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Vocabulary and Reviews Science Chapter 4

The document defines various geological and weathering processes, including physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and glacial formations. It explains terms such as ice wedging, exfoliation, talus, and features like deltas, fjords, and sand dunes. Additionally, it discusses methods to prevent erosion and the characteristics of different landforms.

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15 views6 pages

Vocabulary and Reviews Science Chapter 4

The document defines various geological and weathering processes, including physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and glacial formations. It explains terms such as ice wedging, exfoliation, talus, and features like deltas, fjords, and sand dunes. Additionally, it discusses methods to prevent erosion and the characteristics of different landforms.

Uploaded by

eliasrscryto33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Define:

1. Ice wedging: Physical weathering that occurs when rainwater


or melted ice soaks into tiny cracks in a rock and freezes, splitting the
rock.

2. Exfoliation: The breaking or peeling away of rock in layers.

3. Talus: Rock fragments at the base of a mountain or cliff due to


exfoliation.

4. carbonic acid: weak acid that is produced when carbon


dioxide dissolves in water; takes part in chemical weathering.

5. Oxidation: process in which oxygen in air and water reacts with


minerals like Palcium, magnesium, and iron to form new compounds.

6. Erosion: Carrying away of rock fragments by wind or running


water

7. Headwaters: Sourse of a river.

8. load: Material carried by a stream.

9. drainage system: Relatively large stream and any smaller


streams that flow into it.

10. tributary: Any of the streams that feed into a river at various
points along its course, increasing the amount of water that it carries.

11. oxbow lake: Crescent-shaped body of water that is formed


when a meander is bypassed and becomes cut off from the rest of the
river.

12. delta: Fan-shaped or triangular deposit extending from the


mouth of a river into the sea.

13. Cavern: Large cave.

14. dripstone: Calcium carbonate deposited in a cave by water


droplets.

15. sinkhole: large funnel-shaped depression in the ground


caused by the collapse of a cavern.
16. karst region: Region of the earth's surface where limestone
is exposed and abundant.

17. Bar: Offshore ridge of sand or gravel built by waves and


currents.

18. barrier island: Narrow, sandy island that lies off the coast of
the mainland.

19. sea arch: isolated column of rock that arches out into the
water from the coast.

20. sea stack: isolated column of rock that forms when a sea arch
collapses.

21. Glacier: thick ice sheet that slowly moves under its own
weight.

22. ice cap: ice sheet that covers a large area bulit is smaller than
a continental glacier.

23. Crevasse: deep crack or fissure in the surface of a glacier.

24. Cirque: huge bowl-shaped depression slowly scooped out by a


valley glacier in the highland where it begins.

25. arête: sharp ridge that divides two cirques.

26. horn: sharp, steeple-shaped point formed when three or more


cirques cut into a mountain peak.

27. fjord: valley along the coastline that is filled with melted
seawater from a glacier.

28. Till: huge quantities of broken rock that a glacier carries.

29. moraine: accumulation of till left by a retreating glacier.

30. drumlin: low hill formed when an old moraine is smoothed


over by a glacier.

31. Outwash: deposits of sand, gravel, and other sediments


washed from beneath a melting glacier by meltwater.
32. eolian process: any type of erosion caused by wind.

33. Sandstorm: windstorm carrying coarse sand particles and


fine particles of dry soil.

34. dust storm: windstorm in a dry region carrying only dust.

35. Abrasion: eroding action of windblown sand.

36. Terracing: method used to prevent erosion by modifying a


smooth slope into a series of level, stair-like steps and erecting
windbreaks out of trees, tall plants, or fences.

37. strip-cropping: method of planting alternate strips of


erosion-prone crops with strips of erosion-preventing crops.

38. Breakwater: object designed to reduce force of waves.

Section Review 4.1

1. What is physical weathering? Is the breakdown of large


rocks into fragments by physical forces.

2. Describe how exfoliation forms talus: the process of


exfoliation involves the breaking or peeling away of rock in layers,
then at the base of the mountain or cliff, the broken fragments
collect in huge piles of rock called talus.

3. Define chemical weathering: wheathering caused by


minerals in rock reacting chemically with air or water.

4. What is the main agent of chemical weathering?


Water.

5. What does chemical weathering do to the original


minerals?
Chemical weathering change the composition of the original
minerals.
Section Review 4.2

1. What is erosion? Is the carrying away of rock fragments by


wind or running water.

2. What term refers to excess water that pools up on


the ground during a rainstorm and flows downhill?
Runoff.

3. What is the material carried by a stream called?


The stream’s load.

4. Which two drainage divides form the eastern and


western boundaries of the Mississippi River drainage
basin? Easter continental Devide and Great Divide.

5. What is the level or nearly level land that borders


a river and is covered by river water in flood time
called? Floodplain.

6. Name the winding, looping curves in the path of a


river on a soft, flat floodplain. Meanders.

7. What is a delta? Is a fan-shape or triangular deposit


extending from the mouth of a river into the sea.

8. Describe three types of dripstone formations:

-Stalactite: icicle-like mass of dripstone on a cave ceiling.


-Stalagmite: cone-shape dripstone formation on the floor of a cave.
-Colum: a stalactite and stalagmite that have grown until they join.

9. Name the regions of the earth's surface where


limestone is exposed and abundant: Karst regions.

10. What is a gently sloping coast covered by sand or


pebbles?
A beach.

11. List three features of rocky coasts:


-Promontories.
-Sea cliff.
-Sea caves.

Section Review 4.3

1. What is a glacier? Is a thick ice sheet that slowly moves


under its own weight.

2. Describe how a horn forms: When three of more cirques


cut into mountain peak, they transform it into a sharp, steeple-shaped
point called a horn.

3. What are accumulations of till left by a retreating


glacier?
An accumulation of till left by a retreating glacier is called a moraine.

4. What type of glacial landform is Bunker Hill in


Boston, Massachusetts? Drumlins.

5. What term refers to the past period of widespread


glaciation?
The Ice Age.

6. Describe deflation: The removal of loose particles of sand


and soil by the wind.

7. What are sand dunes? Huge heaps of loose, windblown


sand common in deserts and near beaches.

8. Describe two types of sand dunes:

-Crescentic dunes: Are the most common type of sand dunes. They
are sickle shaped.
-Parabolic dunes: Are arch-shaped and are different from crescentic
dunes in the manner that the open end of the arch points to the
windward side instead of the leeward side.

9. Name five major types of mass wasting:


Soil creep, mudflows, avalanche, landslides, and rockfall.

10. Describe three methods that can be used to


reduce or prevent erosion:
-Terracing: Wich modify a smooth slope into a series of level, stair-
like Steps.
-Strip-cropping: Is the method which rotates planting erosion-prone
crop with erosion-resistant crops.
-Breakwaters: are objects designed to reduce the force of waves.

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