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All SQL Commands List with Example

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE
1 SELECT Retrieves data from one or more tables.
condition;
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2)
2 INSERT Adds new records to a table.
VALUES (value1, value2);
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2
3 UPDATE Modifies existing records in a table.
= value2 WHERE condition;
4 DELETE Removes records from a table. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Creates a new database object such as a table or CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype,
5 CREATE
index. column2 datatype);
Modifies an existing database object, such as a table ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name
6 ALTER
structure. datatype;
7 DROP Deletes an existing database object. DROP TABLE table_name;
Removes all records from a table, but not the table
8 TRUNCATE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
itself.
ALTER TABLE old_table_name RENAME TO
9 RENAME Renames a database object.
new_table_name;
10 GRANT Gives a user permission to access a database object. GRANT permission ON object TO user;
11 REVOKE Removes access permissions from a user. REVOKE permission ON object FROM user;
Saves all changes made during the current
12 COMMIT COMMIT;
transaction.
Undoes changes made during the current
13 ROLLBACK ROLLBACK;
transaction.
Sets a save point within a transaction to which you
14 SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
can roll back.
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ
15 SET TRANSACTION Sets the properties of a transaction.
COMMITTED;
16 SELECT DISTINCT Retrieves unique values from a column. SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;
Counts the number of records that meet a specified SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name
17 COUNT
condition. WHERE condition;
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name
18 SUM Calculates the sum of values in a column.
WHERE condition;
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
19 AVG Calculates the average of values in a column.
WHERE condition;
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name
20 MAX Retrieves the maximum value in a column.
WHERE condition;
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name
21 MIN Retrieves the minimum value in a column.
WHERE condition;
Groups rows that have the same values into SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name
22 GROUP BY
summary rows. GROUP BY column_name;
Specifies a search condition for a group or an SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name
23 HAVING
aggregate function. GROUP BY column_name HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER
24 ORDER BY Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.
BY column1 ASC, column2 DESC;
25 LIMIT Limits the number of rows returned in a result set. SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10;
Specifies the starting point from which to return rows
26 OFFSET SELECT * FROM table_name OFFSET 5;
in a result set.
Retrieves rows from a result set after a specified SELECT * FROM table_name OFFSET 5 ROWS
27 FETCH
number of rows have been returned. FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY;
Combines the results of two or more SELECT SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION SELECT
28 UNION
statements. column2 FROM table2;
Retrieves rows that appear in both result sets of two SELECT column1 FROM table1 INTERSECT SELECT
29 INTERSECT
SELECT statements. column2 FROM table2;
Retrieves rows that appear in the first result set but
SELECT column1 FROM table1 EXCEPT SELECT
30 EXCEPT not in the second result set of two SELECT
column2 FROM table2;
statements.
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name
31 LIKE Used to search for a specified pattern in a column.
LIKE 'pattern';

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
Specifies multiple values for a column in a WHERE SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name
32 IN
clause. IN (value1, value2, ...);
Retrieves rows where a value falls within a specified SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name
33 BETWEEN
range. BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Checks for the existence of rows in a subquery SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE EXISTS
34 EXISTS
result. (SELECT * FROM another_table WHERE condition);
35 NOT Negates a condition in a WHERE clause. SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name >
36 ALL Compares a value to every value in a result set.
ALL (SELECT column_name FROM another_table);
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name >
37 ANY/SOME Compares a value to any value in a result set.
ANY (SELECT column_name FROM another_table);
Combines rows from two or more tables based on a SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.
38 JOIN
related column between them. column_name = table2.column_name;
Retrieves all records from the left table and the SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.
39 LEFT JOIN
matched records from the right table. column_name = table2.column_name;
Retrieves all records from the right table and the SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.
40 RIGHT JOIN
matched records from the left table. column_name = table2.column_name;
Retrieves all records when there is a match in either SELECT * FROM table1 FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.
41 FULL JOIN
the left or right table. column_name = table2.column_name;
42 CROSS JOIN Returns the Cartesian product of two tables. SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
Combines the results of two or more SELECT SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION ALL SELECT
43 UNION ALL
statements, including duplicates. column2 FROM table2;
SELECT column_name, CASE WHEN condition THEN
44 CASE Adds conditional logic to a query.
value1 ELSE value2 END FROM table_name;
SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE
45 SUBQUERY A query nested within another query. column_name = (SELECT column_name FROM
another_table WHERE condition);
Opposite of EXISTS; checks for the absence of rows SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT EXISTS
46 NOT EXISTS
in a subquery result. (SELECT * FROM another_table WHERE condition);
Creates an index on a table column for faster data CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name
47 CREATE INDEX
retrieval. (column_name);
48 DROP INDEX Deletes an index from a table. DROP INDEX index_name;
Defines a column (or columns) that uniquely CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype
49 PRIMARY KEY
identifies each record in a table. PRIMARY KEY, column2 datatype);
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype,
Establishes a link between two tables, ensuring
50 FOREIGN KEY column2 datatype, FOREIGN KEY (column2)
referential integrity.
REFERENCES another_table(column_name));
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype,
51 UNIQUE Ensures that all values in a column are distinct.
column2 datatype, UNIQUE (column1));
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype
52 CHECK Enforces constraints on column values.
CHECK (condition), column2 datatype);
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
Specifies that changes to a parent table's rows will constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)
53 CASCADE
propagate to related child table rows. REFERENCES another_table(column_name) ON
DELETE CASCADE;
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
Sets foreign key columns to NULL when a parent row constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)
54 SET NULL
is deleted. REFERENCES another_table(column_name) ON
DELETE SET NULL;
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
Specifies that no action is taken when a parent row is constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)
55 NO ACTION
deleted. REFERENCES another_table(column_name) ON
DELETE NO ACTION;
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
Prevents the deletion of a parent row if any child constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)
56 RESTRICT
rows exist. REFERENCES another_table(column_name) ON
DELETE RESTRICT;
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype
57 DEFAULT Specifies a default value for a column.
DEFAULT default_value, column2 datatype);

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
Returns the first non-null value in a list of SELECT COALESCE(column_name1, column_name2,
58 COALESCE
expressions. 'default_value') FROM table_name;
Compares two expressions and returns NULL if they SELECT NULLIF(expression1, expression2) FROM
59 NULLIF
are equal; otherwise, returns the first expression. table_name;
SELECT column1, column2, SUM(column3) FROM
60 ROLLUP Generates subtotals for a specified group of columns.
table_name GROUP BY ROLLUP (column1, column2);
Generates subtotals and grand totals for all SELECT column1, column2, SUM(column3) FROM
61 CUBE
combinations of specified columns. table_name GROUP BY CUBE (column1, column2);
Assigns a unique sequential integer to each row in a SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY
62 ROW_NUMBER
result set. column_name) AS row_num, * FROM table_name;
Assigns a unique integer to each distinct row in a SELECT DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY
63 DENSE_RANK
result set, with no gaps in the ranking. column_name) AS rank, * FROM table_name;
Divides a result set into a specified number of SELECT NTILE(4) OVER (ORDER BY column_name)
64 NTILE
roughly equal groups or "tiles." AS tile_num, * FROM table_name;
SELECT column_name, LEAD(column_name, 1) OVER
Accesses data from a subsequent row within the
65 LEAD (ORDER BY column_name) AS next_value FROM
same result set.
table_name;
SELECT column_name, LAG(column_name, 1) OVER
Accesses data from a previous row within the same
66 LAG (ORDER BY column_name) AS prev_value FROM
result set.
table_name;
Concatenates the values of string expressions and SELECT STRING_AGG(column_name, ', ') AS
67 STRING_AGG
separates them with a specified delimiter. concatenated_values FROM table_name;
Removes all records from a table quickly and
68 TRUNCATE TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
efficiently, without logging individual row deletions.
69 SHOW TABLES Displays a list of tables in the current database. SHOW TABLES;
Provides information about the structure of a table,
70 DESCRIBE DESCRIBE table_name;
including column names, data types, and constraints.
71 CREATE DATABASE Creates a new database. CREATE DATABASE database_name;
72 DROP DATABASE Deletes an existing database. DROP DATABASE database_name;
Specifies the database to be used for subsequent
73 USE USE database_name;
queries.
Creates a virtual table based on the result of a CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1,
74 CREATE VIEW
SELECT query. column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;
75 DROP VIEW Deletes an existing view. DROP VIEW view_name;
ALTER VIEW view_name AS SELECT new_column1,
76 ALTER VIEW Modifies an existing view definition. new_column2 FROM table_name WHERE
new_condition;
Creates an index on a table to improve query CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name
77 INDEX
performance. (column_name);
Creates a unique index to enforce uniqueness on CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name
78 UNIQUE INDEX
one or more columns. (column_name);
Provides information about how a SELECT statement EXPLAIN SELECT column1, column2 FROM
79 EXPLAIN
will be executed. table_name WHERE condition;
Analyzes and collects statistics about the distribution
80 ANALYZE ANALYZE table_name;
of data in tables.
Reclaims storage occupied by dead tuples and frees
81 VACUUM VACUUM table_name;
space for reuse.
CHECK Verifies that data in a table satisfies specified ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
82
CONSTRAINT conditions. constraint_name CHECK (condition);
UNIQUE Ensures that values in a column or a group of ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
83
CONSTRAINT columns are unique. constraint_name UNIQUE (column_name);
PRIMARY KEY Defines a column (or columns) as the primary key for ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
84
CONSTRAINT a table. constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column_name);
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
FOREIGN KEY
85 Establishes a relationship between two tables. constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)
CONSTRAINT
REFERENCES referenced_table (referenced_column);
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
DEFAULT
86 Specifies a default value for a column. constraint_name DEFAULT default_value FOR
CONSTRAINT
column_name;

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All SQL Commands List with Example

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
NOT NULL ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name
87 Ensures that a column cannot contain NULL values.
CONSTRAINT datatype NOT NULL;
88 GRANT PRIVILEGES Gives users specific privileges on database objects. GRANT privilege ON object TO user;
REVOKE
89 Revokes previously granted privileges from users. REVOKE privilege ON object FROM user;
PRIVILEGES
90 CREATE USER Creates a new database user. CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
91 DROP USER Deletes an existing database user. DROP USER username;
ALTER USER username IDENTIFIED BY
92 ALTER USER Modifies the properties of an existing database user.
'new_password';
93 SET PASSWORD Changes the password for a database user. SET PASSWORD FOR username = 'new_password';
Prevents other sessions from accessing or modifying
94 LOCK TABLE LOCK TABLE table_name IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;
a table.
95 UNLOCK TABLE Releases a lock on a table. UNLOCK TABLES;
BEGIN
96 Starts a new transaction. BEGIN TRANSACTION;
TRANSACTION
COMMIT Saves all changes made during the current
97 COMMIT;
TRANSACTION transaction.
ROLLBACK Undoes changes made during the current
98 ROLLBACK;
TRANSACTION transaction.
RELEASE
99 Removes a savepoint from the current transaction. RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
SAVEPOINT
DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR SELECT
100 DECLARE CURSOR Declares a cursor to retrieve rows from a result set. column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE
condition;
Opens a cursor to begin fetching rows from the result
101 OPEN CURSOR OPEN cursor_name;
set.
FETCH NEXT FROM cursor_name INTO @variable1,
102 FETCH CURSOR Retrieves rows from the result set through a cursor.
@variable2;
103 CLOSE CURSOR Closes a cursor and releases associated resources. CLOSE cursor_name;
DEALLOCATE
104 Removes a cursor definition from memory. DEALLOCATE cursor_name;
CURSOR
SET TRANSACTION SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ
105 Sets the isolation level for a transaction.
ISOLATION LEVEL COMMITTED;
SHOW Displays information about active database
106 SHOW PROCESSLIST;
PROCESSLIST connections and their status.
107 KILL Terminates a database connection. KILL connection_id;
Displays the current values of MySQL server system
108 SHOW VARIABLES SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'variable_name';
variables.
109 SHOW STATUS Retrieves server status variables. SHOW STATUS LIKE 'variable_name';
Modifies the value of a session variable or system
110 SET SET session_variable = value;
variable.
Resets the value of a session variable to its default
111 RESET RESET session_variable;
value.
Flushes various changes to disk and reloads
112 FLUSH FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
configuration files.
Analyzes and stores key distribution statistics for a
113 ANALYZE TABLE ANALYZE TABLE table_name;
table.
Checks the integrity of table data, indexes, and table
114 CHECK TABLE CHECK TABLE table_name;
structure.
115 REPAIR TABLE Repairs a corrupted table. REPAIR TABLE table_name;
Reorganizes table data to reduce storage space and
116 OPTIMIZE TABLE OPTIMIZE TABLE table_name;
improve performance.
BACKUP DATABASE database_name TO
117 BACKUP DATABASE Creates a backup of a database.
'backup_location';
RESTORE RESTORE DATABASE database_name FROM
118 Restores a database from a backup.
DATABASE 'backup_location';
119 SHOW GRANTS Displays the privileges granted to a user or role. SHOW GRANTS FOR user_name;

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
SHOW CREATE
120 Generates the SQL statement used to create a table. SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
TABLE
121 SHOW INDEXES Displays information about indexes on a table. SHOW INDEXES FROM table_name;
SHOW TABLE
122 Retrieves information about tables in a database. SHOW TABLE STATUS;
STATUS
123 SHOW TRIGGERS Displays information about triggers in a database. SHOW TRIGGERS;
Retrieves information about scheduled events in a
124 SHOW EVENTS SHOW EVENTS;
database.
SHOW PROCEDURE Displays information about stored procedures in a
125 SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS;
STATUS database.
SHOW FUNCTION Retrieves information about stored functions in a
126 SHOW FUNCTION STATUS;
STATUS database.
SHOW CHARACTER Displays available character sets supported by the
127 SHOW CHARACTER SET;
SET server.
Retrieves information about collations supported by
128 SHOW COLLATION SHOW COLLATION;
the server.
129 SHOW DATABASES Lists all databases on the server. SHOW DATABASES;
Displays the last warning message generated by the
130 SHOW WARNINGS SHOW WARNINGS;
server.
Displays the last error message generated by the
131 SHOW ERRORS SHOW ERRORS;
server.
132 SHOW PRIVILEGES Retrieves available server privileges. SHOW PRIVILEGES;
SHOW FULL
133 Displays detailed information about active threads. SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST;
PROCESSLIST
SHOW GLOBAL
134 Displays global server status variables. SHOW GLOBAL STATUS;
STATUS
SHOW SLAVE
135 Retrieves information about replication slave status. SHOW SLAVE STATUS;
STATUS
SHOW MASTER Displays information about the binary log on the
136 SHOW MASTER STATUS;
STATUS master server.
SHOW VARIABLES
137 Filters server variables based on a pattern. SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'pattern';
LIKE
SHOW BINARY
138 Lists binary log files on the server. SHOW BINARY LOGS;
LOGS
Displays information about storage engines
139 SHOW ENGINE SHOW ENGINE engine_name STATUS;
supported by the server.
140 SHOW ENGINES Retrieves a list of available storage engines. SHOW ENGINES;
SHOW FUNCTION
141 Displays the source code of a stored function. SHOW FUNCTION CODE function_name;
CODE
142 SHOW GRANTS FOR Retrieves the privileges granted to a user or role. SHOW GRANTS FOR user_name;
143 SHOW INDEX FROM Displays information about indexes on a table. SHOW INDEX FROM table_name;
SHOW INNODB Retrieves detailed information about the InnoDB
144 SHOW INNODB STATUS;
STATUS storage engine.
145 REPAIR Repairs a corrupted table. REPAIR TABLE table_name;
Reorganizes table data to reduce storage space and
146 OPTIMIZE OPTIMIZE TABLE table_name;
improve performance.
BACKUP DATABASE database_name TO
147 BACKUP Creates a backup of a database.
'backup_location';
RESTORE DATABASE database_name FROM
148 RESTORE Restores a database from a backup.
'backup_location';
Defines a trigger, which is a set of SQL statements
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name BEFORE INSERT
149 CREATE TRIGGER that automatically "fires" when a specified event
ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN ... END;
occurs in a table.
150 DROP TRIGGER Deletes an existing trigger. DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
151 DISABLE TRIGGER Disables a trigger, preventing it from firing. DISABLE TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name;
152 ENABLE TRIGGER Enables a previously disabled trigger. ENABLE TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name;
SHOW CREATE Generates the SQL statement used to create a
153 SHOW CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name;
TRIGGER trigger.

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All SQL Commands List with Example

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Sl No Command Description Syntax
154 SHOW INDEX Displays information about indexes on a table. SHOW INDEX FROM table_name;
SHOW MASTER
155 Lists the binary log files on the master server. SHOW MASTER LOGS;
LOGS
SHOW SLAVE Lists the slave servers connected to the master
156 SHOW SLAVE HOSTS;
HOSTS server.
SHOW STORAGE Displays information about storage engines
157 SHOW STORAGE ENGINES;
ENGINES supported by the server.

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