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 Understanding Operating
Systems Seventh Edition

Ann McIver McHoes

Ida M. Flynn

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 Understanding Operating Systems, © 2014 Cengage Learning
Seventh Edition
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 Dedicated to two inspiring colleagues:
Ida Moretti Flynn, award-winning teacher and a wonderful
friend; her love for teaching lives on.
Bob Kleinmann, superb editor and soul mate – not in that order.
AMM

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 Contents
Part One Operating Systems Concepts 1

Chapter 1 Introducing Operating Systems 3

Introduction 4
What Is an Operating System? 4
Operating System Software 4
Main Memory Management 6
Processor Management 7
Device Management 7
File Management 8
Network Management 8
User Interface 9
Cooperation Issues 10
Cloud Computing 11
An Evolution of Computing Hardware 11
Types of Operating Systems 13
Brief History of Operating Systems Development 16
1940s 16
1950s 16
1960s 18
1970s 18
1980s 19
1990s 20
2000s 20
2010s 22
Design Considerations 23
Conclusion 23
Key Terms 24
Interesting Searches 25
Exercises 26

iv
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 Contents
Chapter 2 Memory Management: Simple Systems 29
Single-User Contiguous Scheme 30
Fixed Partitions 31
Dynamic Partitions 34
Best-Fit and First-Fit Allocation 36
Deallocation 41
Case 1: Joining Two Free Blocks 41
Case 2: Joining Three Free Blocks 42
Case 3: Deallocating an Isolated Block 43
Relocatable Dynamic Partitions 45
Conclusion 50
Key Terms 51
Interesting Searches 52
Exercises 52

Chapter 3 Memory Management: Virtual Memory Systems 59

Paged Memory Allocation 60
Demand Paging Memory Allocation 66
Page Replacement Policies and Concepts 71
First-In First-Out 71
Least Recently Used 73
Clock Replacement Variation 74
Bit Shifting Variation 75
The Mechanics of Paging 76
The Working Set 78
Segmented Memory Allocation 81
Segmented/Demand Paged Memory Allocation 84
Virtual Memory 87
Cache Memory 89
Conclusion 92
Key Terms 93
Interesting Searches 95
Exercises 96

Chapter 4 Processor Management 103

Overview 104
Definitions 104
About Multi-Core Technologies 106

v
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 Contents

Scheduling Submanagers 107

Process Scheduler 108
Job and Process States 110
Thread States 111
Control Blocks 112
Control Blocks and Queuing 114
Scheduling Policies 115
Scheduling Algorithms 116
First-Come, First-Served 116
Shortest Job Next 118
Priority Scheduling 119
Shortest Remaining Time 120
Round Robin 122
Multiple-Level Queues 125
Earliest Deadline First 127
Managing Interrupts 129
Conclusion 130
Key Terms 131
Interesting Searches 134
Exercises 134

Chapter 5 Process Management 139

Deadlock, Livelock, and Starvation 141
Deadlock 141
Seven Cases of Deadlock or Livelock 142
Necessary Conditions for Deadlock or Livelock 149
Modeling Deadlocks 150
Strategies for Handling Deadlocks 153
Starvation 161
Conclusion 163
Key Terms 164
Interesting Searches 165
Exercises 165

Chapter 6 Concurrent Processes 173

What Is Parallel Processing? 174
Levels of Multiprocessing 176
Introduction to Multi-Core Processors 176
Typical Multiprocessing Configurations 177
Master/Slave Configuration 177

vi
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 Contents
Loosely Coupled Configuration 178
Symmetric Configuration 179
Process Synchronization Software 180
Test-and-Set 181
WAIT and SIGNAL 182
Semaphores 182
Process Cooperation 185
Producers and Consumers 185
Readers and Writers 188
Concurrent Programming 189
Amdahl’s Law 190
Order of Operations 191
Applications of Concurrent Programming 193
Threads and Concurrent Programming 197
Two Concurrent Programming Languages 198
Ada 198
Java 199
Conclusion 202
Key Terms 202
Interesting Searches 204
Exercises 204

Chapter 7 Device Management 209

Types of Devices 210
Management of I/O Requests 211
I/O Devices in the Cloud 213
Sequential Access Storage Media 213
Direct Access Storage Devices 216
Magnetic Disk Storage 216
Access Times 218
Optical Disc Storage 227
CD and DVD Technology 229
Blu-ray Disc Technology 230
Solid State Storage 231
Flash Memory Storage 231
Solid State Drives 232
Components of the I/O Subsystem 233
Communication Among Devices 236
RAID 239
Level Zero 241
Level One 242
vii
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 Contents

Level Two 243

Level Three 243
Level Four 244
Level Five 244
Level Six 245
Nested RAID Levels 245
Conclusion 246
Key Terms 247
Interesting Searches 250
Exercises 250

Chapter 8 File Management 255

The File Manager 256
Interacting with the File Manager 259
Typical Volume Configuration 260
Introducing Subdirectories 261
File-Naming Conventions 263
File Organization 265
Record Format 265
Physical File Organization 266
Physical Storage Allocation 269
Contiguous Storage 270
Noncontiguous Storage 271
Indexed Storage 273
Access Methods 274
Sequential Access 274
Direct Access 275
Levels in a File Management System 276
Access Control Verification Module 278
Access Control Matrix 279
Access Control Lists 280
Capability Lists 281
Data Compression 281
Text Compression 282
Image and Sound Compression 283
Conclusion 283
Key Terms 284
Interesting Searches 286
Exercises 286

viii
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 Contents
Chapter 9 Network Organization Concepts 291
Basic Terminology 292
Network Topologies 294
Star 294
Ring 295
Bus 296
Tree 298
Hybrid 298
Network Types 299
Personal Area Network 299
Local Area Network 300
Metropolitan Area Network 300
Wide Area Network 301
Wireless Local Area Network 301
Software Design Issues 302
Addressing Conventions 302
Routing Strategies 303
Connection Models 305
Conflict Resolution 308
Transport Protocol Standards 312
OSI Reference Model 313
TCP/IP Model 316
Conclusion 319
Key Terms 320
Interesting Searches 321
Exercises 321

Chapter 10 Management of Network Functions 325

History of Networks 326
Comparison of Two Networking Systems 326
DO/S Development 330
Memory Management 330
Process Management 331
Device Management 336
File Management 339
Network Management 343
NOS Development 345
Important NOS Features 346
Major NOS Functions 346

ix
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 Contents

Conclusion 347
Key Terms 348
Interesting Searches 348
Exercises 349

Chapter 11 Security and Ethics 351

Role of the Operating System in Security 352
System Survivability 352
Levels of Protection 353
Backup and Recovery 354
Security Breaches 355
Unintentional Modifications 355
Intentional Attacks 355
System Protection 362
Antivirus Software 362
Firewalls 364
Authentication 365
Encryption 367
Password Management 368
Password Construction 368
Password Alternatives 370
Social Engineering 372
Ethics 373
Conclusion 374
Key Terms 375
Interesting Searches 376
Exercises 377

Chapter 12 System Management 379

Evaluating an Operating System 380
Cooperation Among Components 380
Role of Memory Management 381
Role of Processor Management 381
Role of Device Management 382
Role of File Management 384
Role of Network Management 385
Measuring System Performance 386
Measurement Tools 387
Feedback Loops 389

x
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 Contents
Patch Management 391
Patching Fundamentals 392
Software to Manage Deployment 395
Timing the Patch Cycle 395
System Monitoring 395
Conclusion 399
Key Terms 399
Interesting Searches 400
Exercises 400

Part Two Operating Systems in Practice 405

Chapter 13 UNIX Operating Systems 407

Brief History 408
The Evolution of UNIX 409
Design Goals 411
Memory Management 411
Process Management 413
Process Table Versus User Table 414
Synchronization 416
Device Management 419
Device Classifications 419
Device Drivers 421
File Management 422
File Naming Conventions 423
Directory Listings 424
Data Structures 426
User Interfaces 428
Script Files 429
Redirection 429
Pipes 431
Filters 431
Additional Commands 433
Conclusion 436
Key Terms 436
Interesting Searches 437
Exercises 437

xi
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 Contents

Chapter 14 Windows Operating Systems 441

Brief History 442
Design Goals 444
Extensibility 444
Portability 444
Reliability 445
Compatibility 446
Performance 446
Memory Management 447
User Mode Features 448
Virtual Memory Implementation 448
Processor Management 450
Device Management 452
File Management 456
Network Management 459
MS-NET 459
Directory Services 460
Security Management 461
Security Concerns 462
Security Terminology 463
User Interface 464
Conclusion 467
Key Terms 467
Interesting Searches 469
Exercises 469

Chapter 15 Linux Operating Systems 473

Brief History 474
Design Goals 475
Memory Management 477
Processor Management 479
Organization of Process Table 480
Process Synchronization 480
Process Management 480
Device Management 482
Device Classifications 482
Device Drivers 483
Device Classes 484

xii
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