Name: ________________________

Topic Test: OxfordAQA

International A level Chemistry Class: ________________________
AS Physical Chemistry: Unit 1 content
Date: ________________________

Time: 80 minutes

Marks: 69 marks

Comments:

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 1 of 21

 Which change requires the largest amount of energy?
1
A He+(g) He2+(g) + e–

B Li(g) Li+(g) + e–

C Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e–

D N(g) N+(g) + e–
(Total 1 mark)

The elements in Period 2 show periodic trends.

2
(a) Identify the Period 2 element, from carbon to fluorine, that has the largest atomic radius.
Explain your answer.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) State the general trend in first ionisation energies from carbon to neon.
Deduce the element that deviates from this trend and explain why this element deviates
from the trend.

Trend ______________________________________________________________

Element that deviates _________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that occurs when the first
ionisation energy of carbon is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (d) Explain why the second ionisation energy of carbon is higher than the first ionisation
energy of carbon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Deduce the element in Period 2, from lithium to neon, that has the highest second
ionisation energy.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) The abundance of each isotope in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrum of a sample of
3 germanium is shown in the table.

m/z 70 72 74

Abundance (%) 24.4 32.4 43.2

Give the formula of the ion that will reach the detector first.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Use the data in Table above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
germanium.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

Relative atomic mass = ____________________

(2)

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(c) Explain how the abundance of each isotope is determined in a TOF mass spectrometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Calculate the mass, in kg, of one atom of 72Ge

The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Mass = ____________________ kg
(2)

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 (e) In a TOF mass spectrometer, the ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).

KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = velocity (m s–1)

v= where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)

A 72Ge+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of 3.98 × 10–16 J as it travels down the flight
tube that is 3.00 m long.

Calculate the time taken for the 72Ge+ ion to reach the detector.
Use your answer to part (d) in your calculation.

Time = ____________________ s
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

A student is provided with a 5.00 cm3 sample of 1.00 × 10−2 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid. The
4
student is asked to devise a method to prepare a hydrochloric acid solution with a concentration
of 5.00 × 10−4 mol dm−3 by diluting the sample with water.

Which of these is the correct volume of water that should be added?

A 45.0 cm3

B 95.0 cm3

C 100 cm3

D 995 cm3

(Total 1 mark)

Hydrated ethanedioic acid has the formula H2C2O4.xH2O

5
A student completed an experiment to determine the value of x in the formula.

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 5 of 21

(a) The student made up a solution of ethanedioic acid in a volumetric flask as follows

• 2.00 g of solid hydrated ethanedioic acid were placed in a weighing bottle.

• The solid acid was transferred to a beaker and dissolved in some distilled water.

• The solution formed was then transferred to a clean 250 cm3 volumetric flask through
a funnel.

• The beaker and funnel were washed and the washings were transferred to the
volumetric flask.

• Distilled water was added up to the 250 cm3 mark.

Give two improvements to the student’s method.

Improvement 1 ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Improvement 2 ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) 25.0 cm3 of the solution of ethanedioic acid were titrated with a 0.115 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution.

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added from a burette and 27.35 cm3 were needed
for neutralisation.

Ethanedioic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide as follows

H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(I)

Calculate the value of x in H2C2O4.xH2O

You must show your working.

x ________________
(5)

(c) State why it is important to fill the space below the tap in the burette before beginning an
accurate titration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) State why the funnel used to fill the burette should be removed before starting the titration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) State why rinsing the inside of the conical flask with distilled water during a titration can
improve the accuracy of the end point.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (f) The total uncertainty in the titre is ±0.15 cm3

Calculate the total percentage uncertainty in the titre value in this experiment.

Percentage ____________________ %
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Which type of bond is formed between N and B when a molecule of NH3 reacts with a molecule
6 of BF3?

A Ionic.

B Covalent.

C Co-ordinate.

D Van der Waals.

(Total 1 mark)

Which of these species has a trigonal planar structure?

7
A PH3

B BCl3

C H3O+

D CH3−

(Total 1 mark)

Which of these atoms has the highest electronegativity?

8
A Na

B Mg

C Cl

D Ar

(Total 1 mark)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 8 of 21

 This question is about bonding and structure.
9
(a) Draw the shape of the PCl3 molecule and the shape of the SF3− ion.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

Name the shape of the PCl3 molecule.

Suggest the bond angle in the PCl3 molecule.

PCl3 molecule SF3− ion

Shape

Name of shape

Bond angle

(4)

(b) Which substance does not have hydrogen bonding between its molecules?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

NH3

H 2O

CHF3

CH3OH

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 9 of 21

 The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrogen halides, HF to HI
10

(a) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in HI

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why the boiling point of HF is greater than the boiling point of HCl

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Explain why the boiling points increase from HCl to HI

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 10 of 21

 (d) Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of HF are attracted to each other.
Include all partial charges and all lone pairs of electrons in your diagram.

(3)

(e) When one molecule of a hydrogen halide dissolves in water, a reaction occurs that forms
an ion with the formula H3O+.
One of the bonds in this ion is formed in a different way from the other two bonds.

Draw a diagram of the ion, showing the two different ways of representing the bonds.

Compare the two different ways in which the H–O bonds in this ion are formed.

Diagram

Comparison _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Which of these species is the best reducing agent?

11
A Cl2

B Cl−

C I2

D I−

(Total 1 mark)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 11 of 21

 Iodine reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
12
(a) (i) Give the oxidation state of iodine in each of the following.

I2 ___________________________________

HIO3 ________________________________
(2)

(ii) Complete the balancing of the following equation.

l2 + 10HNO3 ..........HIO3 + ..........NO2 + .........H2O

(1)

(b) In industry, iodine is produced from the NalO3 that remains after sodium nitrate has been
crystallised from the mineral Chile saltpetre.
The final stage involves the reaction between NalO3 and Nal in acidic solution.
Half-equations for the redox processes are given below.

IO3– + 5e– + 6H+ 3H2O +

l2

l- + e–
l2

Use these half-equations to deduce an overall ionic equation for the production of iodine by
this process. Identify the oxidising agent.

Overall ionic equation

The oxidising agent __________________________________________________

(2)

(c) When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to potassium iodide, solid sulfur and a black solid
are formed.

(i) Identify the black solid.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 12 of 21

 (ii) Deduce the half-equation for the formation of sulfur from concentrated sulfuric acid.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) When iodide ions react with concentrated sulfuric acid in a different redox reaction, the
oxidation state of sulfur changes from +6 to -2. The reduction product of this reaction is a
poisonous gas that has an unpleasant smell.
Identify this gas.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) A yellow precipitate is formed when silver nitrate solution, acidified with dilute nitric acid, is
added to an aqueous solution containing iodide ions.

(ii) Write the simplest ionic equation for the formation of the yellow precipitate.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State what is observed when concentrated ammonia solution is added to this
precipitate.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) State why the silver nitrate is acidified when testing for iodide ions.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Consider the following reaction in which iodide ions behave as reducing agents.

Cl2(aq) + 2I–(aq) I2(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)

(i) In terms of electrons, state the meaning of the term reducing agent.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 13 of 21

(ii) Write a half-equation for the conversion of chlorine into chloride ions.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Suggest why iodide ions are stronger reducing agents than chloride ions.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 14 of 21

Mark schemes
A
1
[1]

(a) Carbon / C
2
If M1 incorrect, CE = 0 / 3
1

Fewest protons / smallest nuclear charge / least attraction between protons (in the
nucleus) and electrons / weakest nuclear attraction to electrons
Allow comparative answers.
Allow converse answers for M2
1

Similar shielding
Allow same shielding.
1

(b) Increase
1

Oxygen / O
If not oxygen, then cannot score M2, M3 and M4
1

Paired electrons in a (2)p orbital

If paired electrons in incorrect p orbital, lose M3 but can award M4
1

(Paired electrons in a p orbital) repel

1

(c) C(g) → C+(g) + e(−)

OR

C(g) + e (−) → C+(g) + 2e (−)

OR

C(g) − e (−) → C+(g)

Ignore state symbols for electron.
1

(d) (More energy to) remove an electron from a (more) positive ion / cation
Allow electron closer to the nucleus in the positive ion.
1

(e) Lithium / lithium / Li

If formula given, upper and lower case letters must be as shown.

1
[10]
Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 15 of 21
 (a) 70Ge+
3 1

(b)
1

= 72.4
1

(c) Ions hit the detector and accept electrons causing current to flow
1

Bigger current = higher abundance of that ion

1

(d) 1.20 × 10−25 (kg)

This answer scores 2 marks
1 mark for 1.20 × 10−22 or 1.196 × 10−25 or 1.196 ×
10−22
2

(e)

Allow consequential marking based on answer to (d)

1

t = 3.68 × 10−5 (s)

1
[10]

B
4
[1]

(a) Reweigh weighing bottle after solid transferred to beaker/rinse weighing boat and
5 transfer washings to beaker
Allow correct alternative improvements such as weigh
directly into beaker and transfer washings into beaker.
Allow dissolve directly into volumetric flask and transfer
washings from weighing bottle into volumetric flask

Invert flask (to ensure thorough mixing)

Ignore use dropper to top up to mark.
2

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 16 of 21

 (b) n(NaOH) = 27.35 × 0.115 / 1000 = 3.145 × 10−3 mol
1

n(acid in 25.0 cm3) = 3.145 × 10−3 / 2 = 1.57 × 10−3 mol

M1 divided by 2
1

n(acid in 250 cm3) = 1.57 × 10−3 × 10 = 1.57 × 10-2

M2 × 10
1

RFM of acid = 2.00 / 1.57 × 10−2 = 127.2

2.00/M3
1

x = (127.2 − 90 ) / 18.0 = 2.(07)

1

Alternative M4: Mass Na2C2O4 = 1.42 g and Mass H2O = 0.58 g

If incorrect ratio used can only score M1, M3 and M4
If missing x10 can only score M1, M2 and M4
All working must be shown to score M5

(c) (will fill during titration and cause) titre value to be too high or would appear to have
more moles of acid or volume of NaOH added would be less than the recorded
volume
Do not allow “to improve accuracy” or “incorrect
endpoint” or “remove air bubbles” unless qualified.
1

(d) To prevent drops (of NaOH/solution) entering the burette or lower the value recorded
Do not allow “it may affect result” unless qualified.
Do not allow “there may be drops left in the funnel”
1

(e) Returns reagent on the sides of the flask to the reaction mixture (to ensure that all of
the acid/alkali reacts)
Do not allow “to improve accuracy” or “to ensure that all
the solution reacts” unless qualified.
1

(f) 0.15/27.35 × 100 = 0.55 %

(0.548%); at least 2 significant figures
1
[11]

C
6
[1]

B
7
[1]

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 17 of 21

 C
8
[1]

(a) PCl3
9
pyramidal/tetrahedral shape with 1 lone pair
1

(triangular) pyramidal/tetrahedral shape

(allow 100° for correct angle PCl3)
1

106.5° − 107.5°
1

SF3− ion

structure with 3 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs

1

(b) CHF3
1
[5]

(a) van der Waals’ forces

10 1

(b) HF has hydrogen bonding

1

Which is stronger than the forces between HCl molecules

1

(c) Size of molecule increases (from HCl to HI)

Allow Mr increases/number of electrons increases
1

So van der Waals’ forces (between molecules) become stronger

Allow more vdW between molecules
1

(d)

M1 is for all three lone pairs on F in both molecules

M2 is for all four partial charges
M3 is for hydrogen bond shown as dashed line from
lone pair on F to H of second molecule
3

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 18 of 21

 (e)

(comparison)

M3 for covalent bond formation described as each atom (H and O) supplying one
electron

M4 for co-ordinate bond formation described as one atom or the O atom supplying
both or a pair of electrons (to H)
M1 is for all four atoms and 3 covalent bonds
M2 is for correct use of arrow to represent the
co-ordinate bond
Allow use of dots and crosses
Do not penalise + charge missing or in wrong place
Do not penalise absence of lone pair
Allow reference to sharing electrons between atoms
4
[12]

D
11
[1]

(a) (i) M1 0
12
M2 (+) 5
Accept Roman V for M2
2

(ii) I2 + 10HNO3 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O

Accept multiples
1

(b) M1 IO3– + 6H+ + 5I – 3I2 + 3H2O

For M1, ignore state symbols
Credit multiples
Accept 2½I2 + ½I2 as alternative to 3I2
Electrons must be cancelled

M2 NaIO3 OR IO3– OR iodate ions OR iodate(V) ions etc.

For M2 Do not penalise an incorrect name for the correct oxidising
agent that is written in addition to the formula.

Accept “the iodine in iodate ions” but NOT “iodine” alone

Accept “the iodine / I in iodate ions” but NOT “iodine” alone
2

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 19 of 21

(c) (i) Iodine OR I2
Insist on correct name or formula
1

(ii) H2SO4 + 6H+ + 6e– S + 4H2O

Ignore state symbols

SO42– + 8H+ + 6e– S + 4H2O

Credit multiples
Do not penalise absence of charge on the electron
1

(d) hydrogen sulfide

OR H2S

OR hydrogen sulphide
1

(e) (i) Ag+ + I– AgI ONLY

Ignore state symbols
No multiples
1

(ii) The (yellow) precipitate / solid / it does not dissolve / is insoluble

ignore “nothing (happens)”

OR turns to a white solid

ignore “no observation”

OR stays the same

OR no (visible/ observable) change

OR no effect / no reaction
1

(iii) The silver nitrate is acidified to

• react with / remove (an)ions that would interfere with the test
Ignore reference to “false positive”

• prevent the formation of other silver precipitates / insoluble silver

compounds that would interfere with the test
Do not penalise an incorrect formula for an ion that is written in
addition to the name.

• remove (other) ions that react with the silver nitrate

• react with / remove carbonate / hydroxide / sulfite (ions)

If only the formula of the ion is given, it must be correct
1

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 20 of 21

(f) (i) An electron donor
Penalise “electron pair donor”

OR (readily) donates / loses / releases / gives (away) electron(s)

Penalise “loss of electrons” alone
Accept “electron donator”
1

(ii) Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl–

Ignore state symbols
Do not penalise absence of charge on electron
Credit Cl2 2Cl – – 2e –
Credit multiples
1

(iii) For M1 and M2, iodide ions are stronger reducing agents than chloride ions,
because
Ignore general statements about Group VII trends or about halogen
molecules or atoms. Answers must be specific

M1 Relative size of ions

CE=0 for the clip if “iodine ions / chlorine ions” QoL

Iodide ions / they are larger /have more electron levels(shells)

(than chloride ions) / larger atomic / ionic radius
CE=0 for the clip if “iodide ions are bigger molecules / atoms” QoL

OR electron to be lost/outer shell/level (of the iodide ion) is further the nucleus

OR iodide ion(s) / they have greater / more shielding

Insist on iodide ions in M1 and M2 or the use of it / they / them, in
the correct context (or chloride ions in the converse argument)

OR converse for chloride ion

M2 Strength of attraction for electron(s)

Must be comparative in both M1 and M2

The electron(s) lost /outer shell/level electron from (an) iodide ion(s) less
strongly held by the nucleus compared with that lost from a chloride ion

OR converse for a chloride ion

2
[15]

Oxford International AQA Examinations Page 21 of 21