PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 107– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2022 – 2023

SCHEDULE:
Wed (Online): 10:00-11:00 am
Fri (F2F): 9:00-11:00 am,
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 119– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2022 – 2023

SCHEDULE:
MON (F2F): 10:00-12:00 nn,
TH (Online): 10:00-11:oo am
Mga Mare,
Ano ang
latest?
So, ito na
nga…..
 Overview of Campus Journalism

Take a moment to think about what you already know:

• What is journalism?
• How did journalism begin?
• In the early days, how did people share and receive
important information?
• How has that changed over time?
THE HISTORY OF
JOURNALISM:
The Early Days

The Origins of Journalism

The Origins
of Journalism
 Acta Diurna
of the Roman Empire
• One of the earliest forms of organized
reporting of current events (around
100BCE).

• These acta diurna (Latin for “daily

events”) were organized by the Roman
government.
Bilingual Inscription" Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program

• They hired scribes who carved the

information into stone.
 Acta Diurna
of the Roman Empire

• The government posted the stones

in public places so that people
could read them.

• If people were literate, or able to

Bilingual Inscription" Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program
read and write, they could learn
about births and deaths, marriages,
and the results of legal trials.

The Latin word diurna is the root of the modern English word journal.
 Dibao
• Official reports sent out by the
Chinese government from the capital
to local governors.

• The governors edited the reports.

Chinese Woodblock Print, Yuan Dynasty by
Petri Krohn (Links to an external sitevia
Wikipedia Commons under Public Domain • This means they decide which
information was important for local
people to read.
 Dibao
• They wrote new editions, or
versions, of the reports.
• They carved the reports onto
woodblocks and printed many
copies.
Chinese Woodblock Print, Yuan Dynasty by
Petri Krohn (Links to an external sitevia
Wikipedia Commons under Public Domain
• They posted the reports in
public places for people
to read.
 Dibao
• Woodblock printing was
more efficient, or quicker
and easier, than carving into
stone.

• Printing allowed people to

Chinese Woodblock Print, Yuan Dynasty by
Petri Krohn (Links to an external sitevia
Wikipedia Commons under Public Domain

make multiple copies of a

document for the first time.
 Printing Presses
• Throughout history, people learned about
current events through posted
announcements and word of mouth.

• Everything changed with the invention of

movable-type printing presses, machines
with small metal parts that move so that
any text could be created and then many
identical copies made.
"Early Printing Press" was originally published in The Illustrated

• The earliest known movable- type printing

History of England by Henry Dulcken, 1888. This image was
published by Firkin on OpenClipArt and is
licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons Zero 1.0
press was created in East Asia in the 10th
Century CE.
 Printing Presses
• In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg built the
first movable-type printing press for a
Latin alphabet.

• This was the first time that the English

language could be printed quickly and
efficiently.

• The printing press changed the way that

"Early Printing Press" was originally published in The Illustrated
History of England by Henry Dulcken, 1888. This image was
published by Firkin on OpenClipArt and is
people got their news. It was now much
licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons Zero 1.0 quicker and cheaper to print texts and
almost anybody could do it.
• As technology improved, many people became
printers.

• Soon, they were publishing, or preparing and

distributing papers, journals, and books.

• As more and more written material was

published, more and more people became
literate, or able to read and write; however,
government still controlled what people wrote.
 Corantos
• A new type of media in Europe

• single-page newsletters

• These early newspapers had

information about wars and
other current events as well as
philosophical discussions.
 Corantos
• In England, the government passed a
law which said that anyone who
wanted to print or publish had to
have the government’s permission, or
license.

• Printers who had a government

license enjoyed a monopoly as
competition was eliminated.
 Corantos
• Meanwhile, the government was able
to control what information was
being shared.

• The government gave permission to

printers who published stories they
liked and refused or removed licenses
for people who published stories they
didn’t like.
 Corantos
• The government was able to remove
and destroy any publication
considered offensive.

• They could arrest people who wrote,

printed and published information
that they didn't like.
 Freedom of the Press
• In England, in 1644, John Milton wrote
and published a famous coranto called
Areopagitica

• This speech called for the freedom of

the press, the right to report news
without being controlled by the
government.

• Many of the ideas that Milton wrote

"First page of Areopagatica" by gobeirne via Wikimedia
Commons under the Public Domain about are very important to the modern
principles of journalism and human
rights
 Freedom of the Press
• Milton argued that people have the
right to information. Information
helps us make decisions and can
change our beliefs.

• He said that as a society we should

make our decisions through
consensus, or a general agreement,
"First page of Areopagatica" by gobeirne via Wikimedia
Commons under the Public Domain
that respects a variety of opinions.
 Freedom of the Press
• He argued that we must discuss and debate
(or argue). Our discussion and debates
must be based on information that has not
been manipulated or influenced. We need
the facts and only the facts so that we can
form our own opinions.

• Milton argued that a free press is essential

to a free society. He said that people should
be free to report the news without
"First page of Areopagatica" by gobeirne via Wikimedia
Commons under the Public Domain
government trying to stop them.
 Publick Occurences
• the first newspaper in the Americas,
was published in Boston in 1690.

• It contained only four pages and was

supposed to be published every
month; however, it was censored
immediately and only one edition was
ever published.
• For most of the 18th century, governments
still controlled what people wrote.

• For example, in the USA in 1722, a young

Benjamin Franklin took over as editor of a
newspaper called The New-England
Courant, because his older brother was in
jail.

• The government accused him of writing

things that were not true
1690–PRESENT

• the steps that allowed journalism

to become more independent and
freer from government control

• the different ways people get their

news
 The Fourth
Estate
• In 1787, Edmund Burke, a politician, was
making a speech in the British Parliament.
He argued that the press should be allowed to
report on the House of Commons of Great
Britain.

• He spoke about the three traditional parts

of European governments commonly known
as the Three Estates (the church, the nobility,
and the common people).

• Then he pointed to the journalists and

called them the Fourth Estate. He meant
that writing the truth was an important part of
governing a country. We still call journalism
the Fourth Estate today
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
 The First
Amendment
• A few years later, in 1791, ten
amendments to the US Constitution
called the Bill of Rights became a
law.
• The first amendment talked about
freedom of religion, freedom of
speech and also freedom of the
press.
• The First Amendment protects
journalists’ rights by making sure
the government cannot control the
information or opinions that
journalists publish.
• Even though journalism was no
longer controlled by the
government, most newspapers in
the early 19th century were
biased, meaning they only told
one side of the story or one point
of view and were read by people
who agreed with their opinion.
•
In 1835, however, a newspaper
called The New York Herald was
started with the goal of providing
unbiased news that everyone
could enjoy. This newspaper also
tried to be politically
independent, not preferring one
political party over another
The Invention of the
Telegraph
• In the 1850s, newspapers moved from being
just local to national.
• As technology improved, it became easier to
print and distribute many more newspapers.
• The invention of the telegraph revolutionized
journalism again.
• Before the telegraph, journalists relied on
government reports and mail delivery to receive
their information and write their reports.
• The telegraph made it possible to quickly share
information across long distances, even
international borders and oceans.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

• The telegraph increased the
speed of message delivery but
was also very expensive.

• A person visiting a telegraph

company paid by the word.
• People wanted to save
money, so they kept their
messages short.

• They wrote very short

sentences and paragraphs. This
new style of writing soon
became popular with
newspapers.
• Newspaper publishing was a big
business, and some publishers were
becoming very rich and powerful.

• They wanted to control information

that might hurt their interests and they
wanted to promote information that
might help them.
•
To attract readers and to protect their
interests, newspapers often published
sensational stories that were not always
accurate.

• These stories were exciting or

shocking and many people wanted to
read them. This led to the rise of so-
called "yellow journalism", a precursor
to the modern tabloid.
• The early years of the 20th century saw the
development of investigative journalism.

• This involved a journalist looking into and

writing about powerful people and
industries. For example, Upton Sinclair
wrote The Jungle in 1906.

• Readers of The Jungle learned about the

unhealthy practices in Chicago’s
meatpacking factories and the bad conditions
for the workers.

• After people read The Jungle, people

wanted to change the laws.
• Although newspapers continued to
be popular throughout the 20th
century, by the 1920s, they also had
to compete with newsreels and radio
broadcasts.

• Listening to news on the radio

allowed the whole family to sit down
and hear the news at the same time.
They could also listen to things live
as they were happening instead of
waiting until the next day to read
about them.
•
.
• In the 1950s television became
popular and nearly every family
in the USA had one. People
could now see pictures as well
as hear people talk about the
news in a live broadcast.
• The internet became
popular in the 1990s and
online newspapers began to
replace print copies.

• Today over half the adults

in the world get their news
from Twitter or Facebook

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

THE HISTORY OF
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

JOURNALISM:
In the Philippines
The Different Periods that
Highlight the History of
Ph Journalism

• Spanish Era

• American Era

• Japanese Era

• Post-war Era
The Different Periods that • Golden Age of Ph
Highlight the History of Ph Journalism
Journalism
• Martial Law Post
Martial Law and New
Era

• 2009
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

• 2019

• 2020
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 119– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2023 – 2024
Mga Mare,
Ano ang
latest?
So, ito na
nga…..
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
• To define Campus Journalism
• To state R.A 7079
• To explain why there is an amendment made in the
law.
• To reflect on the practices in school in connection
with the Campus Journalism Act
• To internalize the essence and impact of the said
law
ORIGIN OF
CAMPUS
JOURNALISM
 The Students Gazette

• Penned by Samuel Fickle Fox on July 1777 at the

William Penn Charter School in Philadelphia, USA
.

• Published continuously until August 1778 when the

British soldiers closed the school, The Gazette is
recognized as the first student publication in the
English-speaking world.
In the PH…

• College Folio a magazine published by The University of the Philippines in

October 1910 and printed the works of the first promising writers in English.

• In 1912 the graduates of Manila High School published their English

writings in The Coconut

• The following year, 1913, the Philippine Normal School introduced its
publication, The TORCH.
WHAT IS
JOURNALISM?
journal
diurna
DAILY
 Other definitions of journalism:

•The occupation of writing for

publication in newspapers and other
periodicals.
– Noah Webster
 Other definitions of journalism:

• Something that embraces all forms in which or through

which the news and comments on the news reach the
public. All that happens in the world, if such happenings
hold interest for the public, and all the thoughts, actions,
and ideas which these happenings stimulate, become
basic materials for the journalist.
- Fraser F. Bond
Functions of
Journalism
Influence Amuse or Serve and
Inform
and mold entertain promote
Inform the Influence Amuse or Serve and
public and mold entertain promote
through the public the public community
the news opinion welfare as a
coverage whole
WHAT IS
CAMPUS
JOURNALISM?
✓Enjoyable co-curricular activity of the school
paper staff in collecting, organizing, and
presenting news; in writing editorials, columns,
literary articles, and features; in copyreading,
proofreading, dummying, and writing headlines
– all for the purpose of putting out a school
organ.
– School Paper Advisers of the City Schools of Manila
Functions of Aid to the students
the Campus 1. provide an opportunity for
interesting writing;
paper 2. give students the opportunity
to learn how to read
newspapers;
3. act as a stimulus to better
work.
4. develop students’ power of
observation and
discrimination
 Aid to the School & Community
Functions of
the Campus 1. educate the community
as to the work of the
paper school
2. publish school and
community news;
3. create & express school
opinions;
4. make known the
achievements of the
school to the
community.
Modern Functions of
Campus Paper

Information Opinion Education Watchdog

Laboratory Documentation Entertainment Developmental

Qualities of Campus Journalists

Resourceful Critical

Objective Conscientious
Duties and responsibilities of a Student Journalist

LEGAL SOCIAL PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL

 Editor-in-chief
Associate editor
SCHOOL Managing editor
PUBLICATION Section editors
• News editor
EDITORIAL • Sports editor
STAFF • health & science editors
• Feature editor
• feature editor
Reporters/researchers
Photojournalist/photo editors
Artist/cartoonist
Layout artist
Exchange Editor/Circulation Manager
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
• Supervises the editorial staff of the paper.
• Writes the editorials of the organ after consultation with the members of
the editorial staff.
• Edits all articles preparatory to submission of the same to the moderators
for final editing and approval for publication.
• Supervises the preparation of the layout and dummying of the paper and
paging of the same in cooperation with the managing editor and layout
artist.
• Causes the accomplishment of all assignments properly and on time.
• Acts as liaison officer between the editorial staff and the moderators.
• Calls meetings of the staff in consultation with the Adviser.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
➢Edits the articles in cooperation with the editor in chief.
➢ Writes editorials of the organ when requested. Prepares
assignments of section editors in consultation with the
editor in chief
➢Cooperates in the preparation of the layout of the paper and
paging of the same with the editor in chief and managing
editor.
MANAGING EDITOR

➢Brings articles to the press for typesetting. Checks

articles for typographical errors.
➢Prepares the layout of the paper and paging of the
same in consultation with the editor in chief.
➢ Proofreads galley proofs before these are finally
approved by the chief editor, then by the moderators
for printing.
NEWS EDITOR

➢ Assigns reporters to cover events relevant to the school

activities.
➢ Writes news articles on assignment from the editor in chief or
through his own initiative in consultation with the latter.
➢ Edits all news articles received preparatory to submission of
the same to the editor in chief then to the moderators.
SPORTS EDITOR

➢Gives out assignments to reporters to

cover sports events in which the school is a
participant.
➢ Writes sports articles unassigned to
reporters.
HEALTH AND SCIENCE EDITOR

➢Writes health/science articles.

➢Edits all health/science articles
received preparatory to submission of
the same to the Editor-in-Chief.
FEATURE EDITOR
➢ Gives out assignments to feature writers
➢ Receives and edits feature articles preparatory to submission
of the same to the editor in chief
➢ Writes regular articles or column.
➢ Gives out assignments to literary writers
➢ Receives and edits feature articles preparatory to submission
of the same to the editor in chief
➢ Writes regular literary articles
REPORTERS/RESEARCHERS

➢Secures the cold and raw facts of an assigned

event and writes an article out of the same.
➢Receives assignments from the section editors
and board of editors and accomplishes the same
properly and on time.
PHOTOJOURNALIST/PHOTO EDITOR

➢ Assigns or causes the assignment of the school’s official photographer to

take pictures on school’s activities for the month.
➢ Prepares pictorial articles of the organ in consultation with the Managing
Editor and Editor-in-Chief.
➢ Writes the captions of pictures utilized by the paper in cooperation with the
Editor-in-Chief.
➢ Labels or properly identifies all pictures made available for publication. It is
suggested that he writes (in pencil) at the back of every picture the event to
which a particular picture refers,
ARTIST/CARTOONIST

➢Helps in preparation of the layout of pictorial stories.

➢ Prepares editorial cartoons.
➢Makes illustrations for feature articles.
LAYOUT ARTIST
➢ Assigns or causes the assignment of the school’s official photographer to take
➢ Pictures on school’s activities for the month.
➢ Prepares pictorial articles of the organ in consultation with the managing editor
and Editor in chief.
➢ Writes the captions of pictures utilized by the paper in cooperation with the
editor in chief
➢ Takes charge of the design of the magazine cover.
➢ Labels or properly identifies all pictures made available for publication.
➢ Helps in the preparation of the layout of pictorial stories.
➢ Makes illustrations for feature articles.
EXCHANGE EDITOR/ CIRCULATION MANAGER

➢Makes up a list of school papers sent by other schools.

➢Mails copies of his own to these schools.
➢ Files their papers on a bulletin board or displays them on a
newspaper rack.
➢Keeps files of his school information, such as class lists,
homeroom advisers, administrative officials, etc.
LEGAL BASIS
 R.A 7079
✓ One of the most powerful laws that promotes the rights of the youth,
yet also one of the most disregarded law
✓ Train students on journalism
✓ Provide students an avenue to practice truth, fairness , and balance
✓ Safeguard democracy at the campus level
✓ Approved on July 5,1991
✓ It is “ An act providing for the Development and Promotion of
Campus Journalism”
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 107– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2022 – 2023

SCHEDULE:
Wed (Online): 10:00-11:00 am
Fri (F2F): 9:00-11:00 am,
Journalism
is everywhere; where there
are media, there is
journalism.
Newspapers Journalism.
• Newspapers contain articles that tell about the
current issues and events that affect the
society.
• Being the oldest and most conventional
system of journalism, newspapers are
published on a daily basis to keep its readers
updated.
Magazine Journalism.
• They use traditional journalism methods of
interviewing, background researching, and
journalistic writing to produce articles and stories that
are lengthier with much more in-depth exploration of
issues, topics, and trends.
• Hence, readers find entertainment in reading
magazines while at the same time form their opinions
on certain matters elucidated in the articles.
Radio and TV Journalism.
• writers are trained on production techniques
and tools, interviewing and communication
skills, and research competencies.
• So instead of publishing the articles in
newspapers, radio and tv broadcasting
become the channel of delivering the latest
happenings.
Digital Journalism.
• Digital journalism or online journalism, according to
Poor (2016) is a contemporary form of journalism
where editorial content is distributed via the Internet
as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast.

• Poor (2016) added that online journalism is a

process that has been in use for the past years by
newspapers industries, journalist report facts
produced and distributed through the internet.
Sections/Part of a
Campus Paper
A.Front Page
1. Local news – news that takes place within the country.
2. Foreign news – news that takes place outside the country.
3. Dateline news – an out-of-town news story. It is introduced by a
dateline which states the place from which the story was reported, the
date, and the source of the material if not written by the local staff, as
Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 25 (AP).
4. Weather news – usually a boxed forecast of the area, sometimes the
temperature, wind directions, and velocities.
5. Index – a slug line indicating an important inside page story and the
page where it is found.
Other things found on the Front Page:

• Nameplate – The engraved or printed name of the

newspaper, as the Manila Times or PNC Torch.
• Ears – The little boxes on either side of the nameplate.
• Banner – The principal headline bearing the boldest and
biggest type. It is the title of the most important news of
the day which is called banner news. It may or may not
run across the page. It id does, it may also be called a
streamer.
• Running head – a head made up of two or more lines.
Other things found on the Front Page:
a. Headline – The title of any news story. The word headline is used
only for titles of news stories.
b. Deck – a subordinate headline placed immediately below its mother
headline, also known as bank or readout.
c. Lead – The beginning of a news story. It may be a word, a group of
words, a sentence, or even a paragraph.
d. News story – The whole story of an event composed of the lead and
the text which is the elaboration of the lead.
e. Columns – The horizontal division into parts of a newspaper. Many
national papers are divided into eight columns while a typical school
paper is divided into five columns
Other things found on the Front Page:
• Column rule – The vertical line that divides the page into
columns. Most pages of newspaper are divided into columns by a
space usually one em wide. This space is called the sunken rule.
• Fold – The imaginary horizontal line that divides the newspaper
equally into two parts.
• Byline – The signature of a reporter preceding a news-feature, as By
Warren Cruz.
• Box – News materials enclosed by line rules.
• Cut – A metal plate bearing a newspaper’s illustration, also known as
cliché.
Other things found on the Front Page:

• Cutline – The text accompanying photos and other art

work, better known as a caption. If written above the photo
just like a slugline, it is called an overline.
• Kicker – A tagline placed above but smaller than a
headline, also known as teaser. If it is bigger than the
headline, it is called a hammer.
• Credit line – A line giving the source of story or illustration,
as Reprinted from the “Manila Times” or Photo by MPI.
B. Editorial Page:
• a. Main Editorial is an article that reflects the campus
paper’s stand or opinion on an issue. It does not bear the
name of the writer because it presents the majority vote of
the editorial board. Thus, it expresses a collective opinion.

• Column is also an opinion piece like an editorial article. The

difference is that the name of the writer appears in the
• byline and viewpoints are based on one writer only.
• Op-ed is also an opinion article but the writer is not a part of
the editorial board.
• The writer’s name is also indicated in the byline.
B. Editorial Page:
• Letter to the Editor refers to an article in the form of a letter sent to
the campus paper. It talks about the issues concerning the students,
• the teachers, the school or even the country.
• Editorial Cartoon is a caricature that expresses an opinion regarding
a certain issue. Usually, the editorial cartoon is related to the main
• editorial. But there are instances that ican stand on its own.
• Folio bears the name of the campus paper, page title, page number
and date of publication. It is written on the topmost part of the page
and is seen in all the pages except for the front page and the last
page.
• Masthead contains the campus paper’s name and logo, volume and
issue number, and the names of the editorial board and staff
indicating their respective positions
C. Feature Page:
The content of the features page also varies
depending on the theme of the campus paper.
This may include news feature, personality
profile, human interest, trend story, informative
feature, news analysis, how-to feature,
personal anecdotes, and investigative feature.
All these shall be discussed further in the
succeeding units.
D. Sports Page:
The sports section of a campus paper usually
features the highlights and outstanding players in
the school intramurals. It may, however, include
articles on popular sports in the community as
well as relevant regional and national sporting
events issues. The treatment of writing these
articles may be in the form of sports analysis,
sports editorials, backgrounder, prophetic sports
news, and the like.
 MODULE 3

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

Understand both the artistry and utility of the English language through the study
of literature and other contemporary forms of culture.
● Acquaint with the common and important terms in journalism
Understand both the artistry and utility of the English language through the study
of literature and other contemporary forms of culture.

LEARNING CONTENTS

Common Terms In Journalism

● Ad – is the short form or abbreviation for an advertisement

● Add – this is an addition to a news-story that has already been written or is in the process of being written.
● Ad – lib – it is an unscripted talking by broadcasters
● Advertorial – is a form of advertisement that is written in the style of a news story or sometimes as a feature. It is unethical
not to state that advertorials as advertorials.
● Advocacy journalism – advocacy is defined as the public support of for a course of action or way of doing something.
Advocacy journalism therefore involves journalists openly taking sides on issues. This type of journalism sees journalists
expressing their opinions in their reports. It is a form of subjective journalism. The opposite is objective journalism.
● Agenda setting – this is a very powerful influence the media has on society or the public. It is the mass media’s unique
power to tell the public what issues are important. The mass media, through agenda setting determine what the general
public thinks and worries about. The agenda setting theory states that if a news item is covered more frequently then the
public see the issue in the news item as relevant.
● Anchor – an anchor is a person who presents news bulletin on television.
● Angle – it is also called the news angle. An angle is the aspect of a story that a journalist considers the most important and
decides to highlight and develop. It can also be called the hook or peg.
● Assignment – as the name implies, it is the job given to a journalist.
● Attribution – is the source of a news story. Attribution is a extremely important as it helps give credibility to the report.
Attribution can be written as a quote or reported (indirect) speech.
● Autocue – is also called a teleprompter. This is a type of sophisticated equipment or camera lens that shows the
newsreader’s script in a scrolling form so that the newsreader can read it out loud without having to look on a script.
● Background – this is information that helps to explain a news event or story.
● Back announcement – this is used in broadcasting when the presenter or anchor gives a brief information after a report. This
is usually a sentence long.
● Balance – this is a very important journalism principle which states that a journalist must give both sides of an issue in a fair
way and leave it to the listeners or readers to make their own judgment.
● Back bench – these are the senior editorial executive of a newspaper. They are very powerful people in any newspaper
organization.
● Beat – a beat is a reporter’s assigned area of responsibility that he or she regularly covers. A beat can be of an institution
such as police or courthouse, a geographical area or a subject such as health or science.
● Blind interview – this is a type of interview in which during publication, the interviewee is not named or shown. The
interviewee remains anonymous.
● Blog – it is the short form for web log. Blog is a web page that is made up of content written by individuals about a particular
subject. Subjects can range from health, business, politics, technology etc. With blogs, the newest information or content is
always placed at the top of the web page.
● Blogger – a blogger is an individual who writes a blog. A blogger can be a professional writer or just an amateur.
● Breaking news – an unexpected event that happens. Normally breaking news are published or broadcast while the event is
still happening. It is also called a break.
● Bridge – these are words that link pieces of narration or sound bites to another.
● Broadsheet – a broadsheet is a large format newspaper that publishes serious news stories on issues such as politics,
foreign affairs etc. The opposite is a tabloid.

1
● Bulletin – is a news report on television or radio at regular times. In the United States a bulletin is normally called a
newscast.
● Byline – this is the name of the news story’s writer, usually printed at the beginning of the article. It can also be placed at the
end of the article.
● Caption – it is the text or words printed below or beside a picture in a newspaper or a television screen that explains what
the picture is showing. It is often used to give the name of the person speaking.
● Closed question – this is a question which the interviewee can answer with a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. The opposite of a closed
question is the Open question whose answers are longer than just a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
● Column – a regular feature or article on a specific subject written by a particular writer that is published regularly in a
newspaper. A person who writes a column is a columnist.
● Contact – this is a person that a reporter contacts for information on a news story or feature that they are writing.
● Contacts book – this is a very important book that all journalists have. This book contains a list of all important contacts of a
journalist. The contact book has the telephone number, email addresses, physical addresses and what have you of the
contacts so that he or she can easily get in touch with them when the need arises – that is when the journalist wants
information from them.
● Contempt of court – this is disobedience or refusal to obey the orders of a court. It can also mean to interfere in a way that
hinders the court from doing its job. It is a crime and punishable by the law.
● Copy – it is the content of a news article. It can also be defined as a written material which is going to be published. In
broadcasting a copy is called a script.
● Copy flow – this is the road or the route in which a copy travels in a newsroom.
● Copy editor – this is a senior journalist in a newspaper or magazine whose job is to edit copies written by reporters. The
copy editor not only corrects the copy he receives from reporters but also gives the copy a befitting headline. The copy
editor makes sure that everything is right about the story. He scans it thoroughly and makes sure that it poses no issues
such as libel and slander, contempt of court etc that can easily bring legal problems to the newspaper. The copy-editor is
also called the sub-editor.
● Copyreader – this is a person who proofreads every item that is going to be published in order to make sure that there are
no spelling mistakes or punctuation errors. A copyreader is also called a proofreader.
● Copy taster – a copy taster is just like a professional wine taster. His job in a newspaper is to look at incoming copy and
‘taste’ them before deciding which ones will be published.
● Cover story – this is the most important story of a magazine. It is highlighted on the front cover of the magazine.
● Credit line – this is a small text that comes after a picture or story to acknowledge the source.
● Cross fade – this is the movement from one audio or video to another one. This is done by gradually fading the first video or
audio while simultaneously fading up the other one.
● Cue-light – this is the light on a camera that tells the anchor that they are live.
● Cultural imperialism – this is when a country’s mass culture is dominated by that of a foreign country.
● DAB – Digital Audio Broadcasting. This is a digital radio technology for the broadcasting of radio stations.
● Dead air – this is when there is a sudden silence during broadcasting mainly because there is a technical problem.
● Deadline – this is the time by which a reporter must submit his finished story.
● Death-knock – it is when a reporter calls at the home of the family or friends of a dead person in order to gather information
regarding the death. Many journalists find it one of the most difficult assignments to do. The death knock is also called
door-stepping.
● Delayed lead – it is also called drop intro. This is a style of intro writing when a writer keeps the most important information
of the story until later in the story in order to arouse the interest of the reader and create some mystery.
● Defamation – this is the act of saying something bad about a person or group of people which causes them harm. It is also
called libel and slander.
o Editor – an editor is the most senior editorial executive who is in charge of a newspaper and decides what
should be included in it. The editor is legally responsible for the content of the newspaper.
o Editorial – this is an article that gives the opinion of a newspaper. Editorials are only in print journalism.
o Editorial page – this is the page in the newspaper where the editorial is printed. It is also called an opinion
page.
o Editorial cartoon – is a cartoon on the editorial page that comments on an issue.
o Editorialize – this is when a journalist puts his opinion into a news story. Newspapers and broadcast stations
are not supposed to editorialize in their news stories except analysis stories, columns and editorials.
o Embargo – it is the prohibition on publishing or broadcasting before a specified time.
o ENG – electronic news gathering done mostly with portable video cameras.
o Establishing shot – this is a wide shot of a scene that is used to begin a news story on television.
o Exclusive – this can also be called a scoop. It is a major and important story that only a particular
newspaper or news station has.
o Executive producer – this is the executive who is in total control of a radio or television program.

2
o Feature – a feature is an article or radio story that informs and entertains readers or listeners. Features are
different from hard news stories. Features are said to be the story behind the story. Features are longer
and more complex than a simple news story. Longer features can be sometimes referred to as
documentaries.
o Feedback – this is an unwanted and irritating noise caused when sound from a speaker is fed back into
the microphone. A feedback is also called a howl-round.
o File – this is the process of sending a report from a location to the newsroom or to the studio.
o Filler – a filler is a very short news story or advertisement that is used to fill a small space in a newspaper.
o Flash – this is the headline used by news agencies to describe major breaking news. A flash can also be
a brief news story of a breaking event that interrupts a radio or television program or show.
o Float – it is a picture or video shown on television while a presenter is talking or having an interview with a
guest.
o Freedom of Information – it is a law that forces governments to release information to the public when
they are requested. The law states that the general public has every right to information. The law also
states that if government bodies cannot release information to the public upon request then they should
state why the information cannot be released.
o Focus group – this is a research method that employs a small number of people who take part in a
discussion on a particular issue. This method of research is normally used in TV and Radio for audience
research. It is quite effective.
o Follow-up – follow-up story is a story written to add more information or details about a story which has
already been published.
o FX – it is the short form for sound effects.
o Grab – a grab is defined as a short piece of a recorded sound which is taken from a longer interview and
inserted into a news item. It is almost similar to a sound bite.
o Graphics – these are words, titles, diagrams or artworks that are used in programs or newscasts.
o Hard news – this is the daily factual reporting of important events. These events can be national,
international or local. The opposite of the hard news is soft news.
o Headline – this is a word or phrase in large and bold font at the top of a news story or an article. The main
purpose of a headline is to grab the reader’s attention and make the reader want to read the article or
news story. If a headline is not capable of doing this then it is not a good headline. A headline can also be
called a head.
o House style – this is a media organization’s style of writing and language.
o Human interest – these are news stories or features that focus on people that appeal to the reader’s,
listener’s or viewer’s emotions.
o Insert – an insert is an additional text that is included into a story that is already written.
o Interview – an interview can be defined as a formal and recorded conversation between a reporter and a
source for the main purpose of getting information that will be used in a story.
o Intro – this is the first paragraph of a news story or a feature. It is also known as the lead. It contains the
most newsworthy aspects of a story.
o Inverted pyramid – this is the most common way or form of writing news story. This structure is used by
journalists all over the world in writing news stories. The inverted pyramid structure involves the arranging
or organization of information in a news story in descending order of importance. This literally means that
the most important or newsworthy aspects of the story come first.
o Investigative journalism or reporting – this is a type of journalism where reporters investigate and find out
information that is concealed. This type of journalism requires more research and caution.
o Invasion of privacy – this is breaching of a person’s fundamental human right to be left alone.
o Layout – it is the design of a newspaper or magazine.
o Lead – it is the first sentence or paragraph of a news story. It is also sometimes spelled lede.
o Leading question – this is a question asked by a reporter during an interview that tries to get information
from the interviewee that the reporter wants to hear.
o Lead story – this is the most important news story in a bulletin. In a newspaper it is also the most
important news story and it is always displayed prominently on front page of a newspaper.
o Letters to the editor – these are letter that come from readers of a paper to the editor expressing their
views and opinions on issues.
o Leak – this has to do with important information that was meant to be secret but ends up being exposed
by an anonymous source.
o Libel – this is the process of writing an untrue statement about someone or a group of people that causes
harm to them.
o Minidoc – this is a word that refers to a short news feature or documentary.

3
● Medium close-up – it is popularly called MCU. It is the framing of a shot from the waist up.
● Medium shot – this is wider than the MCU. It is framed from a person head to toe.
● Mobile unit – is a small van or truck that is equipped with materials for production.
● Montage – this is the combination of sounds.
● More – a word that is typed at the end of a copy which indicates that there is more story to come.
● Morgue – this is a newspaper’s library where old newspapers and clippings are stored.
● Natural sound on film – also called NAT SOF. This is the sound of the location that is recorded as the footage is also
recorded. It can also be called wild sound.
● Negative lead – this is a lead with the word ‘not’ in it. Journalists are advised not to use negative leads in their stories.
● News agency – this is a company that is in the business of gathering news and selling them to media organizations. An
example of a news agency is Associated Press.
● Nib – News in Brief. These are a collection of short stories in one or two paragraphs.
● Noddies – these are shots of the reporter listening attentively or nodding the head while the interviewee speaks.
● OB – it is the short form for outside broadcast. As the name suggests, OB is broadcast that is coming from outside the
studio.
● Obit – it is an obituary which is a story about a person’s death
● Omni-directional mike – it is a microphone that can pick up sound from a circular area.
● Pagination –
● Par – it is the short form for a paragraph
● Plagiarism – this is the use of a part of another person’s work and presenting it as though it is your own original
creation, and not giving attribution to the original creator.
● Public affairs – these are news stories that deal with important issues that are of public concern. Issues can range from
political, economic to social.
● Public journalism – this is a new approach to journalism that tries to connect with the community.
● Remote – this is defined as a live production from a location away from the studio.
● Running story – this is a story that is still developing and bringing forth new information. Such a story is therefore
reported as events unfold.
● Segue – this is the movement from one effect to another.
● Shield laws – it is a legislation that provides journalists the right to protect the identity of their sources.
● Sidebar – this is a secondary story that is run along with a major story on the same topic.
● Soft lead – a lead that uses a soft device such as a quote or story to attract the reader. The opposite is a hard lead.
● Soft news – this is the opposite of hard news. Soft news normally have stories that are interesting and entertaining.
● Sound bite – this is a short recorded sound of a person speaking or an interview which is picked for broadcast. This is
normally the most important or interesting part of what the person said.
● Source – this is the person or record from which a journalist gets his or her information.
● Stand upper – this is a news story in which the reporter is in the field and standing in front of the camera as he or she
reports.
● Stet – this when an editor marks certain things in a copy for change but later changes his mind and decides to keep the
original. Stet means ‘let it stand as it was’.
● Sub-editor – is a senior journalist who edits reporters’ works, adds headlines to the copy and prepares it for printing or
broadcast.
● Summary lead – this is the first paragraph of a news story that has a synopsis of two or more actions instead of just
focusing on one.
● Tabloid – it is a newspaper that is about half the size of the normal newspapers. Tabloid papers publish stories that
sensational, and the language that is used in a tabloid is simple and colloquial.
● Talking heads – this is a discussion program in a studio in which the camera focuses mainly on the heads of the
participants.
● Transition – this is a way of moving smoothly from one section of a story to another.
● Time check – this is when the time is announced on air.
● Voice over – a voice over is when the voice of an unseen narrator or reporter gives commentary while pictures or videos
are being shown on screen.
● Voice report – also called voicer. This is an audio report from a reporter on radio who normally would be at the scene of
an event and reporting via phone or satellite.
● Vox pop – it refers to the ‘voice of the people’. It is street interviews where random people are asked random questions
in order to find out the public’s opinion about a particular issue.
● VTR – video tape recording.
● Web offset – this is the printing process.
● Wild track – it is also called wild sound or wild lines. A wild track is the recording of ambient sound which will later be
used for the background sound of a report. A wild track is recorded separately and later used in a report.
● Wipe – this is the process of moving from one picture to another.

4
 REFERENCES

Reference/s:

Herbert, J. (ND). Journalism in Digital Age. Retrieved April 1, 2022, from Journalism Terms and Definitions - Hosbeg.com

5
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 119– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2022 – 2023

SCHEDULE:
MON (F2F): 10:00-12:00 nn,
TH (Online): 10:00-11:oo am
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ALAMINOS CITY CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-ENGLISH

EL 107– CAMPUS JOURNALISM

2nd Semester, S.Y 2022 – 2023

SCHEDULE:
Wed (Online): 10:00-11:00 am
Fri (F2F): 9:00-11:00 am,
 CAMPUS NEWS
WRITING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• trace the different sources and process of
news topics and events;
• discuss the elements of news and principles
of journalism which should be present in
articles;
• identify the Inverted Pyramid as a structure
in writing news articles;
 CAMPUS NEWS
WRITING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• recognize the different types of news
according to area, topic, and heaviness;
• recognize the lead, its function and its types
as an important part of the news article;
• write a news article using ICT tools applying
the principles, structure, and strategies
shared; and
• appreciate tact, courtesy, truthfulness, and
respect in writing a campus news article
WHAT IS
NEWS?
• News is an oral or written report of a
past, present, or future event.

• It should be factual, truthful, accurate,

unbiased, and interesting. But what is
interesting to one is not always
interesting to another
NEWS WRITING

• Involves getting facts and transmitting

these to the reader
• Undergoes 3-part process before
reaching the reader:
coverage, interpretation, play
News Writing: 3-Part Process

1. Coverage: refers to getting the news by witnessing the event,

interview, printed material or all three

2. Interpretation: involves explaining the news, filling the background,

forecasting, and sometimes passing moral judgment. This is mainly
the responsibility of the editor and columnists.

3. Play: assigning of “value” to the news. This is done by the copyreader,

news editor and layout person
SCHOOL NEWS

• Facts and information that has meaning

to the readers
• Anything that concerns the school, its
students, the teachers, and parents
• Activities inside and outside the
classroom:
1. worthwhile and extraordinary acts of students
2. Stories of success, conflicts or suspense
3. Anything that informs, entertains or sets students,
teachers or administrators thinking about reforms
and improvements
4. School convocations and other programs
5. Interviews of visiting personages
 • Conflict –this may involve physical or
mental conflict – man versus man, man
versus animals, man versus nature, or
man versus himself.

• Immediacy or timeliness – This

ELEMENTS
OF NEWS element emphasizes the newest angle of
the story. The more recent the event, the
more interesting it is to the reader.

• Proximity or nearness – This may refer

to geographical nearness as well as to
nearness of kinship or interest.
 • Prominence – Some people are more
prominent than others by reasons of
wealth, social position, or
achievements.

ELEMENTS
OF NEWS
• Significance – Whatever is
significant to the life of an individual
is interesting to him.

• Names – Important names make

important news.
 • Drama – this adds color to the
story. The more picturesque the
background and the more dramatic the
actions are, the more appealing the
story is to the reader.
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS
• Oddity or unusualness – This refers to
strange or unnatural events, objects,
persons, and places. An odd story is
interesting not because of its news
value but because of the human-
interest side of it.
 • Sex – Since the dawn of history, sex has always
interested man. Stories of sex are usually related
to stories of romance, marriage, divorce, and the
varied activities of men with women. This is not
always the case

ELEMENTS • Progress – The onward and forward march of

OF NEWS
civilization or the progress of a country is
chronicled step by step in the newspaper. The
trend today is towards development
communication. Reports on the significant
changes in the established order and on scientific
achievements are in order.
 • Animals – Stories of animals,
especially those with talents are good
reading matter because of their human-
interest value.
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS

• Number – Sweepstakes numbers, vital

statistics, election results, scores in
games, casualties, fatalities, price of
goods, and ages of women make good
news.
 • Emotion – All the other elements of
news mentioned above appeal to the
emotion. But the term emotion here
includes the various human responses
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS such as the innate desire for food,
clothing, shelter; the universal interest
in children, animals, and nature; and
the natural feeling of love, sympathy
and generosity, of fear, hatred, and
jealousy.
 1. SCOPE OR ORIGIN

• Local news – Report of events that take place

within the immediate locality.
TYPES OF • National news – News that takes place within
NEWS the country.
STORIES • Foreign news – News that takes place outside
the country.
• Dateline news – News preceded by the date
and place of origin or place where it was
written or filed: Tokyo, Jan. 20(AP)
 2. CHRONOLOGY OR SEQUENCE
• Advance or anticipated – News published before its
occurrence, sometimes called dope or prognostication. The
reporter foretells events expected to occur at a definite time in
the future.
TYPES OF • Spot news – News that is gathered and reporter on the spot. It
deals with unscheduled information demanding immediate
NEWS
publication. The reporter himself is an eyewitness to the event
STORIES
that took place.
• Coverage news – News written from a given beat. Both spot
news and coverage news are good examples of first-hand
reporting.
• Follow-up news – A sequel to a previous story. Having a new
lead of its own, it is a second, third or subsequent chapter of a
serial.
 3. STRUCTURE
• Straight News – News that consists of facts given straight
without embellishment. Its main aim is to inform. It uses
the summary lead and is written using the inverted pyramid
structure.
TYPES OF
NEWS • News-feature (Featurized news distinguished from a
STORIES feature article) – It is also based on facts, but it entertains
more than it informs. It uses the suspended interest
structure like the narrative; thus, it cannot meet the cut-off
test. In writing a news-feature, the writer may give his
impression, may describe and narrate, but without resorting
to biased opinion; i.e., without editorializing. The
reporter’s by-line usually appears with his story.
(1) Single-feature or one-incident story – The story deals with an
isolated event. A single fact is featured in the lead and is
explained further in the succeeding paragraphs. The story breaks
logically at every paragraph; thus enabling the reporter to cut or
lengthen it as space dictates.

(2) Several-feature, multiple-angled, or composite story – Several

facts are included in the lead in their order of importance. These
facts are elaborated one after the other in the body. The several-
feature story aims to draw together two or more divergent aspects
of related news items separately; the writer writes them in one big
story.
 4. TREATMENT
• Fact story – This is a plain exposition setting forth a single
situation or a series of closely related facts that inform. It is
written in the inverted pyramid design.
• Action story – A narrative of actions involving not mere
TYPES OF simple facts but also of dramatic events, description of
NEWS persons and events, perhaps testimony of witnesses, as well as
STORIES explanatory data. Sports games, competitions, accidents, and
war reports are examples of action stories.
• Speech report – A news story usually written from a public
address, talks, and speeches.
• Quote story – Speeches, statements, and letters, and to some
extent, interviews when reported, are regarded as quote
stories. All are based on recorded information, either written
or spoken, and transcribed by the reporter in the form of news.
 4. TREATMENT
• Interview story – A news report written from an
interview.
• Hard news– events, such as killings, city council
TYPES OF meetings and speeches by leading government
NEWS officials, are timely and are reported almost
STORIES
automatically by the media.
• Soft news – events, such as a lunch to honor a
retiring school custodian or a boy scouting
jamboree are not usually considered immediately
important or timely to a wide audience.
 4. CONTENT

• Routine story – celebrations,

enrollment, graduation, election
TYPES OF stories reported year in and year out.
NEWS
STORIES
• Police reports – accident, fire,
calamity, crime stories, etc.
• Science news
• Developmental news
• Sports stories
 5. MINOR FORMS

• News brief – A short item of news interest,

written like a brief telegraphic message, giving
mainly the result with details.
TYPES OF • News bulletin – It is similar to the lead of a
NEWS straight news story. Its aim is just to give the gist
STORIES
of the news.
• News-featurette – This is a short news feature
usually used as filler, e.g., “Quirks in the news.”
• Flash – A bulletin that conveys the first word of
an event.
NEWS GATHERING
1. Actual coverage of an event or happening
✓ being in the scene
✓ taking down notes
✓ observing behavior
2 . Interview for opinions, reactions, plans, programs
3. Writing from documents like speeches,
statements, research reports and other written
materials (“armchair journalists”)
HARD NEWS VS.
SOFT NEWS
CONSTRUCTION OF HARD NEWS

❑Lead paragraph: primary or more important

facts
❑Succeeding paragraphs: facts become less
important
❑Closing paragraph: least important facts
that can be deleted without ruining the story
CONSTRUCTION OF SOFT NEWS

❑Lead paragraph: least important facts

❑Succeeding paragraphs: facts become
more interesting
❑Closing paragraph: primary or most
important facts
THE INVERTED PYRAMID

❑ Straight news are written in the inverted pyramid

structure.
❑Important facts are placed in the opening
paragraphs, referred to as lead.
❑Details and background are placed in the succeeding
paragraphs in descending importance.
❑Traditionally, straight news answers the 5 “W’s” and
one “H”
FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE INVERTED
PYRAMID

1. Primary or main lead: a single paragraph which

may contain a maximum of five lines and which
may answer the four “W”s, what, where, when,
who
2. Secondary/support lead: may consist two
paragraphs that explain or compliment the
primary lead
FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE INVERTED
PYRAMID

3. Details or particulars: All available facts are presented,

particularly those that would answer the other “W”
(why) and one “H” (how).
4. Background: Relevant events are recounted and
incorporated in the background. Like a flashback, the
readers are given insight into the events preceding the
one that is being reported. When deleted from the story,
the news story can still stand.
Advantages of the traditional inverted pyramid

1. Facilitates reading
A busy reader needs to know the news at once.

2. Facilitates makeup or layout, design page

Layout artist should get immediately the more
important facts of the story as consideration for the page
design. Artist would also know what to strike out if the
space is limited.
Advantages of inverted pyramid

3. Facilitates headline writing

Just by reading the first few paragraphs,
the editor can easily prepare the headline of
the story.
Tips in Writing a Good lead paragraph
1.Use short simple declarative sentences.
2. Don’t try to say everything in one sentence, only the most
important facts. Break up long sentences. Remember that
one paragraph usually consists only of one complete
sentence.
3. Never use an important or unusual word twice in the same
sentence.
4. Avoid repetition of phrases, clauses and similar
grammatical constructions.
5. Be able to answer at least the four “W’S”.
Types of Lead

1. Who lead or name feature

RAMON S. ANG yesterday took full control of

conglomerate San Miguel Corp. (SMC) after its chair ,
Eduardo Cojouangco Jr. , sold a huge chunk of his
stake in the diversified firm to his hard-charging
protégé.
Types of Lead

2. What or event feature

PUBLIC education it seems will always be shackled
with dire lack of resources, from manpower to logistics
and infrastructures.
Types of Lead

3. How Lead (often used for unusual happenings and

action stories)

Left to starve in a shanty that served as his prison, an 8

year-old Burmese boy was kidnapped in Laguna
province on Friday was found abandoned yesterday
morning in Taytay, Rizal province, by agents of the
National Bureau of Investigation.
Types of Lead

4. Why Lead
To provide land to millions of landless peasants, President
Corazon Aquino signed a sweeping and controversial land
reform program.
5. When Lead (used if an event takes place at an unconventional
hour, or in making an announcement where the time is important to
the reader)
Tomorrow, July 30, is the last day for cash card application
from Pagibig.
Types of Lead

6. Where Lead: Used if an event takes place

Convalescent homes in Solano have been sites for beauty contests to choose
representatives to the fifth annual My Fair Lady Pageant. Contestants are
mostly in their 70s, 80s and 90s.
What questions will readers ask with these leads?
1. The school play “ Way Back Home” will be presented tomorrow twice.
2. The final meeting of the Homemakers Club will be held today, activity
period in room 210.
3. The Music Guild boasts a grand champion winner in last week’s
regional contest in Davao City.
4. The greatly anticipated event graduation to which the seniors have been
looking forward for so long, is just around the corner.
5. Two new drama groups have been organized this school year.
Possible Questions for the Weak Leads

1. When? At what hour? Where?

2. What is planned? Who planned it?
3. Who is the champion?
What honor did he win?
4. Where is it?
How will it be carried out?
Who will participate?
How many seniors will be there?
5. What are they?
Why were they formed?
 Campus Journalism
Training & Workshop
February 2 & 4, 2024
NEWS WRITING
Situation:
The clanging of the Alaminos City Fire
Department trucks one night attracted a
throng of spectators, among them is
Charmaine, eight years old and a Grade 2
pupil; Richmond, 15, a Grade 9 student,
Delia, a housewife, and Ben, an editor of a
local newspaper. They were asked to write
what they have witnessed during the
incident.
Charmaine wrote…

I saw a fire. It was a big red

fire. It burned a house. There
were many people around. Some
men put water into the fire.
Richmond wrote…

Fearful scarlet tongues arose to the

star-studded heavens and licked
greedily at the doomed edifice while
the brave firefighters risked their all to
quench the terrible conflagration.
Delia wrote…
I happened to see the most interesting
fire in our neighborhood last night. There
were many firetrucks called and they were
able to extinguish it, but it required much
effort. It probably cost the people who
owned the house a good deal of money.
The date was August 8. August is the
eight month. So I bet in the “jueteng” 8-8,
“Pompiang.”
Ben wrote…
A fire of undetermined origin razed
to the ground a three-storey apartment
of Christopher Salvador of 164-B Recto
St. last night.
Four fire companies subdued it
within an hour. The damage, estimated
at P100,000 was covered by insurance.
Who do you think wrote a news story?
• Charmaine wrote with childish simplicity;
• Richmond wrote with enthusiastic vividness and
lavish phraseology;
• Delia with adult dignity;
• Ben combined simplicity, vividness and dignity,
achieved clarity and compactness, the
outstanding qualities of newspaper style
WHAT IS
NEWS?
NEWS stands for…

N – North
E – East
W – West
S - South
So, what is NEWS?

• Information about current events printed in

newspapers or broadcast by media (Microsoft Encarta,
2009)

• Gives reader information that will have an impact on

them in some way

• Usually flows from most important to least important

continuation…
•Recent information

•Current events

•Somebody or something interesting

•Something previously unknown

 • Conflict –this may involve physical or
mental conflict – man versus man, man
versus animals, man versus nature, or
man versus himself.

• Immediacy or timeliness – This

ELEMENTS
OF NEWS element emphasizes the newest angle of
the story. The more recent the event, the
more interesting it is to the reader.

• Proximity or nearness – This may refer

to geographical nearness as well as to
nearness of kinship or interest.
 • Prominence – Some people are more
prominent than others by reasons of
wealth, social position, or
achievements.

ELEMENTS
OF NEWS
• Significance – Whatever is
significant to the life of an individual
is interesting to him.

• Names – Important names make

important news.
 • Drama – this adds color to the
story. The more picturesque the
background and the more dramatic the
actions are, the more appealing the
story is to the reader.
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS
• Oddity or unusualness – This refers to
strange or unnatural events, objects,
persons, and places. An odd story is
interesting not because of its news
value but because of the human-
interest side of it.
 • Sex – Since the dawn of history, sex has always
interested man. Stories of sex are usually related
to stories of romance, marriage, divorce, and the
varied activities of men with women. This is not
always the case

ELEMENTS • Progress – The onward and forward march of

OF NEWS
civilization or the progress of a country is
chronicled step by step in the newspaper. The
trend today is towards development
communication. Reports on the significant
changes in the established order and on scientific
achievements are in order.
 • Animals – Stories of animals,
especially those with talents are good
reading matter because of their human-
interest value.
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS

• Number – Sweepstakes numbers, vital

statistics, election results, scores in
games, casualties, fatalities, price of
goods, and ages of women make good
news.
 • Emotion – All the other elements of
news mentioned above appeal to the
emotion. But the term emotion here
includes the various human responses
ELEMENTS
OF NEWS such as the innate desire for food,
clothing, shelter; the universal interest
in children, animals, and nature; and
the natural feeling of love, sympathy
and generosity, of fear, hatred, and
jealousy.
Essential Qualities
of NEWS
Accuracy
Brevity
Clarity
Objectivity
Factual
Where to find NEWS?
Daily newspapers
News magazines
Teen magazines
Educational journals
Television
Internet
Open your eyes and ears
Qualities of a NEWS Writer

Aware

Alert

Can do multitasking

Must have a nose for NEWS

Must not be afraid of people

Must be able to finish the article on

time
 • Straight News – News that consists of facts
given straight without embellishment. Its
main aim is to inform. It uses the summary
lead and is written using the inverted pyramid
KINDS OF structure.
NEWS
(STRUCTURE)
• News-feature (Featurized news distinguished
from a feature article) – based on facts; writer
may give his impressions, may describe and
narrate without resorting to biased opinion
Structure of NEWS

Most Interesting or
most important
The inverted triangle
Least of news suggests that
Interesting or news be told in order of
least important most interesting or
important to least
interesting to least
important
How to write an effective NEWS article?

You must learn how to…

K – Keep
I - It
S – Short and
S - Simple
 Headline
Lead
What should be
included in a Secondary Lead
NEWS article? Nut Graf
Quotations
Other Details
The LEAD

The first paragraph: the most

The hook: arouses the
important part of the article,
readers’ interest.
summarizes the story.

Answers right away the

-Who, what, where, when,
most important questions:
why, and how
5W’s and 1H
 • There are two major kinds
of lead: the straight lead
and the novelty lead.

• Depending on the nature

of the story and its driving
news elements, a straight
lead can focus on one or
Writing the few of the six question
LEAD words.
The Summary/Conventional LEAD

5W’s and 1H Formula

Who What Where When Why How

Sample Data for a NEWS article
• Many students in PSU-ACC are getting bald early
• The PSU-ACC board had a meeting
• The meeting was held last night
• They ate chicharon during the meeting
• One of the causes of baldness might be the wearing of caps
• The board passed a resolution banning the wearing of hats in the
school
• The board voted 9-1in favor of the resolution
One STORY, Six Possible LEAD’s
• WHO Lead – used them when the person involved is more prominent than
what he does or what happens to him.

The school board passed a resolution last night banning the wearing of
caps in all school buildings.

Other Example:
President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. ushered Filipinos to a “Bagong
Pilipinas,” a call for the nation’s transformation aimed at serving the people.
WHAT Lead – used when the event or what took place is more important than
the person involved in the story.

Cap wearing was banned in all school buildings last night after the school
board passed a new resolution.

Other Example:
Regional Higher Press Conference (RHEPC) will be held in Vigan City,
Ilocos Sur on February 7-9, 2024.
WHERE Lead – used when the place is unique and no
prominent person is involved.

In Audio Visual Room last night, the campus board

passed a resolution to ban the wearing of caps in all school
buildings.

Other Example:
The Philippines will be the site of the next Miss
Universe pageant.
WHEN Lead – rarely used as the reader presumes the story
to be timely. However, this lead is useful when speaking of
deadlines, holidays, and important dates.

Last night, the school board passed a resolution to

ban the wearing of caps in all school buildings.

Other Example:
Today, the Campus Journalism Seminar and Workshop
is being conducted.
WHY Lead – used when the reason is more prominent or
unique than what happens.

Citing the pattern of early-onset baldness in PSU-

ACC students, the board last night passed a resolution
that restricts cap wearing all school buildings.
Other Example:
Because of poverty, around a hundred students
dropped out from school last year. This was learned from
PNU President Gloria Salandaan.
HOW Lead – used when the manner, the mode,
means or method of achieving the story is the
unnatural way.

By a 9-1 margin last night, the board passed a

resolution banning cap wearing inside the school
premises.
Other Example:
By appealing to the university board, the PSU-
Alaminos City Campus will be able to construct a
three-storey concrete building.
Guidelines in LEAD Writing
• Pack the most important information in one sentence
• Start with the most important unusual idea of the news
event
• Go direct to the point
• Rarely use the when and where leads
• Use less than 30 words
• Avoid starting sentences with articles a, an and the
• Do not mention the names in the lead unless it is well
known
The Body
• The details of the lead
• Arranged from most important to least important
• One sentence, one paragraph
• Sentences are generally less than 25 words
• Include quotations of at least two different people
• Do not mention names in the lead unless the person
is well-known
Tips for Writers
• Make sure your facts are accurate
• Keep your sentences short
• Use the SVO formula
• Be specific
• Avoid long and complex words
• Write in the third person
• Use adjective sparingly
• Do not editorialize
 The Headline

an assemblage of words written in

bigger, bolder letters than the it is not a title
usual page text at the beginning of
the news
 First, read the story
for general
meaning.
Tips in Writing
the Headline
Clues to the
headline are What happened?
usually in the Who did what?
How did if happen?
lead.
continuation…
• Use the shortest words possible. Examples
include:
cop – policeman
nab – arrest
mishap – accident
up – increase
down – decrease
thief - robber
continuation…
• Have a subject and a verb. Avoid starting with a verb; the
headline might sound as if it were giving orders.
Wrong: Revise money mart guidelines
Correct: Central Bank revises money mart guidelines

• Use the historical present tense if the verb is in the active voice.
Wrong: Rendon topped editorial tilt
Correct: Rendon tops editorial tilt
continuation…
• Omit the helping verb if the verb is in the passive voice. Only the
past participle is retained.
Wrong: Drug pushers are nabbed
Correct: Drug pushers nabbed

• Use the infinitive for future events.

Wrong: City Hall will punish anti-squatting drive
Correct: City Hall to punish anti-squatting drive
continuation…
• Do not use a period at the end of the headline.
• Omit articles (a, an, the).
Wrong: A fire hits Tondo slum area
Correct: Fire hits Tondo slum area

• Use a comma instead of “and” in writing headlines.

*Delays, confusion bug Asiad
*Lacson, Trillanes no show at SONA
continuation…
• Use only widely known abbreviations.
Wrong: JEE to play Santa this Christmas

• Just report the facts; do not editorialize.

• Wrong: Noy gives inspiring talks (The word “inspiring” is
just your opinion.)

• Be positive. Don't use negatives in headlines. They

weaken not only the headlines but also the stories.
Thank you for
listening!
 It’s writing time ☺
English: Write a short news story on this seminar-workshop
held today applying what you have learned.

Filipino: Sumulat ng isang maikling balita tungkol sa

ginaganap na seminar-workshop ngayon gamit ang iyong mga
natutunan.