) 0.75

869. Which test solution contained the most polar chemical?

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4

870. Which of these combinations of polarity and solvents would lead to the highest
value?
(A) very polar test solution; fast moving solvent
(B) somewhat polar test solution; fast moving solvent
(C) nonpolar test solution; slow moving solvent
(D) nonpolar test solution; fast moving solvent

Questions 871–876 are based on the following passage

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects 24 million people across the world. It is
characterized by symptoms such as confused thinking, hallucinations, cognitive decline, abnormal
perception of reality, and reduced social activity. These symptoms are managed with anti-
psychotic medications, but few that suffer from schizophrenia fully recover. The neurological
underpinnings of schizophrenia are not well understood. There are a variety of anatomical and
functional changes that have been observed in patients, including reduced frontal lobe volume,
overactive dopamine receptors, and enlarged lateral ventricles. However, there is
significant debate as to what causes these changes.
Environmental Hypothesis
One theory about schizophrenia is that environmental factors influence its development. For
example, it has been found that people that grow up in with abusive parents or experience a
childhood trauma have a significantly elevated risk for developing schizophrenia. Cannabis use
has also been linked to the disease in those who are already at risk. Lastly, the environment
that a developing fetus is exposed to in utero has been found to correlate to the disease.
Fetuses that experienced periods of infection, hypoxia (low oxygen), or malnutrition are more
likely to become schizophrenic later in life.
Genetic Hypothesis
It is also theorized that genetics plays a large role in the development of schizophrenia. Its
heritability (how much of an influence genetics has in the development of a particular trait)
has been estimated to be as high as 80%. Furthermore, having a first-degree relative affected by
schizophrenia increases risk significantly. Studies have revealed that mutations in dysbindin
and neuregulin genes may be important in these inheritance patterns.

871. According to the environmental hypothesis, the most likely person to develop
schizophrenia is someone who
(A) has a biological parent with schizophrenia
(B) has a brother with schizophrenia
(C) was born to a mother who was infected with C. trachomatis during pregnancy
(D) was born to a mother who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy.

872. Schizophrenia is more likely to occur in children who have parents with the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would provide a justification for this occurrence for a
scientist who holds to the environmental hypothesis?
(A) Genetic material that contains a propensity toward schizophrenia is passed down from
the parents to the children.
(B) Schizophrenic parents have a higher incidence of abusive parenting methods than do
parents who do not have the disease.
(C) Children born in the 21st century are more likely to use cannabis products.
(D) Once they are born, children of schizophrenics are exposed to many infections.

873. There is likely a consensus between the environmental and genetic hypotheses about
(A) how the disease is transmitted
(B) whether cannabis increases the risk for contracting the disease
(C) the role of the dysbindin gene in contracting the disease
(D) the types of anatomical changes in the brain that cause the disease

874. The mutated dysbindin phenotype is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. If a man
displaying the phenotype has children with a woman carrying (but not displaying) the
mutation allele, what proportion of their children would display the mutated phenotype?
(A) 0
(B)

(C)

(D)

875. Recently, scientists have thought that schizophrenia is most likely caused by a
combination of environmental and genetic factors. Which of the following statements, if
true, would provide the best evidence for this combined theory?
(A) Schizophrenia is found to occur most often in those older than 15.
(B) Schizophrenia occurs most often in those who experienced a childhood trauma and have
mutations in the neuregulin gene.
(C) Not all those who use cannabis develop schizophrenia.
 (D) dopamine receptors are found to be more overactive in those who have mutations in
dysbindin.
876. Which combination of statements best characterizes a component of each hypothesis?
(A) Environmental: Malnutrition in utero is linked to schizophrenia. Genetic: Enlarged
lateral ventricles cause schizophrenia.
(B) Environmental: Enlarged lateral ventricles cause schizophrenia. Genetic: Dysregulin
mutations are heritable factors in schizophrenia.
(C) Environmental: Increased cannabis use causes overactive receptors. Genetic:
Parents with schizophrenia are more likely to have children with the disease.
(D) Environmental: Malnutrition in utero is linked to schizophrenia. Genetic: Dysbindin
mutations are heritable factors in schizophrenia.
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