CHAPTER 3

PROBABILITY - APPLICATION

LEARNING OUTCOME

In this chapter you are expected to know:-

Use all the laws and methods to solve questions.

Solving Probability Questions using:

Summary: LAWS IN PROBABILITIES
1. List of sample space
n( E ) 2. Venn Diagram
P(E) = 3. 2 way tables
n( S )
4. Tree Diagram

Complementary Event P( C ) = 1 - P ( C )
Law

Addition Law P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)

Conditional Probability P( A  B)
P ( A given B ) = P ( A / B ) =
P( B)

Multiplication Law P(AB) = P(A).P(B)

Proof of mutually exclusive P(AB) = 0

events

Proof of Independent P(AB) = P(A).P(B)

Events
or P(A|B) = P(A)
or P(B|A) = P(B)

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EXERCISE

1. To make up a team of three students, one year 8 student, one year 9 student and one
year 10 students are to be chosen from the students listed below:
Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Jack Mike Alice
Milo Neris Pwen
Peter Steve
Toni
Use a suitable method to show the sample space.
Determine the probability that one such team selected at random will include:
a. Jack
b. Mike
c. Alice
d. Jack and Mike
e. Jack, Mike and Neris
f. Jack but not Neris
g. Milo and Steve but not Neris

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2. A bag contains four marbles: 2 red, 1 blue and 1 green. Two marbles are randomly
selected from the bag, one after the other, the first marble being replaced in the bag
before the second marble is selected.
Determine the probability that the two marbles selected are:
a. Red and green in that order
b. Red and green in any order
c. Both blue
d. Of the same colour
e. Neither are red
f. Of different colour
Also determine the following probabilities:
g. P(two reds | first red)
h. P(two reds | first not blue)
i. P(two different colours | second green)
j. P(no reds | second green)
k. P(one green | first not blue)
l. P(first blue | second red)
m. P(second red | first blue)

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3. A bag contains four marbles: 2 red, 1 blue and 1 green. Two marbles are randomly
selected from the bag, one after the other, the first marble being NOT replaced in the
bag before the second marble is selected.
Determine the probability that the two marbles selected are:
a. Red and green in that order
b. Red and green in any order
c. Both blue
d. Of the same colour
e. Neither are red
f. Of different colour
Also determine the following probabilities:
g. P(two reds | first red)
h. P(one green | first not blue)
i. P(first blue | second red)
j. P(second red | first blue)

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4. A particular manufacturing process involves three stages: Cutting, Assembling and
Testing. A company has three cutting teams; Team I, Team II and Team III, two
assemblers: Alex and Phil, and two testers: Chris and Toni. Assuming that each
possible combination of cutting team, assembler and tester is as likely as any other,
determine the probability that the next items off the production line will be:
a. Cut by Team I, assembled by Alex and tested by Chris
b. Assembled by Alex and tested by Chris
c. Cut by Team III but not assembled by Phil.

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5. A quality control person randomly selects two different items, one after the other, from
a batch of five items for testing. (The controller does not return the first item she tests
to the box before selecting the next items and so ensures two different items are selected
each time).
If in fact three of the five items are faulty, what is the probability that the controller’s
selection will contain at least one of the faulty ones?
If instead just one of the five is faulty, what is the probability that the controller’s
selection of the two items will contain the faulty one?

6. A normal fair die is rolled once. Determine:

a. P(5)
b. P(5|odd number)
c. P(Prime number | even number)
d. P(even number | a number > 2)
e. P(a number > 2|even number)

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7. Envelope I contains 4 letters: A, B, C and D. Envelope II contains 3 letters: B, C and
D. A two letter ‘word’ (which may not exist in the dictionary) is formed, the first letter
being randomly chosen form envelope I and the second letter randomly chosen from
envelope II.
Construct a tree diagram to show the possible outcomes.
Determine the probability that:
a. Exactly one letter B is chosen
b. The letter chosen are the same
c. The first letter chosen is an A given that the two letters are not the same.
d. The second letter chosen is a B given the two letters is the same.

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8. A normal fair die is rolled once. Determine:
a. P(5)
b. P(5|odd number)
c. P(Prime number | even number)
d. P(even number | a number > 2)
e. P(a number > 2|even number)

9. Laurie, Rob and Steven play two rounds of a game of cards. The game has no draws,
ties or stalemates (someone must win and the others must loose) so each round is won
by one of the three people and you may assume that each player has the same change
of winning each round.
Determine the probability of each of the following:
a. Laurie wins both rounds
b. Rob wins at least one of the rounds
c. Laurie wins neither given that Steven wins the second round
d. Stevens wins the second round given that Laurie wins neither.

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10. A company employs 93 people of whom 38 are male. Twenty two of the employees
walk to work and 15 of these 22 are female. If one of the 93 employees is chosen at
random what is the probability that they are:
a. Female
b. A male who walks to work
c. Male given they walk to work
d. Someone who walks to work given they are male.

11. The 1680 members of a sports club were asked if, in the past week, they had used: The
Gym, The Sauna, and The Pool. 210 had used the Gym and the Sauna but not the Pool.
80 had used the Sauna and the Pool but not the Gym. 135 had used the Pool and the
Gym but not the Sauna. 746 had used none of the three items. 608 had used the Gym.
407 had used the Sauna. 554 had used the Pool. If a member of this club was chosen
at random what is the probability they would have used the Gym, the Sauna and the
Pool in the past week?

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12. A survey into the service industries asked 3000 households which of the following they
paid people to do for them on a regular basis: Mow the lawn; Clean the house; Tidy the
garden.
It was found that 1280 of these 3000 household pay for at least one of these services to
be done on a regular basis. Indeed 303 paid for at least two of these activities to be
done on a regular basis and amongst these, 75 regularly paid for all three activities.
Amongst those paying for exactly two of the activities, 48 did not pay for lawn mowing
and 120 did not pay for the garden to be tidied.
Five of the households reported that of the three activities, tidying the garden was the
only one they paid for on a regular basis.
Having someone mow the lawn was the commonest of the three activities that the
households reported as paying for with 984 of the 3000 households saying they
regularly paid for this to be done.
If one of these households was randomly selected what is the probability that they
would be one that:
a. Regularly paid for the house to be cleaned
b. Regularly paid for the house to be cleaned given that they regularly paid for the
garden to be tidied.
c. Regularly paid for the house to be cleaned given that they regularly paid for the
lawn to be mowed.

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13. The mathematics faculty at a particular college offers three courses: Maths A, Maths
B and Maths C. All students do at least one of these courses, 57 do exactly one and no
one does all three. Further analysis of the figures show that 78 study Maths A, 35 study
Maths B. It was also found that the number doing Maths A only is 4 times the number
doing Maths B only, and 3 times the number doing Maths C only. Also, the number
doing Maths A and Maths B id 4 more than the number doing both Maths B and Maths
C.
Determine the probability that one of the students chosen at random will be doing:
a. Maths C only
b. Both Maths A and Maths B
c. Maths B given that they are doing Maths A
d. Maths A given that they are doing Maths B.

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14. Students at a particular school are either lower school students (Year 8, 9 or 10) or
upper school students (Year 11 or 12). If a student from this school is chosen at random
the probability they are a lower school student is 46/85. The probability they are male
is 44/85. The probability they are a lower school male student is 5/17.
What is the probability of the randomly chosen student being an upper school female
student?
If a female student is randomly selected from the students at this school, what is the
probability that she is an upper school student?

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15. One hundred and fifty people attended a conference in Australia. Sixty five of those
attending were male and seventy five were Australian. If one of the Australians
attending were selected at random the probability of them being female was 7/15. What
is the probability that a randomly chosen male attending the conference is not
Australian?

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16. The probability event A occurs is 0.4. If even A occurs, the probability of event B
occurring is 0.3. If event A does not occur then the probability of event B occurring is
0.8. show this information in a tree diagram and determine:
a. P(A’)
b. P(A and B)
c. P(B)
d. P(B|A)
e. P(A|B)
f. P(A|B’)

17. Let us suppose that in a certain breed of chicken, 5% of the chicken are carrier of a
particular disease. A test that can accurately detect whether or not a chicken is a carrier
of the disease is available but it is expensive to administer. A cheaper test is developed
and trials indicate that this returns a positive result in 90% of the chickens who are
carriers of the disease, but unfortunately returns a negative result in the other 10%.
When the test is administered to chicken known NOT to be carrier the success rate is
95% i.e. In 95% of the non-carriers a negative result is returned but for the other 5% a
positive result is returned.
Show the information above in a tree diagram.
a. A chicken from this breed is selected at random and was given this cheaper test.
What is the probability the test will return a correct result?
b. A chicken from this breed is selected at random, was given this cheaper test and
returns a positive result. What is the probability that the chicken is NOT a carrier
of the disease, despite this positive result?

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18. The probability of a person having a particular disease is 0.001. If they have the disease
the probability they will die from it is 0.7.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.
What is the probability the person has the disease and will die from it?

19. A box contains 50 items, five of which are defective. Two items are randomly chosen
from the box, one after the other, the first not being replaced before the second is
selected.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.
What is the probability that the two selected will both be defective?

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20. The probability that in a particular piece of component A will fail is 0.05. Provided A
does not fail, the probability that component B will fail is 0.01. However, if A does fail
then the probability of B failing rises to 0.1.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.
What is the probability that:
a. A fails and B does not fail
b. A does not fail and B does not fail

21. Three students, Alex, Bill and Con, each take their driving test. Their instructor
estimates the probability of each of them passing is as follows:
P(Alex passes) = 0.9; P(Bill passes) = 0.8; P(Con passes) = 0.6;
If these events are independent of each other, determine the probability that:
a. Alex and Bill will pass but Con will not
b. All three of them will pass
c. All three of them will not pass.

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22. Bags A and B each contain five coloured discs. Bag A contains 3 green and 2 yellow
discs. Bag B contain 1 green and 4 yellow disc. A normal die is rolled once and, if the
result is greater than 4, one disc is randomly selected from Bag A. If the result is not
greater than 4, one disc is randomly selected from Bag B.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.
Determine the probability of this process producing:
a. A yellow disc from Bag B
b. A yellow disc or a disc from Bag B.

23. Events A and B are such that P(B|A) = 0.25; P(A|B) = 0.5 and P(A∩B) = 0.1 Determine
P(A U B).

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24. Bag A contains 3 marbles: 1 red and 2 blue
Bag B contains 4 marbles: 1 red and 3 blue
Bag C contains 5 marbles: 1 red and 4 blue
A normal die is rolled once and if the uppermost face shows 1, 2 or 3 a marble is
randomly chosen from Bag A, if the die shows 4 or 5 on its uppermost face, a marble
is randomly chosen from Bag B and if 6 is on the uppermost face then a marble is drawn
randomly from Bag C.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.
Determine the probability that the selected marble is:
a. From Bag A
b. From Bag C
c. Red
d. Blue
e. Red and from Bag A
f. Blue or from Bag B
g. From Bag A given that the marble is red
h. From Bag B given that the marble is blue.

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25. The probability of having a particular disease is 0.02. Suppose everyone is subjected
to a test to detect whether or not they have the disease and suppose that the test either
returns a positive result suggesting the person has the disease or a negative results
suggesting they do not have the disease. For the people who do have the disease, and
for those who do not have the disease, the test is correct 95% of the time.
Construct a tree diagram to show the information above.

a. In every 100 people, approximately how many would get a positive result from this
test?
b. A person receives a positive result from this test. What is the probability that this
test result is wrong and they do not in fact have the disease?

Concerned that so many of the people who would receive notice of a positive test result
would not in fact have the disease, the proposal is to say that a positive result in the test
indicates that the person should return for a second test, different from the first. This
second test has an accuracy of 90% both for people who do have the disease and who
get a positive result in the first test and for those who do not have the disease and who
get a positive result in the first test.

c. A person gets a positive result in both tests. What is the probability they do not
have the disease?

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26. Two events A and B are such that:
P(A∩B) = 0.15; P(A|B) = 0.5 and P(A U B) = 0.6
Use this information to complete the two-way table below.

A A’ Total
B
B’
Total 1.00

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27. A sample of 200 adults was surveyed about a proposal to limit the probationary drivers
to the use of four-cylinder cars. Seventy of 106 females surveyed were in favour of the
proposal and five were undecided. A total of 121 adults were in favour and forty males
were against the proposal.
a. Use this information to complete the table below.

In Favour Against Undecided Total

Male
Female
Total 200

b. If an adult from the survey is picked at random, find the probability that this adult:
i. Is a male in favour of the proposal

ii. Is against the proposal

iii. Is a male given the adult is against the proposal

c. If a male and female are picked at random from the survey, who is more like to be
in favour of the proposal? Male or Female? Justify your answer.

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28. In 2002 a total of 12272 students sat for an external exam. Of these students,
 1648 Sat for Calculus (C)
 4455 for Applicable Maths (A)
 1290 students sat for both Applicable and Discrete Maths (D)
 All calculus students also sat for Applicable Maths
 No students sat for all three maths paper
 1383 students did not sit for any Maths paper.
a. Draw a Venn Diagram to show the information above.
b. How many students sat for exactly 1 Maths paper?
c. How many students sat for exactly 2 Maths paper?
d. If one of the students were selected in random, what is the probability that:
i. They sat for exactly 1 Maths paper?
ii. They sat for Discrete Maths and Calculus
iii. They sat for Discrete Maths given that they sat for Applicable Maths
iv. They sat for Applicable Maths given that they sat for Calculus

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29. There are 153 students in Year 12 at a certain school. Of those 85 studies Discrete
Maths, 63 studied Chemistry and 35 studies Physics. All those who studied Physics
also studied Chemistry. No student took all three subjects. Twenty students studied
none of these three subjects.
a. Draw a Venn Diagram to show the information above.
b. How many students studied both Discrete Maths and Chemistry?
c. How many students studied only Chemistry?
d. If one Year 12 student was selected in random, what is the probability that this
student:
i. Studied exactly one of these subjects?
ii. Studied Chemistry given that the student studied Discrete Maths?

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30. The school canteen kept records of the purchases of Raisin Toast one morning to help
with their orders. Raisin Toast is available with Butter, Honey, both or neither. They
found that of 40 people ordering Raisin Toast, 7 had it plain, 27 had butter on it and of
the 12 had honey as well as butter.
a. Use a suitable method to show the information above to determine the sample
space.
b. How many had honey only on their toast?
c. What is the probability of a person who ordered toast, ordering it with butter
only?
d. What is the probability of a person who has butter on their toast, will also have
honey?

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31. A test for detecting cancer which appears promising has been developed. It was found
that 98% of the cancer patients in a large hospital react positively to the test, whereas
only 4% of those not having cancer did so. If 3% of patients in the hospital have cancer,
a. What is the probability that a patient picked at random will react to the test.
b. What is the probability that a patient picked at random who react positively will
have cancer?

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32. A group of 100 musicians are attending a party. Between them they can play four
instruments.
None of the twenty drummers can play any other instruments
Ten musicians can each play 3 instruments.
Half of the non-drummers can play the violin.
Sixty of the musicians can play the guitar and twenty can play the flute.
Ten of the flutist can play the violin
Seventy of the musicians can play only one instrument
Twenty five guitarists can play the violin

Display this information in a Venn Diagram, indicating on your diagram how many
musicians fall into each category.
If a musician is picked at random, what is the probability that he plays only the flute?

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33. The 90 passengers on a luxury cruise were questions as to which of tennis, squash and
badminton they played. It was found that 28 played badminton, 67 played tennis, 27
played squash, 2 played all three, 8 played badminton and tennis but not squash, and
all squash players played tennis.
How many played:
a. none of the three given sports?
b. exactly one of the three given sports?
c. exactly two of the three given sports?
d. squash, but not badminton?

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34. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4 and P(AU B) = 0.7
Find the value of P(B) if
a. A and B are mutually exclusive.
b. A and B are independent.
What is the value of P(A|B) in each case?

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35. In a television ratings survey involving four television stations, a polling organization
decides to interview 200 persons. They are classified in the following table according
to whether they were reached on the first, second or a later call of the interviewer and
according to their preference for television station A, B, C or D.

Prefers TV Station A B C D
1st call
Interviewed

24 38 58 20
2nd call
on

7 18 20 5
3rd or later call 2 3 4 1

Use the table to:

a. find the conditional probability with which station C was preferred among those
reached on the first call;

b. find the probability with which station B was preferred among all those interviewed;

c. find the probability with which an interviewee was reached on the first call among
those preferring station A;

d. find the probability with which three or more calls were required among all those
interviewed.

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36. A box contains 2 Blue, 3 Red and one White ball. A ball is drawn from the box and
then a second ball is drawn without replacement.
a. Draw a tree diagram to show the possible outcomes of this process.
b. Find the following probabilities:
i. both balls are red,
ii. the balls are of a different colour,
iii. the balls are not both white,
iv. red ball is not drawn.

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37. Statistics for two drugs Aman 1 and Aman 2 are gathered. It is found that 3% of people
have an adverse reaction to Aman 1, 95% of people do not have an adverse reaction to
Aman 2 while 0.2% of people react adversely to both Aman 1 and Aman 2.
a. Show the information above in a suitable diagram.
b. What percentage of people can take either drug without fear of an adverse reaction?
c. Of those people who have and adverse reaction to Aman 1, what percentage of have
an adverse reaction to Aman 2?
d. If a person is chosen at random, what is the probability that the person will not react
adversely to Aman 1 given that they reacted favourably to Aman 2?

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38. A company is investigating the relationship between physical fitness and efficiency in
the workplace. They found that 20% of the workers are fit. If a worker is fit there is a
73% chance their efficiency will increase over time. If a worker is unfit there is a 22%
chance their efficiency will increase over time.
Determine the probability a worker
a. is fit and the worker’s efficiency increased over time.
b. is not fit and worker’s efficiency increased over time,
c. increased efficiency over time,
If a worker is known to improve efficiency over time, determine the probability the
worker is
d. fit
e. unfit.

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39. A subcontractor is known to two firms A and B. Both of these firms have submitted a
tender for a major contract. One of these firms will get the contract. The probability
that firm A gets the contract is 0.56. If firm A gets the contract the subcontractor has a
35% chance of obtaining work. If firm B gets the contract, there is a 56% chance the
subcontractor will obtain work.
Determine the probability that:
a. firm B gets the contract.
b. the subcontractor obtains work.

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40. Space shuttles use O-rings to contain the burning fuel in the combustion chamber.
Space shuttle Avenger uses three O-rings, O1, O2 and O3. For a successful launch there
should be no fuel leakage and for that O1 has to function and at least one of O2 and O3
must function. Assuming that the O-rings behave independently of one another and that
each O-ring has a 0.9 probability of working, calculate the following probabilities.
i. there is a fuel leakage.
ii. O2 functions and the launch is successful.
iii. launching is successful given that O3 fails.
iv. O3 fails given that the launch is successful.

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41. 100 students were each asked if they had watched TV, listened to the radio or played a
tape the previous evening. 65 students had watched TV, 70 had listened to the radio, 40
had played a tape and 20 had done all three. 25 had watched TV and listened to the
radio but not played a tape. 10 had listened to the radio and played a tape but not
watched TV. 5 had only played a tape.
a. Illustrate these results in a Venn diagram.
b. For this group of students calculate the probability that a randomly chosen
student had
i. not listened to the radio,
ii. not listened to the radio nor watched TV,
iii. watched TV and listened to the radio,
iv. listened to the radio or had played a tape,
v. played a tape given that they had listened to the radio.

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42. In a group of 83 Year 12 students, 49 study Applicable Mathematics, 47 study Physics
and 36 study Chemistry. Thirteen students study Physics and Chemistry but not
Applicable Mathematics. Twenty students study Applicable Mathematics and
Chemistry, whilst 26 study Applicable Mathematics and Physics. Exactly two out of
the three subjects are studied by 41 students.
a. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information, indicating clearly on your
diagram how many students are in each category.
b. For a student chosen from these Year 12 students, calculate the probability that the
student studies
i. all three subjects,
ii. none of the three subjects,
iii. Physics, given that the student studies Applicable Mathematics,
iv. Applicable Mathematics, given that the student studies both Physics and
Chemistry.

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43. In a company with 141 staff, 120 of the staff have a desktop computer on their office
desk, 40 have a laptop computer and 33 have a desktop computer at home provided by
the company. Six of the staffs have all three types of computing set up, whilst 87 have
only one type. Fourteen of the staffs have both a laptop and a home computer but no
desktop computer on their office desk. All staffs that have a laptop computer have a
desktop computer either at home or at work.
Construct a Venn diagram to display clearly how many staffs are provided with what
type(s) of computing setup.
If a staff is picked in random, what is the probability that the staff would not have any
computing facility?

44. By examining the probabilities given in the Venn diagram below, determine whether
or not events A and B are independent.

A B

0.3 x 0.2

0.3

0.3

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45. Kym, Chris and Lee want to travel together into the bus station in town. Three bus
routes pass along their road and, whatever the time of day, they will catch the first bus
that comes along. At any given time the probability that bus A comes first is 0.6, the
probability that bus B comes first is 0.2 and the probability that bus C comes first is
0.2. All three buses terminate at the same bus station halfway into town.
If Kym, Chris and Lee catch bus A they will always catch bus D for the remaining
journey to town. If they catch bus B, the probability that bus D will be first is 0.4 and
the probability that bus E will be first is 0.6. If they catch bus C, the probability that
bus D comes first is 0.3, the probability that bus E comes first is 0.2 and the probability
that bus F comes first is 0.5.

a. Display the above information in a tree diagram.

b. Of the possible routes that the three can travel, which is the least probable?
c. Given that the three catch bus D, what is the probability that they caught bus C for
the first stage of the journey?
d. What is the probability that on their journey into town the three will catch bus B or
bus D but not both?

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46. A group of students were surveyed as to the type of sports that they liked watching out
of football, cricket and rugby. The following responses were obtained:
 65% liked watching football;
 45% liked watching cricket;
 38% liked watching rugby;
 21% liked watching all three sports;
 16% liked watching exactly two sports;
 the number of students who liked watching cricket and football but not rugby
was twice the number of students who liked watching cricket and rugby but not
football;
 5% liked watching only rugby.
a. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information.
b. If a student is chosen at random from those surveyed, what is the probability that this
student likes watching
i. cricket and rugby,
ii. cricket and rugby but not football,
iii. football, given that s/he likes rugby,
iv. none of these sports?
c. If there were 20 students who liked watching football and rugby but not cricket, how
many students were surveyed in total?

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47. Consider two events A and B such that P (A|B) = 0.8, P (B|A) = 0.5 and P (AB) =
0.81.
a. Calculate P (AB).
b. Show that A and B are not independent.

48. A pathology service performs blood tests to detect the presence of a certain type of
virus called Virus X. For 5% of blood samples with Virus X, the test suggests its
absence, while for 10% of samples without the virus the test suggests its presence. From
past data, it is known that 30% of all samples received have the virus. Suppose that one
of the fresh samples is taken at random and tested for Virus X.
Calculate the probability that the sample
a. tests positive,
b. contains Virus X, given that the test is positive,
c. tests positive or has the virus in it.

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49. There are 100 students in a language class, all of whom speak at least one of the
languages, English, French and German. In addition, the following facts are known:
18 speak French only 19 speak at least English and French
52 speak German 15 speak at least English and German
55 speak only one language 21 speak at least French and German

a. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information.

b. Suppose 4 of the students who only spoke French and 3 of the students who only
spoke English learnt to speak German. Now, how many students
i. speak all of the three languages,
ii. speak French and German, but not English,
iii. speak German only,
iv. speak exactly two languages?

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50. A retail outlet commissioned a research team to survey local residents to find the
number of homes that use brand A’s washing machine, fridge and oven. Of the 200
homes surveyed, 24 used all three appliances, 54 used the fridge and oven, 42 used the
washing machine and oven, and 24 used none of the three. Furthermore, it was found
that exactly half of the surveyed homes used brand A’s fridge, and exactly half used the
washing machine. The probability of a surveyed home using both the fridge and
washing machine was 1/5.
Of the surveyed homes, find:
a. the number that used brand A’s oven only.
b. the number that used exactly one of brand A’s three appliances.
c. the number that used exactly two of brand A’s three appliances.
d. the probability of a home using brand A’s fridge and oven but not the washing
machine.

51. Kim has three favourite CDs: P, Q and R. He always plays two of them whilst
completing his homework each night. There is a 50% chance that he will put CD P on
first each evening and a 20% chance that he will put CD R on first. At any time there
is a 60% chance that he will follow CD P by CD Q, a 40% chance that he will follow
CD Q by CD P and a 70% chance that he will follow CD R by CD P. Kim never plays
the same CD twice.
a. Display the above information in a tree diagram, indicating clearly the probabilities
for playing each CD and the probabilities for each possible order for playing the
CDs
b. What is the probability that Kim will not play CD Q?

42
52. a. Complete the table below to show the number of student councillors at City
Community College.
Male Female Total
Year 12 6 10
Year 11 5 8
Total

b. Calculate the probability that a randomly selected student councillor

i. is a female
ii. is in Year 12 given that the councillor is male.

43
53. Two events, A and B, in a sample space are such that
P (A) = 0.7, P (B) = 0.4 and P(A  B) = 0.1
a. Find P (A  B).
b. Are the two events A and B independent? Justify your answer.

44
PROABABILITY APPLICATIONS - SOLUTIONS

1. a. 1/3 e. 2/3 d. 0.3

b. 1/2 e. 0.2
c. 1/4 7. a. 5/12 f. 0.7
d. 1/6 b. 1/4
e. 0 c. 1/3 17. a. 0.9475
f. 1/6 d. 1/3 b. 0.5135
g. 1/24
8. a. 1/6 18. 0.0007
2. a. 1/8 b. 1/3
b. 1/4 c. 1/3 19. 2/245
c. 1/16 d. 1/2
d. 3/8 e. 2/3 20. a. 0.045
e. 1/4 b. 0.9405
f. 5/8
9. a. 1/9
g. 1/2 21. a. 0.288
b. 5/9
h. 1/3 b. 0.432
c. 2/3
i. 3/4 c. 0.008
d. 1/2
j. 1/2
k. 5/12 22. a. 8/15
10. a. 55/93
l. 1/4 b. 4/5
b. 7/93
m. 1/2
c. 7/22
23. 0.5
d. 7/38
3. a. 1/6
b. 1/3
11. 1/16
c. 0
d. 1/6 24. a. 1/2
12. a. 81/500
e. 1/6 b. 1/6
b. 123/188
f. 5/6 c. 17/60
c. 65/328
g. 1/3 d. 43/60
h. 5/9 e. 1/6
i. 1/3 f. 4/5
13. a. 6/55
j. 2/3 g. 10/17
b. 3/22
h. 15/43
c. 5/26
4. a. 1/12
d. 3/7
b. 1/4 25. a. 7
c. 1/6 b. 0.7206
14. 4/17; 20/41
c. 0.2277
5. 24/25; 2/5
15. 5/13

6. a. 1/6
16. a. 0.6
b. 1/3
b. 0.12
c. 1/3
c. 0.6
d. 1/2

45
 26. b.P(𝑨|𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨);0.4

A A’ Total 46. a. Venn Diagram

35. a. 29/70 b. 0.23; 0.02; 31/38;
b. 59/200 0.2
B 0.15 0.15 0.3 c. 8/11 c. 200 people
d. 1/20 47. a. 0.36
b. P(A) x P(B)
B’ 0.30 0.40 0.7
36. a. Tree Diagram ≠P(A∩B)
b. (i)1/5; (ii) 11/15; (iii)
Total 0.45 0.55 1.00 1; (iv) 1/5 48. a. 0.3550
b. 0.8028
37. a. Venn Diagram c. 0.3700
27. b. i. 51/200 b. 92.2%
ii. 71/200 c. 0.2% 49. a. Venn Diagram
iii. 40/71 d. 0.96 b. 5; 20; 21; 47
c. Female is more
likely to be in favour. 38. a. 0.1460
b. 0.1760 50. a. 16
28. a. Venn Diagram c. 0.3220 b. 88
b. 7951 d. 0.4534 c. 64
c. 2938 e. 0.5466 d. 0.15
d. (i)7951/12272; (ii) 0;
(iii)1290/4455; (iv) 1
39. a. 0.44
b. 0.4424 51. a. Tree Diagram
29. a. Venn Diagram
b. 0.34
b. 15
40. a. 0.109
c. 13
b. 0.81 52. a. 2 way table
d. 83/153;
c. 0.81 b. 1/2; 2/3
3/17
d. 0.091
53. a. 0.2
30. a. Venn Diagram
41. a. Venn Diagram b. Not
b. 6
b. 0.3; 0.1; 0.45; 0.8; independent
c. 3/8
0.4286
d. 4/9
31. a. 0.0682
42. a. Venn Diagram
b. 0.4310
b. 9/83; 10/83; 26/49;
9/22
32. 0.05
43. 4/141
33. a. 5
b. 50 44. A & B is independent
c. 33
45. a. Tree Diagram
d. 25
b. CE
c. 0.0811
34. a.P(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎; 0
d. 0.78

46
FIST – STATISTIST FOR SCIENTIST PROBABILITY APPLICATION

200