RRL: Fire hydrant play a vital role on fire suppression effort in urban areas that frequent fire disasters
in crowded urban business and market structures have become a major concern.The result of their
study reveals that there were insufficient numbers of fire hydrants in the areas where fire is always
intensive and the distribution of these hydrants was not compatible with regulation.
According to the National Protection Association fire hydrant should be strategically putted to ensure
the rapid access for firefighter and adequate water supply during emergencies response (NFPA,2020).
Review of Related Literature
Fire Hydrant Placement and Urban Fire Protection
Fire hydrants play a crucial role in fire suppression efforts in urban areas. According to the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1, fire hydrants should be strategically placed to
ensure quick access for firefighters and sufficient water supply during emergencies (NFPA,
2020). Studies indicate that inadequate hydrant placement can delay response times and increase
fire damage (Smith & Johnson, 2018).
Fire Hydrant Spacing and Coverage Standards
The NFPA 291 standard recommends a maximum distance of 300 meters (1,000 feet) between
hydrants in high-risk urban areas (NFPA, 2021). Research by Williams et al. (2019) found that
optimized hydrant spacing significantly improves firefighting efficiency, reducing property loss
by up to 40%. Additionally, the International Fire Code (IFC) requires hydrants to be placed
at intersections and along major roadways for accessibility (IFC, 2022).
Challenges in Fire Hydrant Installation
Several studies highlight challenges in fire hydrant placement, including water supply
limitations, obstruction by vehicles, and lack of regular maintenance (Brown & Carter,
2020). In developing urban areas, aging infrastructure and low water pressure further hinder
effective fire suppression (Lopez & Cruz, 2021).
Technological Innovations in Fire Hydrant Systems
Recent advancements include smart fire hydrants equipped with IoT sensors for real-time
water pressure monitoring (Garcia et al., 2022). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have
also been used to analyze fire hydrant coverage and optimize placement (Lee & Park, 2023).
These innovations help improve emergency response and hydrant maintenance efficiency.
This RRL provides a foundation for your study. If you need additional citations or specific
sources, let me know! 😊
You said:
bases in philippines setting
ChatGPT said:
In the Philippines, the placement and installation of fire hydrants are governed by Republic Act
No. 9514, known as the Fire Code of the Philippines, along with its Revised Implementing
Rules and Regulations (RIRR).
Bureau of Fire Protection
Key Guidelines for Fire Hydrant Placement:
Spacing Requirements: Fire hydrants should be installed such that there is a hydrant
within 500 feet (approximately 152 meters) of the front entrance of every structure
exceeding 300 square feet (approximately 28 square meters). This distance is
measured along a route accessible to the fire department for laying hose lines.
generaltrias.gov.ph
Service Radius: Each hydrant is designated a 350-meter service radius in commercial
areas and a 250-meter service radius in residential areas to ensure adequate coverage.
Philippine News Agency
Technical Specifications:
Design and Pressure: Fire hydrants should be designed for a minimum pressure of 1.0
MPa (150 psi) and have a 100mm (4-inch) flanged inlet with two 63mm (2½-inch) fire
hose outlets.
cwd.com.ph
Outlet Specifications: The outlets must have National Standard Hose Threads equipped
with hose caps and chains.
cwd.com.ph
Regulatory Oversight:
The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) is the primary agency responsible for enforcing fire
safety regulations in the Philippines, including the implementation of the Fire Code and the
oversight of fire hydrant installations.
Bureau of Fire Protection
These guidelines are designed to ensure that urban areas in the Philippines have adequate fire
protection infrastructure, facilitating prompt and effective responses to fire emergencies.
Sources
These factors contribute to the challenges faced by firefighting personnel, as
outdoor fires can increase quickly, two major points of danger to both human life and
property (Abdelraouf, Moawed, Abdelatif, and Ibrahim 2025).
