IDENTIFICATION NOTES connects remote regions to global
markets.
1. Transportation – The movement
6. Modes of Transportation – The
of people, goods, and services
different methods of transport,
across various locations using
including land, air, water, pipeline,
different modes.
and space.
2. Transportation - comes from the
7. Modes of Transportation - refers
Latin word "transportare", which
to the different methods or way of
is a combination of "trans"
transportation used for the purpose
meaning "across" and "portare"
of transporting people or cargo
meaning "to carry."
from one place to the next.
3. Transporatation - is more than
8. Highway Engineering – A branch
just a means of getting from one
of civil engineering focused on the
place to another; it is a critical
design, construction, and
pillar supporting global economies
maintenance of roads and
and shaping societal progress.
highways.
4. Transportation- is a cornerstone
9. Traffic Engineering – A branch of
of modern society, shaping nearly
civil engineering that deals with the
every aspect of daily life and
safety, flow, and management of
driving progress across multiple
transportation systems.
sectors.
10. Traffic Engineering - It
5. Transportation- is the backbone
encompasses the design, operation,
of economic growth and societal
and management of road systems
development. It enables trade,
utilizing traffic signals, road
fosters social interactions, and
signage, and transportation analysis
to minimize congestion and enhance 16.. Intermodal Transportation - is a
transportation systems' safety and mode of transportation that involves
functionality transporting goods using at least two
11. Road Transportation – A mode different modes of transportation,
of transport that uses roads to move such as trucks, trains, ship containers,
people and goods, including and airplanes, without repacking the
vehicles like cars, trucks, and cargo during mode changes
buses.
Types of Intermodal Transportation:
12. Maritime Transportation – The
transport of people and goods • Rail-to-Truck: Goods are
through bodies of water, such as shipped in containers or
seas, rivers, and oceans, using trailers via rail for the
ships and boats. majority of the journey and
13. Air Transportation – The then transferred to trucks
movement of people and cargo by for the first and last miles
aircraft, such as airplanes, of the trip.
helicopters, and jets.
• Rail-to-Ship: Goods are
14. Rail Transportation – Transport
moved from rail to
that utilizes train systems running
maritime shipping (or vice
on fixed tracks for moving
versa) to cover both land
passengers and freight.
and sea routes. This is
15. Pipeline Transportation – The
common for international
movement of fluids like oil, gas,
shipments, especially when
and chemicals through pipelines
crossing oceans and large
over long distances.
bodies of water.
• Truck-to-Ship: Goods are 20. Environmental Impact:
transported via truck to a Contributes to pollution and climate
change but also presents
port and then loaded onto a
opportunities for sustainable solutions
ship for maritime transport.
(Schiller, Bruun, & Kenworthy, 2010
• Air-to-Truck: Goods are
moved via air for the initial Historical Development of
or final leg of the journey Transportation:
and then transferred to
Ancient Times (Pre-Industrial
trucks for delivery.
Era)
17. Intelligent Transportation
• Early civilizations relied on
Systems (ITS) – The use of
basic transportation
advanced technology, such as
methods such as walking
smart traffic signals and
and using domesticated
autonomous vehicles, to optimize
animals for travel and trade.
transportation efficiency
• The construction of roads,
The key aspects of transportation’s
such as the Roman roads
significance include:
and the Silk Road,
facilitated early commerce
18. Economic Impact: Facilitates trade,
and cultural exchanges
supports industries, and creates
employment opportunities (Glaeser &
Industrial Revolution (18th–
Kahn, 2010). –
19th Century)
19. Social Impact: Improves accessibility
to education, healthcare, and cultural • The Industrial Revolution
exchange (Banister, 2005). introduced steam-powered
transportation, distant regions, enhancing
revolutionizing trade and globalization
mobility.
21st Century – Smart &
• The invention of the steam
Sustainable
locomotive and steamships
drastically reduced travel
Transportation
time and costs, enabling
• Modern transportation
large-scale industrial
focuses on
expansion
sustainability and
20th Century – Rise of efficiency. Innovations
such as electric
Modern Transport
vehicles, high-speed
• The 20th century saw the rail, and autonomous
development of transport systems are
automobiles, commercial shaping the future of
airplanes, and extensive mobility
highway systems. Henry • The adoption of green
Ford’s introduction of the energy and smart
assembly line enabled mass infrastructure aims to
production of cars, making reduce environmental
transportation more impacts.
accessible
• The establishment of air
travel networks connected
o Commercial Aviation
o Cargo and Freight Services
ENUMERATION NOTES 4. Space Transport
o Rockets
I. Importance of Transportation
o Satellites
1. Economic Development 5. Intermodal Transport
2. Healthcare Access o Combination of two or more
3. Urban Planning and Development modes (e.g., rail-to-truck,
4. Agriculture and Food Supply ship-to-truck)
5. Security and Defense
III. Characteristics of Each Transport
6. Technology and Innovation
7. Civil Engineering Applications
1. Road Transportation 🚗🛣️
8. Environmental Impact
9. Social and Cultural Contributions Advantages:
10. Tourism and Leisure
✅ Cheap – Requires less infrastructure
11. Education Accessibility
compared to other modes.
II. Modes of Transportation
✅ Flexibility – Can operate on various
1. Land Transport routes and schedules.
o Road Transportation ✅ Door-to-Door Service – Direct
o Rail Transportation delivery of goods without additional
o Pipeline Transportation handling.
2. Water Transport ✅ Ideal for Short Distances – Faster
o Inland Waterways
and more convenient for short trips.
o Maritime/Ocean Transport
3. Air Transport
Disadvantages: ❌ Lack of Infrastructure – Some areas
lack proper port facilities.
❌ High Accident Rate – More traffic-
❌ Weather-Dependent – Rough seas
related accidents compared to other modes.
and storms can cause delays.
❌ Lower Capacity – Can’t transport as
much cargo as rail or sea transport. 3. Air Transportation ✈️🌍
❌ Traffic Congestion – Leads to delays,
Advantages:
especially in cities.
❌ High Maintenance Costs – Roads ✅ Fastest Mode of Transport – Ideal
require frequent repairs due to wear and for urgent deliveries and long-distance
tear. travel.
✅ Access to Remote Areas – Can reach
2. Maritime Transportation 🚢🌊
places that other transport modes can’t.
Advantages: ✅ High Security – Least prone to theft
or damage.
✅ Large Capacity – Can transport vast
amounts of goods. Disadvantages:
✅ Key to International Trade –
❌ Expensive – High operating costs
Supports global logistics and economy.
make it the most costly transport mode.
✅ Less Congestion – Fewer delays
❌ Low Capacity – Can’t carry as much
compared to road or air transport.
cargo as ships or trains.
Disadvantages: ❌ Weather-Dependent – Flights can be
delayed or canceled due to bad weather.
❌ Slow Speed – Takes a long time,
making it unsuitable for urgent deliveries. 4. Rail Transportation 🚆🚉
Advantages: ✅ Continuous and Efficient – Can
operate 24/7 without stopping.
✅ Cost-Effective for Long Distances –
✅ Eco-Friendly – Produces lower
Lower fuel costs per ton-mile than road
carbon emissions compared to road
transport.
transport.
✅ High Capacity – Can transport large
amounts of goods and passengers. Disadvantages:
✅ Environmentally Friendly –
❌ High Initial Investment – Expensive
Produces fewer emissions than road
to build.
transport.
❌ Limited to Specific Materials – Can
Disadvantages: only transport liquids, gases, and slurries.
❌ Difficult to Repair – Leaks or damage
❌ Fixed Routes – Trains can only
are hard to detect and fix.
operate where tracks exist.
❌ Not Ideal for Short Distances – More II. Characteristics of Road Transport ( Harry na
list)
costly and less flexible for short trips.
1. Flexibility
❌ Accidents Can Shut Down Entire 2. Cost-Effectiveness
3. Accessibility
Routes – A single failure can disrupt the 4. Speed and Convenience
5. Traffic Congestion
whole system. 6. High Maintenance Needs
7. Weather Dependency
8. Environmental Impact
9. Safety Concerns
5. Pipeline Transportation ⛽🛢️ 10. Integration with Other Transport
Modes
Advantages: IV. Scope of Highway and Traffic Engineering
1. Development Planning and Location
✅ Low Operating Cost – Requires of Roads
2. Highway Design and Structures
minimal labor once constructed. 3. Traffic Control and Performance
Analysis
4. Road Materials and Maintenance Road geometrics and their design, Rigid
5. Economics, Finance, and
Administration and Flexible pavements, Design factors
and thickness design, Overlay design, and
IV. Scope of Highway and Traffic Engineering
Design of drainage system.
3. Highway traffic performance and its
1. Development Planning and Location control
of Roads
Traffic study analysis, Need for a new road
2. Highway Design and Structures
link, Traffic regulation and control,
3. Traffic Control and Performance
intersection design and their controls with
Analysis
signs, signals, islands, and markings
4. Road Materials and Maintenance
5. Economics, Finance, and 4. Materials, Construction, and
Administration Maintenance Highway materials and mix
design, Highway construction, Earthwork,
Scope of Highway Engineering
construction of different types of
1. Development planning and locations pavements, maintenance of pavements,
of roads and drainage system.
Historical background, Basis for planning, 5. Economics, Finance, and
Master plan, Engineering surveys, and Administration Road user cost and
Highway alignment. economic analysis of highway projects,
Pavement types and maintenance
2. Highway design, Geometrics, and
measures, Highway finance, and phasing
structures
of expenditures.
