PHARMACOLOGY
UNIT-01
S emeste
r
ASTHMA
ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS
COPD
EXPECTORANT AND ANTITUSSIVE
NASAL DECONGESTANT
RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
CONNECT WITH US ON :-
SMART PHARMACY WALLAH
SMART PHARMACY WALLAH
SMART PHARMACY WALLAH Drx Samar Khan
&
Drx Prashant Yadav
9548778713 Smart Pharmacy Wallah District -Meerut-UP-250344
PCI Syllabus of Pharmacology-03 12th November 2030
Sixth Semester
Syllabus
Pharmacology of drugs acting on Respiratory system
Anti-asthmatic drugs
Drugs used in the management of COPD.
Expectorants and antitussives.
Anti-asthmatic drugs
Nasal decongestants
Respiratory stimulants
Pharmacology of drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract
Antiulcer agents
Drugs for constipation and diarrhoea
Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
Digestants and carminatives
Emetics and anti-emetics.
Thanks for reading,
Samar Khan
Drx Samar Khan
[Our Team :- Drx Samar Khan and Drx Prashant Yadav]
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
ASTHMA
_
It is a respiratory disease
_
In this disease, airway become inflammed, narrow, swell and produce
extra mucus
_
It leads to difficulties in breathing
CAUSES
[1] - Stress
[2] - Smoking
[3] - Whether change
[4] - Bacteria and viruses
[5] - Air pollution
[6] - Anxiety
SYMPTOMS
[1] - Fatigue
[2] - Chest pain
[3] - Shortness of breath
[4] - Chest tightness
[5] - Cough
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS
_
These are those drugs which are used in the treatment of asthma are
called anti-asthmatic drugs
Ex :- Salbutamol, terbutaline, fluticasone etc
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS
_
The anti-asthmatic drugs can be classified into following sub-classes
such as
[A] - BRONCHODILATORS
__ Anticholinergics
Ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, oxitropium
bromide
__
β2 sympathomimetics
Salbutamol, levosalbutamol, terbutaline, formoterol,
salmeterol
__
Methyl Xanthines :- Theophylline, aminophylline
[B] - CORTICOSTEROIDS
__
Oral
Prednisone, Methylprednisolone
__
Inhalation
Beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, triamcinolone
__ Parenteral
Methylprednisolone, betamethasone
[C] - MAST CELL STABILIZERS
__ Ketotifen
__
Sodium cromoglycate
__
Nedicromil
[D] - LEUKOTRIENE MODULATOR
__ Zafirlukast
__
Montelukast
[E] - ANTI-IgE ANTIBODY
__
Omalizumab
[A] - BRONCHODILATORS
_
These drugs which works by directly dilates bronchioles and open airway
of lungs to make breathing easier
Ex :- Salbutamol, terbutaline, ipratropium etc
CLASSIFICATION OF BRONCHODILATORS
BRONCHODILATORS
ANTICHOLINERGIC METHYLXANTHINES
__ Tiatropium __
Etophylline
__ Ipratropium __
Aminophylline
__
Theophylline
β2-Sympathomimetics
Salbutamol Terbutaline Salmeterol Formaterol
[1] - ANTICHOLINERGIC
_
These are those drugs which are used in the treatment of asthma are
called anticholinergics
Ex :- [1] - Tiotropium bromide
[2] - Ipratropium bromide
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Anticholinergic
Block muscarinic receptor
So, it cannot activate PLC (phospholipase-C) and
IP3 and DAG pathway
Decrease amount of Ca 2+ and cAMP
Cause
Bronchodilation
THERAPEUTIC USES
__ To treat respiratory disorders
Ex :- COPD, Asthma
__ To treat gastrointestinal disorders
Ex :- Peptic ulcer
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Dry mouth
__
Constipation
__
Urinary retention
__
Blurred vision
[2] - Β2-SYMPATHOMIMETICS
_
These are those drugs which mimic (copy) the action of beta-2 receptor
leads to smooth muscle relaxation in the airways
Ex :- Salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BETA-2 SYMPATHOMIMETCS
Drugs
Binds with β-receptor
Activate
Adenylyl cyclase pathway of GPCR
Decrease
cAMP production
Bronchiole muscles relaxed
Treated
Asthma
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Irritation
__
Nervousness
__
Hypokalemia and trachycardia
__
Restlessness
[3] - METHYLXANTHINES
_
It is also known as PDE inhibitors
_ It gives their action by inhibiting PDE (phosphodiesterase enzyme) in
bronchial smooth muscles
Ex :- Theophylline, aminophylline, doxophylline etc
_
It is used in the treatment of asthma
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF METHYLXANTHINES
Drug
Inhibit
Phosphodiesterase enzyme
(which is responsible for degradation of cAMP)
Increase
cAMP production
cause
Bronchodilation
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Nausea
__
Nervousness
__
GIT Irritations
__
Headache
Drx Samar Khan
[Smart Pharmacy Wallah]
[B] - CORTICOSTEROIDS
_
These drugs shows anti-inflammatory action in airway by inhibiting the
release of arachidonic acid
Ex :- Fluticasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Animal cell
Cell Membrane
[Phospholipid]
Phospholipase A2
Arachidonic Acid Corticosteroids
Inhibit
Cyclooxygenase Lipoxygenase
(Cox) (Lox)
Release
Inflammatory mediators Leukotrienes
[Prostaglandin, Thromboxane]
Inflammation
Cause
Asthma
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Insomnia
__
Mood changes
__
Increase appetite
__
Osteoporosis
Drx Samar Khan
[Smart Pharmacy Wallah]
[C] - MAST CELL STABILIZER
_
These drugs are anti-inflammatory agents which gives their action by
inhibiting the degranulation of mast cells
Ex :- Ketotifen, sodium cromoglycate etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Inhibit
Mast Cells
Degranulation
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Release mediators
[Histamine, Interleukines and other mediators]
Inflammation
Cause
Asthma
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Cough
__
Irritation and dizziness
__
Nausea
[D] - LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONIST
_
These drugs shows anti-inflammatory action in airway by inhibiting the
leukotrienes receptor
Ex :- Montelukast, Zafirlukast etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Animal cell
Cell Membrane
[Phospholipid]
Phospholipase A2
Arachidonic Acid Leukotriene antagonist
Cyclooxygenase Lipoxygenase
(Cox) (Lox) Inhibit
Leukotrienes
Binds with leukotriene receptor
Cause
Asthma
ADVERSE EFFECTS
__ Fatigue
__
Headache
__
Abdominal pain
__
Sleep disturbances
__
Allergic reactions
__
Muscles pain
Drx Samar Khan
[Smart Pharmacy Wallah]
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
COPD
_
It is a respiratory disease
_
It refers to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
_
It is a group of lung disease that block airflow and make difficulties
in breathing
Normal
COPD
CAUSES OF COPD
[1] - Smooking [4] - Genetics
[2] - Respiratory infection [5] - Weather change
[3] - Air Pollution [6] - Age problem
SYMPTOMS
[1] - Fatigue
[2] - Chest tightness
[3] - Shortness of breath
[4] - Blue lips & fingers
[5] - Wheezing
[6] - Cough
TREATMENT OF COPD
[1] - Self Care
Quitting smoking
Diaphragmatic breathing
Physical exercise
[2] - Oxygen therapy
[3] - Medication
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics and antivirals
Corticosteroids
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
COUGH
_
It is a respiratory disease
_
It is a natural reflux that helps to clear airways of mucus and other
foreign particles
CAUSES OF COUGH
[1] - Smooking [4] - Asthma
[2] - Inhales dust particles [5] - Bronchitis & allergies
[3] - Air pollution [6] - Tuberculosis
SYMPTOMS
[1] - Fatigue
[2] - Chest pain
[3] - Shortness of breath
[4] - Mucus or phlegm production
[5] - Sore throat and hoarseness
[6] - Wheezing
DRUG USED TO TREAT COUGH
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
EXPECTORANT
_
It is a chemical substance
_
It helps to promote the clearance of mucus from respiratory tract
_
It is used in the treatment of cough
Ex :- Potassium citrate, potassium iodide etc
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPECTORANT
EXPECTORANTS
[1] - MUCOLYTIC
_
It is a type of expectorants
_
It helps to breakdown the mucus and making it easier to clear from
airways
Ex :- 1) - Ambroxol
2) - Acetyl cysteine
3) - Bromhexine
[2] - SECRETION ENHANCERS
_
It is also a type of expectorants
_
It helps to increase mucus production or other respiratory secretion
making it easier to cough up
Ex :- 1) - Vasaka
2) - Guaiphenesin
3) - Ammonium chloride
4) - Potassium citrate
5) - Potassium iodide
USES
[1] - Cough
[2] - Reduce thickness of mucus
[3] - Relieve respiratory symptoms such as wheezing etc
[4] - Increase clearance of mucus or other respiratory secretion
[5] - Improve lung function
ADVERSE EFFECTS
[1] - Headache
[2] - Stomach upset
[3] - Nausea and vomiting
[4] - Dizziness
[5] - Diarrhea
Drx Samar Khan
[Smart Pharmacy Wallah]
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
ANTITUSSIVE
_
It is a chemical substance
_
It is also known as cough suppressants. that helps to relieve cough
Ex :- Codeine, dextromethorphan, noscapine etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION
_
It act on CNS to raise the "threshold cough center" and supress the
cough center
CLASSIFICATION
ANTITUSSIVE
EXPECTORANTS
USES
[1] - Cough
[2] - Emphysema
[3] - Chronic bronchitis
[4] - Improve lung function
[5] - Cystic fibrosis
ADVERSE EFFECTS
[1] - Seizure
[2] - Headache
[3] - Nausea and vomiting
[4] - Respiratory depression
[5] - Allergic reaction
Drx Samar Khan
[Smart Pharmacy Wallah]
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
NASAL CONGESTION
_
It is a respiratory disease
_
It is also known as nasal blockage, stuffy nose
_
Nasal passages become inflamed, swollen due to excess mucus in air
passages of nose
_ It leads to difficulties in breathing
Normal ________ __________ Nasal
Congestion
CAUSES
[1] - Flu
[2] - Smoking
[3] - Thyroid disorders
[4] - Respiratory infections
[5] - Common cold
[6] - Allergies
[7] - Excessive sneezing
SYMPTOMS
[1] - Headache
[2] - Facial pain
[3] - Reduce sense of smell
[4] - Difficulty breathing
[5] - Mucus build up
[6] - Runny nose
[7] - Sneezing
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
NASAL DECONGESTANT
_ These are those drugs which are used in the treatment of the nasal
congestion
Ex :- Ephedrine, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline etc
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NASAL DECONGESTANT
Nasal
Nasal
Decongestant
Decongestant
Activate α-receptor in nose
Vasoconstriction
Decrease
Inflammation Mucus Nasal secretion
Open nasal passages
Treat
Nasal congestion
TYPES OF NASAL DECONGESTANT
[1] - Oral nasal decongestant
[2] - Topical nasal decongestant
[1] - ORAL NASAL DECONGESTANT
_
It taken by mouth and provide longer-lasting releif from nasal
congestion
Ex :- 1) - Ephedrine
2) - Pseudoephedrine
3) - Phenylephrine
[2] - TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
_
It is applied directly to the nasal passages and provide quick
releif from nasal congestion
Ex :- 1) - Naphazoline
2) - Oxymetazoline
2) - Xylometazoline
USES
1) - Nasal congestion
2) - Cold and flu symptoms
3) - Reduce swelling in nasal passages
4) - Allergic symptoms
PHARMACOKINETICS
__ Well absorbed
__ Binds to plasma protein and distributed throughout
body
__
Metabolized in liver
__
Excreted by urine
ADVERSE EFFECTS
1) - Anxiety
2) - Headache or increase heart rate
3) - Insomnia and rebound congestion
4) - Nausea and vomiting
PHARMACOLOGY
SIXTH SEMESTER
RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
_ These are those drugs which stimulate breathing and increase the
respiratory rate
Ex :- [1] - Caffeine
[2] - Aminophylline
[3] - Theophylline
[4] - Doxapram
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
Respiratory stimulants
Stimulate chemoreceptors of carotid arteries
Stimulation of CNS (medulla oblangata)
Increase neurotransmitters
Increase breathing rate and heart rate
Increase respiration
USES
1) - Asthma
2) - Respiratory depression
3) - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4) - Drowsiness
PHARMACOKINETICS
__ Well absorbed
__ Binds to plasma protein and distributed throughout
body
__
Metabolized in liver
__
Excreted by urine
ADVERSE EFFECTS
1) - Anxiety
2) - Insomnia and restlessness
3) - Headache and dizziness
4) - Muscle weekness
