Nozzle Parameters
Title of the paper Design
Nozzle Length Angle
Consideration
Smooth wall
contour with a
radius of
curvature equal
to 0.4 times the
radius of the
throat is
recommended
for enhance
thrust
performance and
The minimum length of the stable flow.
Rocket nozzles: 75
nozzle required varies A 15° diverging angle is
years of research
based on different values optimal for conical nozzles. Sharp corner
and development
of the expansion ratio. should be
avoided
downstream of
the throat to
maintain
performance
Contouring the
nozzle wall
minimizes thrust
loss.
With the increase of γ value,
For a given length of the expansion half angle β
nozzle, the nozzle contour and the exit area ratio of the
designed with a larger con-tour become smaller
New Contour Design specific heat ratio has a
Method for Rocket significantly smaller area
Nozzle of Large Area ratio, and the nozzle
Ratio performance is almost
iden-tical, which is very
beneficial to reduce the
nozzle weight.
Application of the A longer nozzle may allow
Method of for more expansion and very shallow angle lesser
Characteristics to acceleration of the gas, but than 15 degrees may not
Supersonic Nozzle it can also introduce provide sufficient expansion
Design and Its additional friction losses for the gas, leading to
Comparison with and potential flow suboptimal performance
CFD Analysis separation
The angle of divergence
Design of Rocket depends on the local Mach
Engine Nozzle Using number. Hence, the final
Method of local and maximum
Characteristics divergence angles crucially
determine the exit Mach
number
Increasing the
P0, Me firstly
increases and
then fluctuates
Numerical
after P0 exceeds
investigations on the
a certain critical
effect of total
value, finally it
pressure and nozzle
reaches the
divergent length on Me shows a downward
maximum value
the flow character trend with increasing Ld.
and maintains
and particle impact
stable. This
velocity in cold
phenomenon is
spraying
closely linked
with the flow
character inside
the nozzle.
Important aspect regarding
the minimum-length
nozzle is that its contour is
high-angle expansion section
made to absorb expansion
(20◦ to 50◦) downstream of properties such
A shape design waves instead of reflecting
the nozzle throat, followed by as the coefcient
optimization them. This means that the
a gradual reversal of the of thrust and the
methodology based flow near the wall will
nozzle contour slope so that specifc impulse
on the method neither expand nor
at the nozzle exit the can be analyzed
of characteristics compress, meaning its
divergence angle is small, to improve its
for rocket nozzles direction angle θ stays
avoiding major divergence performance
equal.
losses.
θ wall =θadj
Study of expansion
ratio on dual bell
nozzle of LOX-RP1
engine for replacing
the existing bell
nozzle to dual bell
nozzle
Expansion ratio
Ariane 5 around 50 was
Performance considered ideal
Optimization Using for most of the
Dual-Bell Nozzle practical
Extension applications
Higher
performance
needs a higher
area ratio; the
For a given length of aim area ratio is
nozzle, the nozzle contour 330 : 1
designed with a larger
New Contour Design
specific heat ratio has a An innovative
Method for Rocket
significantly smaller area nozzle extension
Nozzle of Large Area
ratio, and the nozzle section, which is
Ratio
performance is almost an extension
identical, which is very curve bent
beneficial to reduce the outward with the
nozzle weight. increasing
expansion angle
results in a 1.5s
gain of specific
impulse
The thrust generated
can increase by up to
18% when flow
separation inside the
overexpanding nozzle
is eliminated by
truncating it at a point
of separation. The
thrust generated by the
shortened nozzles
Under expanding nozzle is exceeds the theoretical
Performance
generally preferable than value. Lengthening the
Evaluation of Low nozzle while keeping
the overexpanding nozzle
Thrust Rocket the area ratio constant
since the drag and nonaxial does not significantly
Nozzles of Various
component of the gas alter the thrust
Geometries generated, which is
velocity are smaller. less than 2%, nor does
expanding the nozzle's
area ratio from 1.4 to
4. However, there is a
substantial 7%
reduction in thrust
when the optimal area
ratio nozzle is
truncated.
Rao’s Nozzle Configuration
A nozzle is designed by using three curves
1. An initial, large circle coming from the inlet to the throat
2. A smaller circle exiting the throat, and
3. A parabola to extend the approximated bell contour to the exit plane.
Nozzle Design Characteristics
Change in flow angle
dv
dθ=± √ M −1
2
v
Exterior Throat Curvature
Rt 0.75 × D t
Exit Diameter
De =
√ Area exit
A
¿ × Dt
The inflection angle or θnozzle should be from the coordinates (x,y) where
x=Rt sinθ nozzle
1
y= × Dt + Rt [1−cos θ nozzle ]
2
Length of Nozzle
Ln =
1
2
× [√ Area exit
A
¿ ] [
−1 D t + Rt
1
cos θ nozzle
−1
]
tanθ nozzle
π V exit
θnozzle = ×θ w where θ w =
180 max max
2
