Questions 956–962 are based on the following information.

The Moon has many influences on humankind, including physical effects on the Earth itself and
societal effects on humans. The Moon is responsible for the changing tides of the ocean and has
been studied for thousands of years by astronomers. Lunar cycles have a significant impact on
human society, serving as the origin of the current month system. Two scientists speculate about
the formation of the Moon as discussed below.
Scientist 1
The Moon formed as a result of a giant body impacting the Earth. This collision occurred after
the Earth was formed, meaning that the Moon is younger than the Earth. The body that impacted
the Earth was roughly the size of Mars, which is slightly more than half the size of the Earth.
The impact resulted in a great deal of matter being ejected from the Earth and forming a large
cloud of debris near the Earth. Gravitational forces caused this cloud to slowly solidify into a
spherical shape, creating the Moon.
The Moon’s angular momentum and orbit around the Earth are a result of the swirling of the
debris originally caused by the giant impact. The composition of the Moon is very similar to
that of the Earth’s crust and mantle, or outer layer. The Moon has much less iron than the
Earth, suggesting that most of the core of the Earth was not ejected, and the majority of the
material which makes up the Moon comes from the outer portions of the Earth, as well as the
outer portions of the giant impacting body.
Scientist 2
The Moon and the Earth formed at roughly the same time, both originating from the same cloud of
gas and dust. The two bodies drew material to themselves as a result of gravitational forces.
During the beginning stages of their formation, the Earth and Moon were flat discs orbiting
around each other, but as time progressed, they slowly coalesced into their present spherical
shapes. The large craters present on the Moon’s surface demonstrate that it is very old and was
formed around the same time as the Earth. Though the Earth’s thick atmosphere protects it from
small impacts, the Moon’s atmosphere is thin and provides little shielding from asteroids.
The Moon’s current orbit around the Earth is a result of the swirling dust and gases that were
the basis for both bodies. The Moon and Earth have been locked into their existing orbital
patterns since their formation, explaining the regularity of lunar cycles seen today. Many of
the elements found on the Earth are found also on the Moon, suggesting that they formed from
some of the same matter. The differences in composition are explained by the fact that the
swirling cloud of gas and dust from which the Moon and Earth were formed was not entirely
homogeneous.

956. According to Scientist 1, which of the following is true about the age of the Moon?
(A) The Moon is the same age as the Earth.
(B) The Moon is younger than the Earth.
(C) The Moon is older than the Earth.
(D) The age of the Moon is not known.

957. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Scientist 2’s theory?
(A) A large collision caused the Moon to form.
(B) The Moon orbits the Earth.
(C) At one point in its formation, the Earth was shaped like a flat disc.
(D) The Moon and Earth formed from similar matter.

958. Which of the following discoveries would cause the most doubt about the validity of
Scientist 2’s theory?
(A) Evidence of large impacts on the Earth’s surface early in its history
(B) Samples from the Moon showing that it is composed of material similar to the Earth’s
(C) Evidence that the oldest craters on the Moon are much younger than the geologic age of
the Earth
(D) Samples from the Moon showing less iron is present on the Moon than on the Earth
 959. Which of the following best describes how each of the two scientists explains the
formation of the Moon?
(A) Scientist 1: Cloud of gas and dust. Scientist 2: Impact of a large body
(B) Scientist 1: Earth spun too fast and split. Scientist 2: Cloud of gas and dust.
(C) Scientist 1: Impact of a large body. Scientist 2: Earth spun too fast and split.
(D) Scientist 1: Impact of a large body. Scientist 2: Cloud of gas and dust.

960. Which of the following must be true about the Moon for Scientist 1 to be correct?
(A) The Moon is composed of material similar to the Earth’s crust and mantle.
(B) The Moon is covered in craters and other geologic features.
(C) The Moon’s orbit is perfectly circular.
(D) The Moon’s atmosphere is much thinner than that of the Earth.

961. Which of the following statements is supported by both theories?

(A) The Moon is younger than the Earth.
(B) The Moon and the Earth are composed of some common matter.
(C) The Moon has no atmosphere.
(D) The Earth’s core is less dense than that of the Moon.

962. Which of the following statements is consistent with Scientist 1 but not with Scientist
2?
(A) Gravitational forces played a role in the formation of the Moon.
(B) The Earth’s diameter is roughly four times larger than that of the Moon.
(C) The Earth’s atmosphere protects it from small impacts.
(D) Some of the matter that makes up the Moon was once part of the Earth.

Questions 963–969 are based on the following information.

An engineer is designing a piping system to supply water to a home. Two studies are conducted to
determine the effects on volumetric flow rate of the water when the pipe diameter and water
velocity are varied. Volumetric flow rate is measured in gallons per minute (GPM), and
represents how much water can be supplied to a home in a given amount of time. Figure 1 shows a
pipe of diameter D with water flowing through it at a velocity V.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Study 1
The diameter, D, of the pipe was varied while the velocity of the water, V, was held constant at
5 feet per second (ft/s). Figure 2 shows how varying the diameter, which was measured in inches,
changed the flow rate.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Study 2
The velocity, V, of the water flowing in the pipe was varied while the diameter of the pipe, D,
was held constant at 1 inch. Figure 3 shows how varying the velocity changed the flow rate.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

963. According to Study 1, the flow rate with a pipe diameter of 1.5 inches was closest to
which of the following values?
(A) 5 GPM
(B) 12 GPM
(C) 28 GPM
(D) 36 GPM

964. According to Study 2, as the velocity of the water increased, the flow rate:
(A) increased.
(B) decreased.
(C) stayed the same.
 (D) was not measured.
965. Which of the following is NOT true about Study 1?
(A) Velocity was held constant.
(B) Pipe diameter was held constant.
(C) Flow rate changed.
(D) Pipe diameter had an effect on flow rate.

966. Given a pipe diameter of 3 inches and a water velocity of 5 ft/s, the flow rate will be:
(A) less than 10 GPM.
(B) between 10 GPM and 30 GPM.
(C) between 30 GPM and 50 GPM.
(D) greater than 50 GPM.

967. Which of the following combinations of diameter and velocity would produce a flow rate
of 10 GPM?
(A) 0.5-inch diameter, 5 ft/s velocity
(B) 1-inch diameter, 4 ft/s velocity
(C) 1.5-inch diameter, 5 ft/s velocity
(D) 2-inch diameter, 8 ft/s velocity

968. When a 1-inch diameter pipe is used and the water velocity is increased from 2 ft/s to 4
ft/s, according to Study 2, by about how much will the flow rate increase?
(A) 5 GPM
(B) 10 GPM
(C) 15 GPM
(D) 20 GPM

969. Increasing which of the following would have the more significant affect on flow rate?
(A) Velocity because doubling velocity results in a 100 percent increase in flow rate.
(B) Velocity because a 100 percent in velocity results in an approximate 300 percent
increase in flow rate.
(C) Diameter because a 50 percent in diameter results in a 50 percent increase in flow
rate.
(D) Diameter because a 100 percent in diameter results in an approximate 300 percent
increase in flow rate.
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