Constants

atm∙dm3 bar∙dm3 Pa∙m3 J

R = 0.08206 R = 0.08314 R = 8.314 (mol∙K ) or (mol∙K)
mol∙K mol∙K

1 bar = 105 Pa 1 atm = 1.01325 bar

Equations
RT RT a RT B pVm
ppfct = V pvdw = V −V 2 pvirial = V (1 + V ) Z=
m m −b m m m RT

dU = 𝑑q + 𝑑w ∆U = q + w dw = −pdV H = U + pV

∂U ∂U ∂H ∂H
dU = ( ∂T) dT + ( ∂V) dV dH = ( ∂T ) dT + ( ∂p ) dp
V T p T

∂U ∂U ∂H ∂H
Cv = ( ∂T) ; πT = ( ∂V) ; Cp = ( ∂T ) ; μT = ( ∂p )
V T p T

∂p ∂V
πT = T ( ) − p μT = −T ( ) + V
∂T V ∂T p

∂T 1 ∂V −1 ∂V
μ=( ) ; μT = −Cp μ ; α = ( ) ; κT = ( )
∂p H V ∂T p V ∂p T

nR Cp nR
Tf Vi CV pf Vi CV Tf pf Cp α2
=( ) ; =( ) ; = ( ) ; Cp − C V = VT
Ti Vf pi Vf Ti pi κT

∆r H ⊖ = ∑ ν∆f H ⊖ − ∑ ν∆f H⊖ ; ∆r HT⊖2 = ∆r HT⊖1 + (T2 − T1 )Δr Cp⊖

prod react

⊖ ⊖
∆r S⊖ = ∑ νSm − ∑ νSm ; S(Tf ) = S(Ti ) + Cx ln(Tf /Ti )
prod react

∆r G ⊖ = ∑ ν∆f G ⊖ − ∑ ν∆f G ⊖ ; ∆r GT⊖ = ∆r HT⊖ − T ∆r ST⊖

prod react

dqrev q dq
dS = ΔSsur = Tsur dS ≥
T sur T

|w| Tc
η= ; η=1−
|qh | Th

dSU,V ≥ 0; dUS,V ≤ 0; dSH,p ≥ 0; dHS,p ≤ 0; dAT,V ≤ 0; dGT,p ≤ 0

 H = U + pV; A = U − TS; G = H − TS

dU = T dS − p dV dH = T dS + V dp

dA = −S dT − p dV dG = −S dT + V dp

μ = Gm ; dμ = −Sm dT + Vm dp

∂g ∂h
dF = g dx + h dy; ( ) = ( ) ∑ ni dμi = 0 F = C−P+2
∂y x ∂x y

∂g ∂h
dF = g dx + h dy; (∂y) = ( ∂x ) F = C−P+2
x y

Gm T2 Gm T1 T Hm 1 1 ∆r G T2 ∆rGT1 T ∆r H 1 1
− = − ∫T 2 dT ≈ Hm (T − T ) − = − ∫T 2 dT ≈ ∆r H (T − T )
T2 T1 1 T2 2 1 T2 T1 1 T2 2 1

dp ∆trs Sm ∆trs Hm ∆fus Hm T2 p2 −∆vap Hm 1 1

= = p2 − p1 = ln ( ) ln ( )= ( − )
dT ∆trs Vm T ∆trs Vm ∆fus Vm T1 p1 R T2 T1
p p
μ = μ⊖ + RT ln(p⊖) μi = μ∗i + RT ln(p∗i ) pi = xi pi∗ ; pi = xi K i
i

∆mix G = ∆mix Gid + ∆mix GE ; ∆mix Gid = nRT (∑ xi ln(xi )) ; ∆mix GE = nRT(ξ xi xj )

∆mix S = −nR (∑ xi ln(xi )) ∆mix HE = nRT(ξ x𝑖 x𝑗 )

xA p∗A p∗A p∗B

yA = p∗ +x ∗ ∗ ; p = p∗ +y ∗ ∗
B A (pA −pB ) A A (pB −pA )

pi (R) (R) pi (H) (H)

= ai = γi xi ; = ai = γi xi
pi∗ Ki

p
ln(γA ) = ξxB2 , ln(γB ) = ξxA2 ; aA = γA xA , aB = γB xB ai = (p⊖i )

bi p
μi = μideal
i + RT ln γ± = μ⊖
i + RT ln ai ai = ( ) γ± γ± = (γ+ γq− )1/(p+q)
b⊖

√𝐼 1 b
log γ± = −0.509|z+ z− |I1/2 log γ± = −0.509|z+ z− | (1+√𝐼 − 0.3 𝐼) I = 2 ∑i zi2 (b⊖i )

∂G
n𝑖 = n𝑖,0 + (𝜈𝑖 )𝜉 ∆r G ≡ ( ∂ξ ) = ∑i(νi )μi = ∆r G ⊖ + RT ln Q
T,p

K −∆r H⊖ 1 1 R𝑇 2 ln X
∆r G ⊖ = −RT ln K l n (K2 ) = (T − T ) ∆Tm =
1 R 2 1 ∆fus 𝐻°

−R𝑇 2 ln X RTlnX
∆Tb = Π = i[B]RT Π=− ̅
∆vap 𝐻° 𝑉