Assignment 2

Applied DC&AC machines

Alzahraa ali mohamed abd elhamed

DR. sayed mohamed

Eng.ola sultan

Id: 20241660
 Task No. 01

1. A 3-phase, 10 HP squirrel cage induction motor is wound for 6

poles. When the motor is connected to 380 V, 50 Hz supply, at full-
load, it operates at 4% slip.
Determine
• Determine the full-load speed of the motor.
• Calculate the full-load torque in Newton-metre.
• Find the frequency of the rotor current under this condition.
• Determine the speed of rotation of the stator MMF.
• Plot and explain the torque-speed characteristic.
 2. As an engineer at a manufacturing facility, you are responsible for
selecting and recommending appropriate motors and starting
methods for various applications in the factory. The facility uses a
variety of machines, including small appliances, fans, pumps, and
large industrial conveyors, all powered by induction motors. To
ensure smooth and efficient operation, you need to determine the
most suitable starting methods for both single-phase and three-
phase induction motors, considering their application and
performance requirements
Selecting appropriate motors and starting methods requires a clear
understanding of the nature of the applications and performance
requirements for each type of motor in use
Types of Motors Used in the Facility

Single-Phase Induction Motors Three-Phase Induction Motors:

• Typically used in small appliances • Used for heavy industrial
such as fans and domestic pumps. applications like conveyors and large
• Easy to install but offer lower pumps.
torque compared to three-phase • Provide higher efficiency and torque,
motors. making them ideal for demanding
applications.
 1.Starting Methods
1,Single-Phase Motors:

Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starting:

• Suitable for small motors that do not require high starting current.
• The motor is directly connected to the supply.
• Simple and cost -effective
Capacitor-start motors: Uses a capacitor to create a phase shift, improving
starting torque. Common for applications requiring moderate starting torque,
such as small fans or pumps.

Split-phase motors: Similar to capacitor-start, but uses a different winding

configuration for phase splitting. Less efficient than capacitor-start.
Three-Phase Motors

Direct-on-line (DOL) starting:

Simple and cost-effective, but causes high inrush current and torque.
Suitable only for smaller three-phase motors or applications where high
inrush current is acceptable.
Star-Delta starting:
Reduces starting current by initially connecting the motor windings in a star
configuration, then switching to delta after the motor reaches a certain speed.
A good compromise between simplicity and reduced starting current.
Soft starters:
Electronic devices that gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor,
minimizing inrush current and torque. Offer smooth starting and reduced
mechanical stress
Suitable for large pumps and heavy machinery to minimize impact on the
network.
Autotransformer starting:
Uses an autotransformer to reduce the voltage applied to the motor during
starting, significantly reducing inrush current. More complex and expensive
than star-delta, but better for larger motors.
This method has: advantages (low power loss, less radiated heat),
disadvantages (low starting current and torque).
For large machines (over 25hp) this method is often used. It can be used for
both Y and ∆ connected motors.

3. performance requirements
1. Single-Phase Induction Motors
Applications:
• Small appliances such as fans and pumps.

• Light to medium loads that do not require high torque.

Requirements:
1. High Starting Torque:
o Capacitor Start is used as the capacitor improves starting torque.

2. Economical Operation:
o Direct-On-Line (DOL) can be used for applications with

relatively low starting current.

3. Continuous Operation:
o Motors must be selected for their ability to handle heat and stress.

2. Three-Phase Induction Motors

Applications:
• Heavy industrial applications such as conveyors and large pumps.

• Applications requiring high efficiency and precise speed control.

Requirements:
1. Reduced Starting Current:
o Star-Delta Starter: Ideal for light or medium loads during startup.

o It reduces the electrical shock on the network.

2. Precise Speed and Performance Control:
o Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs):

▪ Used when precise speed control or varying loads are

required, such as conveyors that operate at different speeds

depending on production needs.
▪ Reduce energy consumption when full speed is unnecessary.

3. High Starting Torque:

o Rotor Resistance Starter:

▪ Used for heavy loads like large pumps or compressors.

▪ Provides additional control for starting torque and reduces

starting current.
4. Smooth Startup and Network Protection:
o Soft Starter:

▪ Suitable for large pumps requiring minimized impact on

pipelines or the network.

▪ Gradually increases voltage to avoid a sudden inrush of

current.
 3. You are working as an engineer in a manufacturing plant that uses
a variety of induction motors for different industrial applications,
including conveyor systems, pumps, and fans. The plant faces
challenges in maintaining precise control over the speed of these
motors due to varying load conditions and operational requirements.
Your manager has tasked you with Determine the most suitable speed
control methods for these induction motors to ensure efficient
performance and energy savings

An induction motor is practically a constant speed motor, that means, for the
entire loading range, change in speed of the motor is quite small.
in case of Induction motors, speed reduction is accompanied by a
corresponding loss of efficiency and poor power factor. As induction motors
are widely being used, their speed control may be required in many
applications.

Induction Motor Speed Control From Stator Side

1. By Changing The Applied Voltage:

if supplied voltage is decreased, the developed torque decreases.
Hence, for providing the same load torque, the slip increases with
decrease in voltage, and consequently, the speed decreases. This
method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used, because

1. large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in

speed.
2. large change in supply voltage will result in a large change in flux
density, hence, this will disturb the magnetic conditions of the motor.

2. By changing the appliecation frequency

the synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency.
Actual speed of an induction motor ,
this method is not widely used. It may be used where, the induction
motor is supplied by a dedicated generator (so that frequency can be
easily varied by changing the speed of prime mover). Also, at lower
 frequency, the motor current may become too high due to decreased
reactance. And if the frequency is increased beyond the rated value, the
maximum torque developed falls while the speed rises.

3. Changing the number of stator poles

it can be seen that synchronous speed (and hence, running speed) can be
changed by changing the number of stator poles. This method is generally
used for squirrel cage induction motors, as squirrel cage rotor adapts itself
for any number of stator poles. Change in stator poles is achieved by two or
more independent stator windings wound for different number of poles in
same slots.

For example, a stator is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles
and other for 6 poles.
for supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected,
Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 RPM
ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected,
Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM
 4. Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs).

A variable frequency drive (VFD) is an electronic device that controls the

speed of AC induction motors

• VFDs reduce energy consumption by adjusting motor speed to actual

demand.
• Provides precise speed adjustments for variable load conditions.
• Soft starting and stopping reduce mechanical wear and tear.
• Adaptable to a wide range of applications, from heavy loads to light-duty
operations.

Speed Control From Rotor Side

1. Rotor Rheostat Control

This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor.
But this method is only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external
resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.

2. By injecting emf in rotor circuit

In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a voltage
in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have
same frequency as of the slip frequency. However, there is no restriction to the
phase of injected emf. If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the
rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf which is
in phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease. Thus, by
changing the phase of injected emf, speed can be controlled. The main
advantage of this method is a wide rage of speed control (above normal as well
as below normal) can be achieved. The emf can be injected by various methods
such as Kramer system, Scherbius system

1Equivalent circuit of induction motor with injected EMF in rotor circuit

4. No-load and blocked rotor test were performed on a 400 V, 3-phase
delta-connected inductions motor and the following results were
obtained: • No-load test: 400 V; 2.5A; 600 W • Blocked-rotor test: 200 V;
12.5 A; 1500 W Tsks:
• Determine the energy (working) component and magnetizing
component of the no-load current.
• Calculate the no-load power factor, exciting resistance, and
reactance per phase referred to the stator side, assuming friction
and windage losses are 180 W. 3
• Carry out open and short circuit tests to determine the
equivalent resistance and reactance of the motor referred to the
stator side.
• Calculate the current and power factor under short circuit
conditions with the normal rated voltage of 400 V, assuming the
stator winding resistance per phase is 5 Ω.
5. A 4 poles, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 400 V inductions motor has a delta
connected stator and a star connected rotor. Each phase of rotor winding
carries one-fourth of the number of turns on each phase of stator
winding. The full load speed is 1455 rpm, the rotor resistance is 0.3 ohm,
and rotor standstill reactance is 1 ohm per phase. The stator and rotor
windings are similar. Stator losses equal 100 W. Friction and wind-age
losses are equal to 50 W.
Calculate:
• The blocked rotor voltage per phase.
• The rotor current per phase at full load.
• The total power input at full load.
• The power loss at full load.
• The efficiency of the motor
6 As a member of a team tasked with developing a renewable energy system for a
remote area, your role involves designing a wind turbine-powered electricity
generation setup. To ensure optimal performance under fluctuating wind speeds, it
is crucial to select the most appropriate type of induction generator. Your objective
is to assess the features of different types of induction generators and justify the
application of the most appropriate one for this scenario.

Wind turbines play a crucial role in harnessing the power of wind,

converting it into electrical energy. This conversion process is
facilitated by the generator embedded within the wind turbine. The type
of the generator significantly impacts the overall performance,
efficiency, and reliability of the turbine system.
Asynchronous (Induction) Generators:
Asynchronous generators, also known as induction generators, are
predominantly used in wind turbines due to their robustness, cost-
effectiveness, and ability to generate reactive power to support the grid.
They operate at variable speed, which allows for better adaptation to
changing wind speeds. However, they require reactive power from the
grid to generate electricity, leading to inefficiencies under certain
operating conditions.
There are two types of asynchronous generators:
❖ squirrel cage induction generators (SCIGs) :

SCIGs are most commonly used because of their simplicity and

ruggedness, but they lack the variable speed capabilities
In squirrel cage induction generators, magnetic field is created by the
reactive power absorbed from a shunt capacitor bank connected across
the generator terminals or from the grid. A residual voltage produced
from the residual magnetism in the rotor circuit drives the capacitor
current, resulting in the voltage build up .
 When the reactive power of an induction generator is supplied by a
capacitor bank, it is also known as the self-excited induction generator
(SEIG)
The squirrel cage induction generator is directly connected to the grid
through a soft starter and a transformer as shown in figure 5. The soft-
starter limit the induction generator inrush current by means of a
bypass switch that delay the connection to the grid by some few
seconds or transient period . A capacitor bank is connected to the
generator terminal to compensate for the reactive power
supplied by the grid.

The advantages of the (SCIG)

• includes low cost
• high reliability,
• maintenance and operational simplicity,
• rugged construction,
• brushless operation,
• protection against overloads and short circuits
The disadvantage of the (SCIG)
• is that its operating range is limited,
• it cannot operate as a variable speed generator.
• fixed capacitor alone cannot provide the required reactive power
needed at all possible speed and loading conditions
 SCIG is not ideal for modern wind energy systems that require
efficiency and adaptability to variable wind speeds.

❖ wound rotor induction generators (WRIGs) :

WRIGs are less common but can operate over a range of speeds.
The wound rotor induction generator can be configured in two ways :
they are: the resistive control wound rotor induction generatorand
the double fed induction generator. In the resistive control method,
the stator winding is connected to the grid through a soft starter .
The rotor winding is connected to an external resistor. The external
resistance can be adjusted to achieve a variable- speed operation of up
to 10% above the synchronous speed because the slip of the induction
generator can be controlled by the use of the external resistance. The
speed control depends on the rating of the external resistance. As the
speed increases, the reactive power increases and an
additional reactive power compensation will be required The resistive
control WRIG .
 Although limited for wider applications, the WRIG has a wider range
of speeds above synchronous speed when compared to the squirrel cage
induction generator. However, its efficiency is reduced because much
of the rotor energy is dissipated in the external resistance
WRIG is suitable for systems with moderate speed variation but lacks
the flexibility and efficiency needed for high-performance wind systems.

❖ the doubly-fed method.

In this method, both the rotor and stator supply the output power hence it is
also called a double fed induction generator (DFIG). The stator winding is
connected to the grid directly while its rotor winding is connected to the grid
through a power electronic back-to-back or AC - DC - AC converter .
It operates at variable speed of about ±30% of the synchronous speed , and
supply voltage at constant frequency.
The converter on the tor side controls the generator active and reactive
power, while the grid side converter controls the DC-Link voltage to control
the variable speed . The double fed induction generator can tolerate high
fault current because the fault current can be diverted to a crowbar protection
circuit. The DFIG is very efficient, it has the ability to deliver its maximum
power in super synchronous speeds and sub synchronous speeds . It is widely
used in wind farms.

It provides the optimal balance between efficiency, operational flexibility,

and adaptability to changes in environmental conditions. Despite the high
initial cost, the long-term benefits in terms of energy efficiency and system
stability make this the most suitable option.
DFIG is an excellent choice for large-scale grid-connected wind farms due to
its efficiency and ability to handle variable wind speeds.
the most appropriate one for this scenario
: For grid-connected systems with budget constraints, DFIG is a strong
contender due to its cost-effectiveness and flexibility in handling variable
wind speeds
It provides the optimal balance between efficiency, operational flexibility,
and adaptability to changes in environmental conditions. Despite the high
initial cost, the long-term benefits in terms of energy efficiency and system
stability make this the most suitable option.
7 . As an engineer, you are responsible for choosing an induction
generator for a new industrial facility that operates with fluctuating
load demands. The facility requires a dependable and efficient
generator to optimize energy production while minimizing costs. Your
task is to assess the efficiency of multiple available induction generators
and recommend the most suitable option to meet the facility's
operational requirements

1. Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG):

Efficiency:
• Moderate Efficiency: SCIGs are known for their simplicity and
reliability, but their efficiency tends to decrease significantly at partial
load. The efficiency of these generators is generally lower than that of
WRIGs or DFIGs, particularly under variable load conditions, due to the
lack of external control of the rotor resistance or voltage.
• Constant Speed Operation: SCIGs require a constant speed to operate
efficiently, which may be a disadvantage in fluctuating load conditions
where speed variations are more common.
Variable Load Conditions:
• Limited Suitability: SCIGs are less suited for applications with highly
variable loads because they cannot adjust the rotor speed to match
load changes. They tend to operate at a fixed speed and require
constant excitation for stable operation. Fluctuating loads can lead to
decreased performance and may affect grid stability.
Applications:
• Wind Power Generation: SCIGs are commonly used in small-scale or
older wind turbine systems.
• Small to Medium Industrial Loads: SCIGs can be used in industrial
settings where load variability is minimal and the requirement for grid
support is not critical.
2. Wound Rotor Induction Generator (WRIG):
Efficiency:
• Higher Efficiency than SCIGs: WRIGs are generally more efficient than
SCIGs under varying load conditions because they allow for external
control of the rotor circuit through slip rings. This helps in reducing
losses, especially under partial load.
• Variable Resistance Control: WRIGs can have adjustable resistance in
the rotor windings, enabling better control of the generator’s reactive
power output and helping to maintain a more stable performance.
Suitability for Variable Load Conditions:
• More Suitable for Variable Loads: WRIGs are better suited for
applications with fluctuating loads. The ability to adjust rotor
resistance helps in managing variable load demands by allowing more
flexibility in the generator's operation.
• Reactive Power Management: They can offer improved reactive power
control compared to SCIGs, helping maintain system stability during
load fluctuations.
Applications:
• Industrial Power Generation: WRIGs are used in industries with
moderate load fluctuations, such as large manufacturing plants, and in
power generation applications where variable speed is required.
• Pumped Storage: They are commonly used in pumped storage plants
where the load fluctuates over time.

3. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG):

Efficiency:
• High Efficiency: DFIGs are among the most efficient induction
generators because they allow for variable-speed operation. By
controlling both the stator and rotor sides independently (using a
power converter), DFIGs can maintain high efficiency even under
fluctuating loads.
 • Variable-Speed Operation: DFIGs provide the ability to adjust speed
according to load requirements, resulting in improved efficiency and
optimal power generation across a range of load conditions.
Variable Load Conditions:
• Highly Suitable for Fluctuating Loads: DFIGs are ideal for facilities with
highly fluctuating loads because they allow for dynamic adjustment of
rotor speed. This enables the generator to maintain stable output even
when the demand varies.
• DFIGs offer superior control over power factor, enabling them to
supply or absorb reactive power, which is essential in managing grid
stability during fluctuating load conditions.
Applications:
• Wind Power: DFIGs are widely used in large-scale wind turbines
because of their ability to efficiently handle variable wind speeds.
• Energy Storage and Large Industrial Facilities: DFIGs are suitable for
large industrial facilities that experience significant load fluctuations,
and they are also used in applications requiring high reliability and
flexibility in power generation.

Recommendation for the Industrial Facility:

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG):
why:
1. High Efficiency: DFIGs offer superior efficiency under variable load
conditions due to their variable-speed capability and the ability to
adjust both rotor and stator sides independently. This results in
optimal energy production and reduced operational costs.
2. DFIGs can efficiently adapt to fluctuations in load, making them
perfect for industrial facilities where demand can vary significantly.
Their ability to manage both active and reactive power helps maintain
grid stability.( Flexibility)
3. Low Maintenance: have fewer moving parts (no slip rings) and offer
greater reliability, with less maintenance required over time.
4. Advanced Power Factor Control: DFIGs can provide dynamic control of
reactive power, which is essential for optimizing energy usage and
improving power quality, especially in industrial facilities with variable
loads.
 Task No. 02
1. You are tasked with evaluating the performance of a
synchronous motor in a manufacturing facility. To ensure stable
operation, you need to determine the motor’s torque-speed
characteristics under varying load conditions. This analysis will help
identify the critical points for stable operation and efficient use of
the motor. Carry out tests to determine the torque-speed
characteristics of synchronous machines.
1.
• Connect the motor to a variable frequency power supply:
This helps control and adjust the motor speed.
• Install measuring instruments:
o Dynamometer: To measure the torque produced by the
motor.
o Tachometer: To measure the rotational speed of the
motor.
o Electrical measuring devices: Such as an ammeter,
voltmeter, and wattmeter to measure current, voltage,
and power.
2.
• Start the motor: Gradually increase the frequency until the
motor reaches synchronous speed.
• Apply a gradual load: Use the dynamometer to increase the
load gradually while recording the torque and speed.
• Record data: Note the torque, speed, current, and voltage for
each load level.
3.
• Plot the torque-speed curve:
 o The curve should show three main stages:
▪ Locked Rotor Torque: At zero speed.
▪ Pull-up Torque: The minimum torque required to
accelerate the motor to synchronous speed.
▪ Breakdown Torque: The maximum torque the motor
can handle before losing synchronism.

4. Critical Points:
• Synchronous Speed (Ns): The point at which the motor
reaches synchronous speed, where the slip (S) is zero.
• Breakdown Torque: If this torque is exceeded, the motor will
lose synchronism and stop operating efficiently.
Operation at speeds between the breakdown torque and rated-
speed means that the motor is overloaded, which should be
limited to short periods in accordance with the motor
manufacturer’s recommendations.
 The speed of the rotor, at the maximum torque, is shown by the
equation:

o NM: Rotor speed at maximum torque.

o NS : Synchronous speed.
o SM: Slip at maximum torque.
5. Analyzing Results:
Understand motor performance: The curve helps identify critical
points to avoid for stable operation.
2. As part of a project to optimize the performance of synchronous
motors, your team requires an accurate equivalent circuit model.
You need to determine the key parameters of a synchronous motor,
such as armature resistance and synchronous reactance, to develop
a reliable equivalent circuit for future analysis. Determine the
equivalent circuit of synchronous machines.
By conducting the OCT and SCT, you can determine the
synchronous motor's key parameters (Ra and Xs).Steps to
Determine the Equivalent Circuit:
1. Open-Circuit Test (OCT):
To determine the open-circuit characteristic (OCC) and
measure the induced EMF (E0) at different excitation levels.
o Run the machine at synchronous speed with no load.
o Gradually increase the field current (If) and measure the
terminal voltage (Vt).
• The OCC curve (plot of Vt vs. If) provides the relationship
between the terminal voltage and field current under no-load
conditions.
2. Short-Circuit Test (SCT):
To find the short-circuit characteristic (SCC) and determine the
synchronous reactance.
o With the machine running at synchronous speed, short-
circuit the armature terminals through an ammeter.
o Gradually increase the field current (If) and measure the
armature current (Ia).
• The SCC curve (plot of Ia vs. If) provides the relationship
between armature current and field current under short-circuit
conditions.

3. Calculation of Synchronous Reactance (Xs):

• Formula: Xs=E0\Ia
• From the OCC and SCC, determination the value of E0 and Ia
at the same field current. Use these values to calculate the
synchronous reactance.
4. Armature Resistance (Ra):
• Measurement: Use a DC resistance test by applying a low
voltage DC supply across the armature winding and measuring
the current. Calculate the resistance using Ohm's law: Ra=V\I
Equivalent Circuit Model:
 • 3. You are analysing the power factor behaviour of a
synchronous generator connected to the grid. To understand
how excitation affects the generator’s performance, you are
tasked with constructing and explaining phasor diagrams for
lagging, leading, and unity power factor conditions. Determine
the phasor diagram for synchronous motors and generators.
Synchronous Motors and Generators:
A synchronous generator is an electrical machine that generates
electrical power at a fixed frequency, which is tied to the grid
frequency. In the case of generators, the relationship between the
current and voltage is represented using phasors, which are vectors
that describe the relationship between current and voltage in the
electrical circuit.
The goal of analyzing phasor diagrams is to understand how
excitation affects the performance of the synchronous generator in
terms of power factor, which can be:
Lagging Power Factor. Leading Power Factor. Unity Power Factor.

1. Lagging Power Factor:

When the power factor is lagging, the current lags behind the
voltage. This occurs in generators when there is insufficient
excitation (weak excitation), where the generator produces reactive
power, causing the current phasor to be behind the voltage phasor.
Phasor Diagram for Lagging Power Factor:

• The interaction between voltage and current leads to the

generation of reactive power (Q), causing an increase in the
voltage level.
Explanation:
• With an increase in excitation, the synchronous generator
generates active power (P), while reactive power (Q)
decreases.
• This results in an improvement in the power factor.
2. Leading Power Factor:
When the power factor is leading, the current leads the voltage.
This occurs when there is excessive excitation (over-excitation),
where the generator produces negative reactive power (or
capacitive reactive power). In this case, the current phasor moves
ahead of the voltage phasor.
Phasor Diagram for Leading Power Factor:
 • This results in the generation of negative reactive power (Q).

Explanation:
• In this condition, the generator is producing negative reactive
power, which can help improve the grid’s performance when
there is a need for reactive power.
3. Unity Power Factor:
When the power factor is unity (1), the current is in perfect
alignment with the voltage. In this case, there is no reactive power
generation, and only active power is produced.
Phasor Diagram for Unity Power Factor:
• The voltage (V) and current (I) are aligned along the same axis
(perfectly in phase).
 • There is no angle between the current and voltage phasors.

Explanation:
• This is the ideal condition, where the generator operates at
maximum efficiency, producing only active power (P), with a
power factor of 1.
Phasors in Synchronous Generators:
• Lagging Power Factor: The current lags the voltage, meaning
the generator produces reactive power.
• Leading Power Factor: The current leads the voltage, meaning
the generator produces negative reactive power.
• Unity Power Factor: The current and voltage are in phase,
meaning the generator produces only active power.
• Excitation: Excitation influences the reactive current, so by
adjusting the excitation of the generator, the power factor can
be controlled to be either lagging, leading, or unity.
 • Load: The effect of excitation depends on the load consumed
by the generator in the electrical grid.
These analyses help ensure efficient operation of the generator and
maintain a good power factor when connected to the electrical
grid.
2. Phasor Diagram for Synchronous Motors
1. Lagging Power Factor (Under-excited Synchronous Motor):
• The motor draws more reactive power (Q) than needed for
magnetizing.
• Phasor Diagram:
o When the motor is under-excited, it behaves like an
inductive load. The current lags the voltage by an angle
θ\thetaθ.

2. Leading Power Factor (Over-excited Synchronous Motor):

• : The motor supplies reactive power (Q) to the
system.
• Phasor Diagram:
: An over-excited synchronous motor acts like a
capacitive load, providing reactive power. The current
leads the voltage by an angle θ\thetaθ.
3. Unity Power Factor (Critically Excited Synchronous Motor):
• The motor is neither drawing nor supplying
reactive power.
• Phasor Diagram:
When the motor is critically excited, the current and
voltage are perfectly aligned. This condition represents
the most efficient operation with no reactive power
involved.
Advantages of Drawing Phasor Diagrams for
Synchronous Motor
(1) Phasors are highly useful for gaining physical insight into the
operation of the synchronous motors.
(2) We can derive mathematical expressions for various quantities
easily with the help of phasor diagrams.
• A synchronous motor's excitation level determines its power
factor.
• Over-exciting the motor reduces the system's reactive power
demand.
• Adjusting the excitation can control the power factor to a
desired level, improving system efficiency.
Importance of Excitation in Electrical Grid Applications:
• Power factor improvement: By controlling excitation,
generators can better interact with the grid. When there is a
need for additional reactive power, the generator can
increase excitation to produce more reactive power.
• Generator protection: By adjusting excitation, the generator's
stability can be improved, avoiding conditions that could lead
 to either over-excitation or under-excitation, which can
damage the equipment or cause grid oscillations.
• Excitation has a significant impact on the generator's ability to
produce reactive and active power.
• Proper excitation ensures ideal generator operation with a
unity power factor.
• Under-excitation leads to the generation of positive reactive
power and a lagging power factor.
• Over-excitation results in negative reactive power and a
leading power factor.
• 4. A 6600 V, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor draws
a full-load current of 80 A at 0.8 p.f. leading. The armature
resistance is 2.2 Ω and synchronous reactance 22 Ω per phase.
If the stray losses of the machine are 3200 W, Calculate: (a) the
emf induced, (b) the output power, (c) the efficiency, (d) power
losses
 • 5.You are working on a grid-connected synchronous generator
in a power plant. To optimize its operation, you must illustrate
how the generator operates under varying load conditions,
emphasizing the role of the equivalent circuit in maintaining
voltage regulation and load sharing. Illustrate the operation of
synchronous generators, considering the equivalent circuit
Synchronous Generators and their Operation:
A synchronous generator (SG) is an electromechanical device used
to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. In power
plants, synchronous generators are typically connected to the grid
and operate at a constant speed. The voltage regulation and load
sharing between multiple generators are key aspects of ensuring
stable and efficient power delivery.
The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator helps to model
the behavior of the generator under varying load conditions. It
shows how the generator responds to changes in load, which is
crucial for maintaining voltage regulation and for load sharing
between multiple generators in parallel operation.
Factors:
• Voltage Regulation: Refers to the ability of the generator to
maintain a constant terminal voltage despite changes in the
load.
• Load Sharing: When multiple synchronous generators are
operating in parallel, the load needs to be distributed
efficiently between them. This ensures that no single
generator is overloaded, and the system works optimally.
1. Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator:

The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is typically

modeled as an ideal voltage source (E) in series with the
synchronous reactance (Xs). This model helps us understand how
the generator's voltage, current, and power behave under varying
load conditions.
2. Operation Under Varying Load Conditions:
The operation of a synchronous generator under varying loads can
be divided into three conditions:
a. Light Load Condition:
• When the load on the generator is small, the terminal voltage
(Vt) is nearly equal to the internal generated voltage (E).
• The current (I) is small, and the reactive power demand is low.
• In this case, the excitation voltage (E) does not change
significantly, and the generator operates at near unity power
factor with low reactive power generation.
b. Full Load Condition:
• When the generator is supplying its rated load, the current (I)
is at its maximum.
 • As the load increases, the voltage drop across the synchronous
reactance (Xs) becomes significant. This causes a reduction in
terminal voltage (Vt) compared to the internal generated
voltage (E).
• The generator must supply both active power (P) and reactive
power (Q), so the excitation needs to be adjusted to maintain
the terminal voltage at a constant level, especially under
varying load conditions.
• .
c. Overload Condition:
• If the load exceeds the generator’s rated capacity, it enters an
overload condition.
• The terminal voltage (Vt) drops significantly due to the
increased current and voltage drop across the synchronous
reactance (Xs).
• If the excitation is not increased, the generator may experience
voltage instability, and it may struggle to share the load
efficiently with other generators connected to the grid.
3. Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage
when the generator is running from no load to full load, expressed
as a percentage of full-load voltage. A well-regulated generator will
maintain a constant terminal voltage, minimizing fluctuations in the
electrical grid.
• Positive voltage regulation: The terminal voltage at full load is
lower than at no load, and this is typical in synchronous
generators due to the voltage drop across the synchronous
reactance.
 • Excitation adjustment: To maintain stable voltage regulation,
the excitation must be increased when the generator is loaded
more heavily. This increases the internal voltage (E), which
compensates for the voltage drop across the reactance and
helps maintain a constant terminal voltage.
4. Load Sharing in Parallel Operation:
When multiple synchronous generators are connected in parallel to
the grid, they must share the total load in a manner that avoids
overloading any individual generator. The load-sharing process
depends on the following:
• Synchronization: All generators must be synchronized,
meaning their voltages, frequencies, and phases must match
before they can share the load.
• Load Sharing Based on Excitation: The generator with higher
excitation will share a larger portion of the reactive power
demand, while the one with lower excitation will contribute
less reactive power.
• Load Sharing Based on Power Output: The active power is
shared based on the mechanical input and the capacity of the
generators. However, the reactive power is shared according
to the excitation levels of the generators .
The operation of synchronous generators can be effectively
analyzed using the equivalent circuit. It helps to visualize the
interaction between internal voltage, terminal voltage, and the
current flow under varying load conditions. The excitation is key to
maintaining voltage regulation and ensuring proper load sharing
between generators, particularly when operating in parallel with
others in the grid. By adjusting excitation and managing the
synchronous reactance, generators can provide stable and efficient
power to the grid, even under fluctuating load conditions.
 • 6.You are comparing two synchronous motors for an industrial
application involving variable load and power factor
conditions. Your goal is to evaluate the efficiency of both
motors under different operating conditions and recommend
the one best suited for the industrial requirement. Critically
evaluate the efficiency of synchronous motors and generators
and make a recommendation for a specified operational
requirement.
1.
Wound Rotor Synchronous Motor (WRSM):

1. Efficiency:
High Efficiency: WRSMs can achieve high efficiency due to their ability to
control the rotor circuit impedance, allowing for optimized motor
performance under different load conditions
• Variable Efficiency: WRSMs generally have lower efficiency than
PMSMs due to rotor copper losses and additional losses from brushes
and slip rings.
• Efficiency Drops Under Light Load: Efficiency in WRSMs can drop
significantly under light load conditions due to fixed losses that do not
scale with the load.
Variable Speed and Torque Control: The use of slip rings and brushes in the
rotor circuit allows for variable resistance or impedance to be connected,
enabling control over the motor's speed and torque characteristics. This
makes WRSMs suitable for applications requiring precise speed and torque
control, such as industrial processes or traction systems in electric trains.
Applications of Wound Rotor Synchronous Motor (WRSM):
WRSMs are characterized by their ability to control power factor and
provide or absorb reactive power, making them suitable for industrial
applications that require flexibility in energy management.
• Power Plants:
o Used as synchronous generators in power generation plants where
they can control reactive power to improve grid stability and
voltage regulation.
• Heavy Industries:
o Employed in applications such as cement plants, petrochemical
industries, and mining where loads are large and variable, and
precise control of reactive power is required.
• Marine Equipment:
o Used in marine systems where ships need powerful motors that
can handle variable loads and help improve the stability of the
ship's electrical grid.
• Large Compressors and Pumps:
o Used in applications that require variable loads and the ability to
improve power factor, such as large pumps and compressors in
factories.
Power Factor Control:
• Adjustable Power Factor: WRSMs offer the ability to adjust the power
factor by controlling the field excitation. This makes them ideal for
applications requiring reactive power compensation or where the load
has a varying power factor.
• Capability to Supply Reactive Power: WRSMs can supply or absorb

reactive power, which helps in stabilizing the grid and improving

overall power quality.
3. Suitability for Variable Load Conditions
• Excellent for Variable Load and Power Factor Conditions: WRSMs are
better suited for applications where both load and power factor vary
significantly. The ability to control the excitation allows for better adaptation
to changing load conditions.
• More Flexible in Reactive Power Handling: Their capability to handle
varying reactive power makes WRSMs more versatile for industrial
applications where power quality is critical.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM):

1. Efficiency:
synchronous motors is their ability to achieve high efficiency over a wide
range of speeds and loads. This allows for efficient operation at both low and
high speeds
• Highly efficient as there are no losses on the rotor
• High Efficiency: PMSMs have high efficiency due to the absence of
rotor windings, which eliminates rotor copper losses. The use of
permanent magnets reduces losses and improves overall efficiency,
especially under varying load conditions.
• Consistent Performance: PMSMs maintain high efficiency across a
wide range of loads, making them suitable for applications where
energy efficiency is crucial.
2. Applications of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM):
PMSMs are known for their high efficiency, compact size, and reliability,
making them ideal for various applications that require dependable
performance with low maintenance.
• Electric Vehicles:
o PMSMs are commonly used in electric and hybrid vehicles due to
their high efficiency and quick response in speed and torque
control.
• Home Appliances:
 o Used in washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners due
to their high efficiency and low noise.
• Robotics and Precision Control Systems:
o Employed in industrial robotics applications where precision and
fast response in motion control are critical.
• Ventilation and Cooling Systems:
o Utilized in HVAC systems for energy savings and maintaining
steady performance under different operating conditions.
Power Factor Control:
• Fixed Power Factor: PMSMs typically operate at a fixed power factor
close to unity due to the constant magnetic field provided by the
permanent magnets. However, this limits the ability to adjust the power
factor for varying reactive power demands.
• Limited Reactive Power Compensation: PMSMs cannot supply
reactive power since they do not have field windings that can be
adjusted for power factor correction.
1. Suitability for Variable Load Conditions
• Good for Steady and Variable Loads: PMSMs perform well under both
steady and variable load conditions, maintaining high efficiency and
consistent performance.
• Limited Reactive Power Control: PMSMs are less suited for applications
where dynamic reactive power control is required.

Permanent Magnet
Wound Rotor Synchronous
Feature Synchronous Motor
Motor (WRSM)
(PMSM)
High efficiency due to the
Lower efficiency due to rotor
Efficiency absence of rotor
copper losses and slip ring losses.
windings.
 Permanent Magnet
Wound Rotor Synchronous
Feature Synchronous Motor
Motor (WRSM)
(PMSM)

Fixed power factor close Adjustable power factor through

Power Factor
to unity; limited reactive field excitation; can supply or
Control
power control. absorb reactive power.
Suitable for electric
Ideal for power plants, heavy
vehicles, home
Applications industries, marine applications,
appliances, robotics, and
and large compressors/pumps.
HVAC systems.
Better suited for variable loads
Load Efficient under both
with dynamic power factor
Handling steady and variable loads.
requirements.
Recommendation
Choose PMSM
• High efficiency and low maintenance are critical.
• The application involves steady load conditions or where reactive
power compensation is not required.
• Simple control and high reliability are desired.
• high efficiency and low maintenance are prioritized with less emphasis
on reactive power control
• Best for applications prioritizing efficiency, low maintenance, and
compact size, such as electric vehicles and precision systems.
Choose WRSM
• The application involves variable load and requires reactive power
control.
• The ability to adjust the power factor dynamically is important.
• The application is more tolerant of higher maintenance and control
complexity in exchange for flexibility in power factor management.
• recommended due to its ability to handle dynamic changes in load and
power factor, providing greater flexibility in reactive power
management and grid stability
 • More suitable for industrial settings that require flexible power factor
control and can accommodate higher maintenance, such as in power
generation and heavy machinery.

2.
. Salient Pole Synchronous Generator:
Salient pole synchronous generators are commonly
used in applications that require low-speed operation
and are characterized by their protruding poles on
the rotor.

Efficiency Under Variable Load Conditions:

• Load Dependency: The efficiency of salient pole generators tends to
vary significantly with load. At lower loads, losses like core losses and
copper losses in both stator and rotor become more pronounced,
reducing overall efficiency.
• Field Winding Losses: As load varies, excitation current adjustments
are necessary to maintain terminal voltage, leading to additional losses
in the rotor windings, especially under partial load conditions.
Power Factor Conditions:
• Adjustable Power Factor: The salient pole generator can adjust its
power factor by varying the excitation. This allows it to supply reactive
power, making it suitable for applications where power factor
correction or voltage regulation is needed.
• Reactive Power Capability: In situations requiring reactive power
compensation, salient pole generators can absorb or generate reactive
power, which is advantageous for grid stability.
2. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG):
PMSGs use permanent magnets on the rotor to produce the magnetic field,
eliminating the need for rotor winding excitation.
• Efficiency Under Variable Load Conditions:
o High Efficiency: PMSGs exhibit higher efficiency across a range
of loads because there are no rotor winding losses. The absence of
excitation currents means reduced losses, leading to consistent
efficiency even at partial loads.
o Reduced Iron Losses: With advanced materials and design,
PMSGs can reduce iron losses, further enhancing efficiency at
variable loads.
• Power Factor Conditions:
o Fixed Power Factor: PMSGs typically operate at a fixed power
factor close to unity, limiting their ability to supply reactive
power. This can be a disadvantage in scenarios requiring dynamic
reactive power support.
o No Reactive Power Generation: Due to the fixed magnetic field
from the permanent magnets, PMSGs cannot adjust their power
factor or contribute to reactive power management.
Recommendation
• Salient Pole Synchronous Generator: Best for environments where
power factor control and reactive power support are needed. It offers
operational flexibility but requires higher maintenance.
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG): Ideal for
applications demanding high efficiency and low maintenance,
especially where reactive power management is not a primary concern.
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