Pflcigrck df Lgfstrìg

‚CITRKDV
ITRKDV@@CÐI
@@CÐI GJ FPTVDCK DF JG JFIMVG S JKP

TFXTKP JGTCIKP“

Oclfig ^gjg`cks / Ucvcgig Dcfz

D cfz
(EEyJ, VBG)

Gprkxclg`cði g jg jfimug jgtcig?

fofr`ctg`cði df lkrekjkmìg y scitgxcs

Lgfstrìg df Fstudcks @jçsc`ks

Eg`ujtgd df Ecjkskeìg y Jftrgs
VBG

7fr. @ugtrclfstrf df 2>78

 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 2
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

^RCLFRG ^GRTF? FOFR@C@CKP DF ^RKPKDCG S LKREKJKMÌG

>. ^RKPKDCG

7. Jffr?

g ‐ b ‐ `‐ d ‐ f ‐ e ‐ m ‐ h ‐ c ‐ a ‐ j ‐ l ‐ i ‐ k ‐ p ‐ q ‐ r ‐ s ‐ t ‐ u ‐ x ‐ y ‐ z
@KIPKIGITFP

dceec`cjcs ‐ @fitgurus // clgmcifs - gmfidg - uimufitul ‐ sgimucifus // Agjfidgf // jkqugx - qucitus ‐

qukrul - erfqufitcg - fquus // hkrg - `khkrtfs // `cthgrg - G`hcjjfs- phcjkskphcg // _fp

_fphyrus
hyrus - zkdcg`us //

stfjjg ‐ `urrus ‐ `klluics // juxurcg ‐ fxflpjul

UK@GJFP

@gfsgr ‐ igutg - fuiu`hus ‐ pkfig // Cujcus ‐ cgl - Trkcg - ugtfs - ukjgrf ‐ prkucdfitcg // Pyrg`usgf ‐

Gfmyptus ‐ iylphg // pkflg - pkftg - `kfpc ‐`kfmc

G@FITVG@CÐI

Gumustus ‐ ci`gutus - clpfrcul - @urcg ‐turpctudk ‐rfmcig

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. @kjk`gr jg `gitcdgd y jffr jgs scmucfitfs pgjgbrgs?

`kmiks`k ‐ `gf`us ‐ cigurk ‐ strcdfk ‐ pgtcfitcg ‐ gitcquus ‐ uiusqucsquf ‐ dcstcimucs ‐ iuptcgf ‐

prgf`fptul ‐ dcs`cpujus ‐ lgckr ‐ jkimctudk ‐ hkifstus ‐ dcmictgs ‐ dklcius ‐ ciefjcx ‐ vcgtkr ‐ gitf`fjjk

jgftctcg ‐ cgiug ‐ sgmcttg ‐ dcvctcgf ‐ciscdcgf ‐ gurcmg ‐ gqucjg ‐ ik`tug ‐ gimucjjg ‐ sklicul ‐ `gjjcdus ‐

fxflpjul ‐ `kjjkqucg ‐ cuxtg.

2. Jffr jg scmucfitf eçbujg df Efdrk?

Df vujpf ft uvg.
Eglf `kg`tg vujpfs gjtg ci vcifg
Vvgl gppftĐbgt sullcs sgjcfis
sgjcfis vcrĬbus1
Wugl tgimĖrf ut iki pktuct, dcs` Ėdfis gct?
‚Ikidul lgtšrg fst1 ikjk g`frbgl sulĖrf“.
Wuc eg`Ėrf qugf iki pkssuit vfrbcs fj Đvgit,
Gs`rcbĖrf hk` dfbĐbuit fxflpjul scbc.
scbc.

2
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 0
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

7. ^RCLFRG DF@JCIG@CÐI

7.7. Df`jcigr fi scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ `fig, -gf
▧ jgftctcg, -gf

7.2. Fiui`cgr, gigjczgr

gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf
lkrekjðmc`glfitf y pgsgr df scimujgr g pjurgj
pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg?
scjvgl - dklcics - pkftg - jg`rclgs - stfjjgrul - igutgf - gqucjgl - fpcstujcs - `gpfjjgs - lgtrkigrul - gurcmg -
jcttfrgf

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
7.0. Df`jcigr fi scimujgr
scimujgr y pjurgj?
▧ gurcmg, -gf
▧ ekrtuig, -gf
▧ custctcg, -gf

7.4. Fiui`cgr, gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y pgsgr df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg?

▧ gthjftg
▧ rfmcigrul
▧ fjkqufitcgf
▧ s`rcbg
▧ hfrbcs
▧ mgjjcigrul
▧ gqugf

2. CIEF@TVL DFJ LKDK CIDC@GTCUK (prfsfitf df 7frg. y 2dg. `kioumg`ckifs,

vkz g`tcvg y vkz pgscvg)

2.7. @kioumgr fi prfsfitf g`tcvk y pgscvk f cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?

▧ rkmk
▧ hgbfk
▧ jgudk
▧ tfifk

2.2. Cidc`gr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs

e krlgs y pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf
g`tcvk?
sfrvglus - lkrdflur - vujifrgs - lkrdfrcs - spf`tgtur - rfspkidft - krigtcs - tfrrflcic - prkpfrgitur - dk`fit -
pgrk ‐ gr`fkr

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
2.0. @kioumgr fi prfsfitf g`tcvk y pgscvk f cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?
▧ `kjjk`k
▧ ejfk

0
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 4
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

2.4. Cidc`gr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs y pgsgrjgs g vkz pgscvg y df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg. Cidc`gr fj
ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?
clpjfitur ‐ `urglus ‐ sfdkr ‐ spkidfs ‐ k``upgtur - vk`gtcs

0. PFMVIDG DF@JCIG@CÐI

0.7. Df`jcigr fi scimujgr

scimujgr y pjurgj?
▧ dklcius, -c
▧ iuitcus, -cc
▧ `ujtfr, -trc
▧ mfifr, -frc
▧ krg`ujul, -c
▧ `glpus, -c
▧ mjgdcus, -c
▧ gpfr, -prc
▧ sk`fr, -frc
▧ fxflpjul, -c

0.2. Fiui`cgr, gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y pgsgr df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg?

ifrvks - krg`ujg - lgmcstrkrul - lkrbus - grmfitcs - gmrk - scmiul - fquul - vcrkrul - vfrbcs - sfrvf

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
0.0. Bus`gr fj sustgitcvk fi fj dc``ckigrck y df`jcigr fi scimujgr y pjurgj?
▧ `frvus
▧ ecjcus
▧ gmfr
▧ erulfitul

0.4. Fiui`cgr, gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y pgsgr df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg?

`glpkrul - vfitcs - tyrgiiks - egbrul - gutulik - kppcdul - sk`frk - gfdcec`cg

4. CIEF@TVL DFJ LKDK CIDC@GTCUK (prfsfitf y prftãrctk clpfref`tk `klpjftks)

4.7. @kioumgr fi prfsfitf g`tcvk y pgscvk f cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?

▧ du`k
▧ luick
▧ rgpck
▧ ecimk
▧ `kiec`ck
▧ rfpfrck

4.2. Cidc`gr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs

e krlgs y pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf
g`tcvk?
fxpjc`glus - rfspkidflur - `giclus - dfspc`clus - sgfpclur - jgudgt - `kitciftur - hgurctur- df`frict - rgpct -
pkrtgt - rftciftcs - `ustkdctcs - ci`cpclcic - vci`ctcs - dklgit - vcdfitur - trghuit - g``cpcuitur ‐ sfitcuit - du`kr ‐
lcttfrcs - vci`k
4
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 6
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

4.0. @kioumgr fi prftãrctk clpfref`tk g`tcvk y pgscvk. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?
▧ `kjjk`k
▧ glkvfk
▧ pfjjk
▧ frcpck
▧ jfick

4.4. Cidc`gr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs

e krlgs y pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf
g`tcvk?
pjg`gbgt - tclfbgr - trgdfbgs - dfec`cfbgtur - hgurcfbgt - lkifbgl - rfspc`cfbgit - lcttfbglur ‐ luicfbgtcs -
vcdfbgitur - dfjfbgrcs

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
4.6. @kioumgr fi prfsfitf y prftãrctk clpfref`tk g`tcvk y pgscvk. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?
▧ vftk
▧ prkhcbfk
▧ prklcttk
▧ cispc`ck
▧ civfick

4.5. Cidc`gr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs

e krlgs y pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf
g`tcvk?
pkstujgbgtur - tfmfbgitur - efrcuit - feec`cfbglus - lcs`fbgs - sgfpclus - ciduk ‐ tkjjfbgit ‐ jgudgbgrcs

6. CIEF@TVL DFJ LKDK CIDC@GTCUK (euturk `klpjftk)

6.7. @kioumgr fi euturk clpfref`tk g`tcvk y pgscvk. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?
▧ `jglk
▧ gr`fk
▧ grmuk
▧ gpfrck
▧ qugtck
▧ krik
▧ lkvfk
▧ lcttk
▧ luick
▧ `krrcpck

6.2. Fiui`cgr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr

gigjczgr jgs scmucfitf
scmucfitfss ekrlgs y pgsgrjgs df sc
scimujgr
imujgr g pjurgj
dklgbclus - sfrvgbfrcs - rfpfrcfit - tfifbuit - rfmgr - rgpcfs - dcs`fit - du`ftur - pfrec`cflus - skjvgl -
cuvgbclcic ‐ dk`fbk - dklgbuitur ‐ jfmflur

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
6.0. @kioumgr fi euturk clpfref`tk g`tcvk y pgscvk. Cidc`gr fj ciecictcvk prfsfitf g`tcvk?

6
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 5
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

▧ sfrvk
▧ lgifk
▧ pfjjk
▧ sfpfjck
▧ ci`cpck

6.4. Fiui`cgr fj vfrbk, gigjczgr

gigjczgr jgs scmucf
scmucfitfs
itfs ekrlgs y pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj?
dfefidft - efrcfs - dfjfbctur - `kispc`cgr - rkmgbuitur - cubfbct - trghflur ‐ vficftcs - lkifbk

6.6. Dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj vfrbk y `kioumgr fi fj tcflpk cidc`gdk

 ^rfsfitf cidc`gtcvk g`tcvk? rfmk

 ^rfsfitf cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? `jglk
 ^rftãrctk clpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk g`tcvk? clpfdck
 ^rftãrctk clpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? prkc`ck
 Euturk clpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk g`tcvk? s`cidk
 Euturk clpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? lkvfk

6.5. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf

lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk
fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj
dfj vfrbk

jgudgbfrcs - puicfrcs - hgbfbgtur - tfiftur - `upfrcs - dgbgitur

5. CIEF@TVL UFRBK PVL

5.7. Gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs

scmucfitfs ekrlgs y pgsgrjgs
pgsgrjgs df scimujgr g pjurgj k vc`fvfrsg?
frgt - sulus - frctcs - suit - frgs - frk - fstcs - frct - fst

=. GDOFTCUKP DF ^RCLFRG @JGPF S ^RKIKLBRFP ^KPFPCUKP

=.7. Df`jcigr jks scmucfitfs

scmucfitfs gdoftcvks fi
fi scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ gjbus, -g, -ul

▧ erumcefr, -frg, -frul
▧ ikstfr, -trg, -trul

=.2. Bus`gr fj gdoftcvk y fj sustgitcvk fi fj dc``ckigrck,

dc``ckigrck, fiui`cgrjks
fiui`cgrjks y df`jcigr fi ekrlg
ekrlg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj?
pjurgj?
▧ icmfr fquus
▧ erkidksg `uprfssus
▧ ifegidul sgf`ujul
▧ lcsfr gmrc`kjg

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

=.0. Bus`gr fj gdoftcvk y fj sustgitcvk fi fj dc``ckigrck,

dc``ckigrck, fiui`cgrjks
fiui`cgrjks y df`jcigr fi ekrlg
ekrlg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj?
pjurgj?
▧ rustc`g pufjjg
▧ vcr pcus
▧ vfstrul kppcdul

5
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG =
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

8. ^RKIKLBRFP ^KPFPCUKP y ^FRPKIGJFP

8.7. Fiui`cgr y gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs?

lfc - ikstrul - vkbcs - scbc - sf`ul - tf - lf`ul

lf`ul ‐ tcbc - ikbcs`ul
ikbcs`ul ‐ tug - fmklft - vfstrc - tuc - sf - vfstrul
‐ tulft ‐ lchc ‐ suc

3. TFR@FRG DF@JCIG@CÐI (tflg fi -c)

3.7. Df`jcigr fi scimujgr

scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ igvcs, -cs (e)

▧ rftf, -cs (i)
▧ `gj`gr, -grcs (i)

3.2. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk

sustgitcvk y fj gdoftcvk. D
Df`jcigr
f`jcigr fi ekrlg `kiouitg fi
fi scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ icmrg iubfs
▧ ercmcdus clbfr
▧ gjbul lgitfjf
▧ lgmiul vf`tcmgj

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

3.0. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk

sustgitcvk y fj gdoftcvk. D
Df`jcigr
f`jcigr fi ekrlg `kiouitg fi
fi scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ clpcmfr hkstcs
▧ sg`rul gjtgr
▧ tfifrg kvcs
▧ pgrvul `ubcjf

7>. TFR@FRG DF@JCIG@CÐI (tflg fi `kiskigitf)

7>.7. Df`jcigr fi scimujgr

scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ pgstkr, -krcs
▧ grtcefx, -c`cs
▧ gmlfi, -cics

7>.2. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk.

sustgitcvk. Cidc`gr mfictcv
mfictcvkk scimujgr y pjurgj1 g`usgtcvk
g`usgtcvk scimujgr y pjurgj?

lfr`gtkr - fxsuj - cudfx - `kicux - `gjglctgs - `klfs - kpus - ejulfi - sfrlk - hcruidk - Grgbs

7>.0. Df`jcigr df lgifrg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj - rfspftgr jg `k

`ki`krdgi`cg
i`krdgi`cg df mãifrk
mãifrk??

=
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 8
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

▧ ulbrksus, -g, -ul + grbkr

▧ g`utus, - g, - ul + gpfx
▧ Rklgius, -g, -ul + iklfi

7>.4. Gigjczgr jg ekrlg. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk.

sustgitcvk. ^gsgr df scim
scimujgr
ujgr g pjurgj y vc`fvfrsg?

sfigtkrc - iflkrf - jfmckiul - hgruidcicbus - eujlcig - mrfmfs - rflcmcs - pg`c - `ustkdfl - sfif`tutf - fquctul ‐
prci`cpc

7>.6. Cidc`gr fj mfictcvk

mfictcvk pjurgj df jks scmucfitfs
scmucfitfs sustgitcvk
sustgitcvkss y fj g`usgtcvk scimujgr?
scimujgr?

clbfr - pgtfr - tusscs - dfis - bks - sfdfs - `cvcs - cuvfics - cudfx - ikx - sfifx - puppcs - `gics - Cuppctfr

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7>.5. Df`jcigr df lgifrg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj - rfspftgr jg `k

`ki`krdgi`cg
i`krdgi`cg df mãifrk
mãifrk??

▧ bfjjc`ksus, -g, -ul + grgbs

▧ ikvus, -g, -ul + skj
▧ puj`hfr, -`hrg, -`hrul + cuvfitus
▧ ekftcdus, -g, -ul + ks
▧ dcsfrtus, -g, -ul + krgtkr

▧ jcbfr, -frg, -frul + krgtck

77. GDOFTCUKP DF PFMVIDG @JGPF

77.7. Df`jcigr jks scmucfitfs

scmucfitfs gdoftcvks?
gdoftcvks?

▧ `fjfbfr, -brcs, -brf

▧ mrgidcs, -f
▧ cimfis, -itcs
▧ vftus, -frcs

77.2. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk

sustgitcvk y fj gdoftcvk. Df`jcigr fi ekrlg `kiouitg fi
fi scimujgr y pjurgj

▧ lkjjf pf`tus
▧ cllflkr igutg
▧ `gfjul sgjubrf
▧ turpcs lujcfr

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

77.0. Fiui`cgr fj sustgitcvk y fj gdoftcvk. Df`jcigr fi ekrlg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj

▧ brfvcs jux
▧ dcjcmfis jgbkr
▧ efrkx trcbuigj

8
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 3
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

72. LKDK CL^FRGTCUK

72.7.- Cidc`gr fj vfrbk,

vfrbk, gigjczgr, trgdu`cr
trgdu`cr y pgsgr gj scimujgr
scimujgr k gj pjurgj jgs scm
scmucfitfs
ucfitfs ekrlgs?

`gif - `upctf - dc` ‐ igrrg- du` - du`ctf - eg` - efrctf - eumf - jfmgtf - lkiftf

70. UFRBKP DF^KIFITFP

70.7.. Dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk

70.7 `klpj ftk df jks scmucfitfs vfrbks

vcdfkr ▧ vfikr ▧ lkrckr ▧ sfqukr ▧ kppfrckr ▧ citufkr

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

70.2 Dgr fj fiui`cgdk

fi ui`cgdk `klpjftk df jks scmucfitfs vfrbks

`klctkr ▧ prkmfdckr ▧ gdcpcs`kr ▧ pktckr ▧ rfkr

74. ^FREF@TVL CIDC@GTCUK G@TCUK ‐ FIVI@CGDK

FI VI@CGDK

74.7. Bus`gr fj vfrbk fi fj dc``ckigrck y fiui`cgrjk fi cief`tul y pfref`tul

(g) fxpjfk ‐ hgbfk ‐ lgifk ‐ lkrdfk ‐ vcdfk ‐ kbscdfk

(b) igrrk ‐ dklk - stk ‐ jgvk
(`) sfpfjck ‐ gpfrck ‐ sfitck ‐ civfick
(d) gr`fssk ‐ sfrk ‐ `jgudk ‐ pfjjk ‐ jfmk ‐ fxcmk
(f) `upck ‐ rgpck ‐ fx`utck ‐ pgrck ‐ eumck ‐ g``cpck
(e) sul

74.2. @kioumgr jks vfrbks subrgygdks dfj fofr`c`ck 7>.7 fi jks trfs tcflpks pfref`tks.

74.0. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf

lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk
fiui`cgdk `klpjftk df
dfjj vfrbk?

vcmcjgvct ▧ tclufrcs ▧ tfiufrgl ▧ s`rcpscstcs ▧ s`cvcstc ▧ sgixct ▧ pfrvficstcs ▧ pfpujjfruit ▧ eufrgs ▧ krigvfruit
▧ kbsfdfruit ▧ eufruit ▧ lklkrdct ▧ lcsfrglus ▧ lgisfrgl ▧ jfmfrgl ▧ jgudgvfrglus ▧ hgbufruit ▧ euct ▧
efefjjfrgt ▧ frrgvclus ▧ fmct ▧ dcxfrf ▧ dfjfvfrcs ▧ eufrk ▧ dfdfrctcs ▧ `rfvclus ▧ guxcstc ▧ eufrcit

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRC
@K L^JFLFITGRCG
G

74.4. Fiui`cgr fj vfrbk (cief`tul y pfref`tul) y `k

`kioumgr
ioumgr fi prft. pfref`tk
pfref`tk

▧ grdfk
▧ frrk

74.6. Fiui`cgr fj vfrbk (cief`tul y pfref`tul) y `k

`kioumgr
ioumgr fi prft. pjus`.

▧ s`ck
3
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 7>
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

▧ euidk

74.5. Fiui`cgr fj vfrbk (cief`tul y pfref`tul) y `kioumgr fi euturk pfre.

▧ tgimk
▧ pfrdu`k

76. ^RKIKLBRFP DFLKPTRGTCUKP

76.7. Fiui`cgr y gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs?

huc` - fcus - cpsgf - hucus - fks - cpsc - hg` - hgf - hgf` - hkrul - cjjcus - cjjc - fcs - fgrul - cpscus - cpsf - cjjg - cjjud -
cstc - cstkrul - cstcs - fcdfl - fgruidfl - cjjgl - cjjgf - hcs

76.2. Df`jcigr `kiouitglfitf fi scimujgr y pjurgj jgs scmucfitfs `kistru``ckif

`kistru``ckifs?
s?

cs hklk ikvus - cstg bkig `gusg - cpsf ecdfjcs glc`us - cjjud turpf ufrbul

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRC
@K L^JFLFITGRCG
G

76.0. Fiui`cgr y gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs?

hui` - cstcus - cjjcs - cpsc - fkruidfl - cstgl - cjjgrul - cpsf - fkdfl - hgf` - cstg - cjjks -cpsul

76.4. Df`jcigr `kiouitglfitf fi scimujgr y pjurgj jgs scmucfitfs `kistru``ckif

`kistru``ckifs?
s?

hk` cimfis ejulfi - fgdfl eflcig puj`hrg

75. @VGRTG S WVCITG DF@JCIG@CKIFP ‐ PV^CIK ‐ ^GRTC@C^CK ^FREF@TK ^GPCUK ‐

FIVI@CGDK

75.7. Df`jcigr jks scmucfitfs sustgitcvks?

▧ qufr`us, -us
▧ mfiu, -us
▧ dcfs, -fc

75.2. Df`jcigr jks scmucfitfs

scmucfitfs scitgmlgs?
scitgmlgs?

▧ `fjfr, -frcs, -frf + `urrus, us (l.)

▧ hcflgjcs, -f + mfju, us (i)
▧ efjcx, -c`cs + rfs, fc (e)

75.0. Df`jcigr fi ekrlg

ekrlg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj?
pjurgj?

▧ cs gjg`fr fquctgtus
▧ fg lcigx spf`cfs

7>
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 77
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

75.4. Fiui`cgr jks vfrbks.

vfrbks. Ekrlgr y fiui`cg
fiui`cgrr fj pgrtc`cpck pfref`tk
pfref`tk pgscvk?

▧ `jglk
▧ sustcifk
▧ prflk
▧ ciec`ck
▧ gpfrck
▧ `kisujk
▧ ecrlk
▧ cubfk
▧ frcpck
▧ `ustkdck

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

75.6. Df`jcigr fi ekrlg `kiouitg fi scimujgr y pjurgj?

▧ tfrrcbcjcs, -f + lftus, -us (l)

▧ ekrtcs, -f + `kriu, -us (i)
▧ subtcjcs, -f + g`cfs, -fc (e)

75.5 Fiui`cgr jks vfrbks. Ekrlgr y fiui`cgr fj pgrtc`cpck pfref`tk pgscvk?

▧ kbsf`rk
▧ `frik
▧ luick
▧ lkrdfk
▧ civfick
▧ dk
▧ dcjcmk
▧ sgfpck
▧ cg`tk

7=. UK_ ^GPCUG LKDK CIDC@GTCUK (^FREF@TVL)

7=.7. @kioumgr fj pfref`tul df jg vkz pgscvg jks scmucfitfs vfrbks?

▧ rkmk
▧ hgbfk
▧ du`k
▧ luick
▧ rgpck

7=.2. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj vfrbk

▧ jfictus frct ▧ du`tus sul ▧ rfspkisg frgt ▧ jf`tc suit ▧ dc`tg suit ▧gpfrtg fst ▧ fxtci`tus fst

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
7=.0. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf
lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk
fiui`cgdk `klpjftk df
dfjj vfrbk

77
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 72
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

▧ du`tc frgit ▧ sfpujtg suit ▧ erg`tgf frclus ▧ `gptc frglus

7=.4. Dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj vfrbk y `kioumgr fi fj tcflpk cidc`gdk

 ^rftãrctk clpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? clpfdck ‐ prkc`ck

 ^rftãrctk pfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? lkvfk ‐ jgudk
 ^rftãrctk pjus`uglpfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? egjjk - luick
 Euturk pfref`tk cidc`gtcvk pgscvk? pfrec`ck ‐ kifrk

78. ^GRTC@C^CKP

78.7. Ekrlgr y fiui`cgr jks pgrtc`cpcks

pgrtc`cpcks g`tcvks y pgscvks df jks scmucfitfs vfrbks?

▧ `jglk
▧ sustcifk
▧ `kjk
▧ ciec`ck
▧ gpfrck
▧
sul
78.2.. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj vfrbk?
78.2

▧ ifmjfmfitcbus ▧ igrrgturks ▧ kbsfssgf ▧ s`cfitcs ▧ ik`cturgf ▧ rf`fpturc ▧ pujskrul ▧ vk`gitc ▧ vc`turcs ▧

jgudgitfs ▧ du`fitcbus

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

78.0.. Ekrlgr y fiui`cgr jks pgrtc`cpcks g`tcvks y pgscvks df jks scmucfitfs vfrbks?
78.0

▧ ecrlk
▧ cubfk
▧ `gik
▧ frcpck
▧ `ustkdck
▧ hgbfk
▧ df`cpck
▧ vci`k

78.4.. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf y dgr fj fiui`cgdk `klpjftk dfj vfrbk?

78.4

lcigitcul ▧ trg`tks ▧ lcssurgf ▧ krigitc ▧ dkrlcfitfs ▧ jf`tks ▧ jgudgitcul ▧ rfjciqufitcs ▧ s`rcpturcs ▧

luicfitfl

73. CIECICTC
CIECICTCUKP
UKP

73.7. Fiui`cgr jks ciecictcvks

ciecictcvks g`tcvks y pgscvks df jks scmucfitfs
scmucfitfs vfrbks?
dfjfk - pkrtk - s`ck - gmk - ecimk - eg`ck - lkrdfk - `upck - `gik - lkistrk

72
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 70
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

73.2. Gigjczgr jgs scmucfitfs

scmucfitfs ekrlgs, cidc`gr
cidc`gr fj vfrbk y `glbcgr jg vkz `ugidk `krrfspkidg
`krrfspkidg
stftcssf - prgfbctul crc - dc`turul fssf - igrrgrc - hgbucssf - fssf - du`c - vfiturul fssf - tfifrc - ci`cpc - eucssf -
egjjfrf ‐ tg`frf

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

73.0. Fiui`cgr jks ciecictcvks

ciecictcvks g`tcvks y pgscvks
pgscvks df jks scmucfitfs
scmucfitfs vfrbks?

▧ `jglk
▧ sustcifk
▧ `kjk
▧ ciec`ck
▧ gpfrck

2>. LKDK PVBOVITCUK

2>.7. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs vfrbgjfs, sulcicstrgr fj fiui`cgdk y pgsgr jg ekrlg gj
scimujgr k pjurgj, y g jg vkz g`tcvg k pgscvg sfmÿi `krrfspkidg?

eg`cgtcs ‐ dfit ‐ sugdfgl ‐ s`cgit ‐ s`rcbglus ‐ sfqugrcs ‐ pkiglcic ‐ ci`fptus sct ‐ ecgt ‐ mgudfglus ‐
rfpfrcglus ‐ tg`tgf fssfit ‐ vfjctcs ‐ sfitcrfl ‐ sctcs ‐ rgpfrfit ‐ efrglur ‐ scit ‐ pkssct ‐ igrrgvcssftcs ‐ dk`frfr
‐ prksct ‐ lcttgitur ‐ pfrfglus ‐ eufrcit ‐ dfjftc fssftcs

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

2>.2. Gigjczgr lkrekjðmc`glfitf jgs scmucfitfs ekrlgs vfrbgjfs, sulcicstrgr fj fiui`cgdk y pgsgr jg ekrlg gj
scimujgr k pjurgj, y g jg vkz g`tcvg k pgscvg sfmÿi `krrfspkidg?

lgjcl ‐ ef`cssftcs ‐ fgit ‐ fssft ‐ lkifrfit ‐ vfjjflus ‐ efrrfrcs ‐ lkrsg scs ‐ jgudgtc scit ‐ ikjctcs ‐ sfrvgtc
fssflus ‐ eucssft ‐ tclufrctcs ‐ eufrcit ‐ pktucssft ‐ dfjf`tgtc fssfit ‐ luicrfitur ‐ fglus ‐ geucssfit ‐ gu`tus scs
‐ eucssftcs ‐ efrgtur ‐ vfjjfit ‐ crflus ‐ jgtg scl
sc l ‐ vfjjflus.

70
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 74
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

 PFMVIDG ^GRTF? FOFR@C@CKP DF PCITGXCP

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 7
prclfrg df`jcig`cði | prfsfitf lkdk cidc`gtcvk (7 g y 2g `.)

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?
7. Trfpcdk. Trfpcdglus.
2. ^ufjjg trfpcdgt. ^ufjjgf trfpcdgit.
0. @ur trfpcdgs, pufjjg; @ur trfpcdgtcs, pufjjgf;
4. ^ufjjg dklcigl vcdft. Dklcig pufjjgl vcdft.
6. ^ufjjgf dklcigs vcdfit. Dklcigf pufjjgs vcdfit.
5. ^kftgs jgudglus. Ju`frigl hgbfs.
=. ^ufjjg vckjgl glc`gf dkigt. Glc`g vckjgl pufjjgf dkigt.
8. ^ufjjgf vckjgs glc`cs dkigit. Glc`gf vckjgl pufjjcs dkigit.
3. Rksgs eflcics sf`gs, pkftg. Hfrbgl `gprgf pkrtk.
7>. Egbujgf pufjjcs pjg`fit. Gi`cjjg dklcigf kbtflpfrgt.
77. Ci`kjg `frvgl sgmcttg if`gt. Grgl vckjcs krigtcs, gi`cjjgf.
72. ^ufjjgf glc`g `gprgs tclft. ^ufjjgrul glc`g `gprgs tclft.
70. @kjulbgf fx vcjjg ci scjvgl vkjgit.
74. Gmrc`kjgf efrgs `gptgbuit. Efrgf gb gmrc`kjcs `gptgbuitur.
76. Ptfjjgf igutgf vcgl lkistrgit. Ucg stfjjcs igutgf lkistrgtur.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
7. Efrgf scjvgs hgbctgit.
2. ^kftg egbujcs dklcigf ecjcgs dfjf`tgt.
0. @ur fpcstujgl dfjfs, eflcig;
4. Cisujgf rfmcigl lgtrkigf jg`rclcs lkvfit.
6. Glgt vc`tkrcg `urgl. (@gtuj. 52.75)
5. Glc`g, supfrgt tug ekrlg pufjjgs. (@.B
( @.B.)
=. ^kftg fpcstujgl rfmcigf pkrtgt.
8. Efrgf cisujgrul ci`kjgs sflpfr tfrrfit.
3. ^ufjjgf rksgrul `krkics dfgf grgl krigit.
7>. Gqucjg sgmcttg gb gmrc`kjg vujifrgtur.
77. Ptgtugf ejgllcs dfjfitur.
72. Egbujgf pufjjcs gb gi`cjjgf igrrgitur.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 2
Pfmuidg df`jcig`cði | prfsfitf y prftãrctk clpfref`tk lkdk cidc`gtcvk |prfpksc`ckifs y gdvfrbcks

7. Dklcius glc`k `kiscjcg dgbgt.

2. Dklcif, glc`k `kscjcg dgs.
0. Pfrvc, `ujtrcs gprks ci gmrk dcjcmfitfr if`gtcs.
4. Dfcs tflpjg gfdcec`gbglus ft ci grcs gmiks sg`rcec`gbglus.
6. Dklcius pkftgf vfrbcs `kllkvftur.
5. Ci `klkfdccs sgfpf pufjjgs pcrgtgf rgpcuit.
=. Uctg ci scjvcs dfgf Dcgigf pjg`fbgt.
8. Grlg vcrulquf `gik.

74
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 76
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

3. Gmrc`kjgf ft `gpfjjgf gjcqugidk ulbrgl scjvgrul qugfruit.

7>. Ecmurcs vckjgrul vfj rksgrul tfjgl pcimclus.
77. ^jfbfcc dklc`cjcg `ctk rfjciqufbgit ft `jglgbgit? ‚iki cgl glpjks gmrks `kjflus“.
72. Rklgic vgjjul `cr`ul `gstrg gfdcec`git, fxtrg vgjjul tfrrgl ekdcuit ft ctg ekssgl eg`cuit.
70. Igutgs iulqugl tfrrfbgt pfjgmus.
74. Mfllgf ft lgrmgrctgf pkftgf sgfpf g pufjjg pks`fitur.
76. Jcttfrgs glc`krul sflpfr g``cpcfbgl ft pkst `figl jfmfbgl.
75. @kjkicgf pfr Ctgjcgl g Rklgic `kjjk`gbgitur? ci Mgjjcgl vc`tkrcgl sgfpf rfpkrtgbgit.
7=. G`frbg egtg Rklgiks gmuit (Hkr .Fpk. =.7=)
78. Rflus pfr ck`ul vgjjul trgiscjct. Rklujus crg stgtcl citfrec`ct Rflul.
73. Pgbcic, prkptfr rgptgrul cicurcgl ecjcgrul, grlg gdvfrsus Rklgiks suluit.
2>. Gpud tflpjul dfgf spfjui`g cisurmct. Fx sgxk pklg ft uvgf dfpfidfit.
27. ^fr ullfrks dfc pciigf `gidc`git. Gitf jf`tul cg`fbgit sgmmcttgf, grlg dfc.
22. Fpcstujgs pkftgf pufjjg, dklcigf ecjcg, g``cpcfbgt sfd iki jfmfbgt.
20. Dfg Lcifrvg ft lgtrkigf eglujgfquf jgigs tfjgsquf tfxfbgit.
FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Rklgf pufrc ft pufjjgf gd lgmcstrul vficfbgit1 cbc, ci judk iulfrks ft jcttfrgs dcs`fbgit. Tgbfjjgs `frgtgs
stcjulquf ci judul pkrtgbgit. Ptcjk jcttfrgs g` vfrbg ci tgbfjjgrul `frg cis`rcbfbgit. Lgmcstrc vfrbg pufrc
giclul gd studcul ci`ctgbgit.
2. Gtcjcus Rfmujus Rklgiks `kitrg ^kfiks gd bfjjul ci`ctgbgt.
0. @ythgrg pkftg egbujgl df iylphcs dfcsquf `gifbgt.
4. Mi. ^klpfcus ci fxtrflcs tfrrcs bfjjul mfrfbgt (Pgj. @gt. 75.6)
6. ^fr scjvgl `urrct `frvg sfd ci`kjgf sgmcttgs iki vctgt.
5. Tujjus Hkstcjcus sgfpf `kitrg ecictclks pumigt. Gjbgiks supfrgt ft Gjbgl Jkimgl fxpumigt. ^kstfg `ul
Gjbgics glc`ctcgl `kiecrlgt.
=. Pk`frc mfifrks glgit, mfifrcquf sk`frks.
8. Gqucjgs `kjulbgsquf sgmcttcs efrctcs.
3. ^hgsfjus vfitk lkvftur.
7>.^frc`ujg bfjjc ft gmrc`kjgf ft igutgf tclfit.
77.Trkcg fxpumigbgtur gdvfigrul `kpccs.
72.Dcjcmfitcg sflpfr dklcigf ecjcg glc`gquf jgigl tfxuit.
70.^kftg Gthfigrul iuptcgs ecjcgf dklcigf jgudgbgt.
74.Vlbrgf bfjugrul citfr tfifbrgs scjvgf eujmurgit.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 0
sfmuidg df`jcig`cði | euturk df cief`tul | `kkrdcig`cði

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?
7. Lkrbul lfdc`us `urgbct sfd igturg sgigbct.
2. Ciclc`c kppcdul iki `gpcfit igl lurus gb ci`kjcs gfdcec`gbctur.
0. Mjgdccs s`utcsquf vcrc `ul sk`ccs ci prkfjcul `kivficfit gt grlg tglfi pgjlgf iki krigbuit.
4. Gpud tflpjul dfgf spfjui`gl vcdfbctcs, vcrc.
6. @ubc`ujg vgjvgfquf lcrf eujmurgbuit igl lurks gurul ft grmfitul tfmfit.
5. Rklujus Rklgl `kidct1 Iulg ^klpcjcus sg`rg `kistctuct1 Tujjus Hkstcjcus Gjbgl dcruct1 Gi`us Lgr`cus
`kjkicgl `kistctuct1 ^rcs`us Tgrqucicus judks Rklgiks cistctuct ft lurks eg`ct.
=. Mjkrcg Rklgf cjjustrgbctur ft `fjfbrgbctur g pkftg.
8. Rklujus jfmgtks gjjfmgt, igl Rklgic kptgbgit `kiubcg `ul Pgbcics.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
7. Jg`rclgs lgigbuit eflcigf igl pkpujkrul dcs`krdcg vcrks ci bfjjul trghct.
76
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 75
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

2. ^ufrc `kttcdcf ci judul vficfit ft sfrvc jcbrks pufrkrul pkrtgbuit.

0. Ec`cs, `gsfk vcikquf prgidcul dklcik pgrgbcs, sfrvf.
4. Ci @cr`k gd lftgl hgfrfbuit rktgs gt gurcmg hgbfics fquks ci`ctgbct ft pkpujus pjgudft.
6. ^klpfcus clpfrcul grrcpcft, guxcjcg `kitrg Rklgiks `klpgrgbct ft gmrks prkvci`cglquf dfpkpujgbct.
5. Egbujg gi`cjjcs g dklcig igrrgbctur ft pufjjgf rcdfbuit.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 4 | vfrbk sul

gdoftcvks df prclfrg `jgsf

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?
7. Pfdujus sfrvus lgmig dcjcmfitcg glkfiul `jgrc dklcic hkrtul `urgbgt ft pgrvgs ec`ks `kisfrfbgt.
2. Lcrg ft lgmicec`g gfdcec`cg pubjc`g prcvgtgquf ci ekrk Rklgik lujtc pfrfmrcic spf`tgbgit.
0. Ci bfjjk vcrkrul vctg grdug fst.
4. Rklujus dcssclujgt lgmigl crgl ft pgrgt judks Ifptuik. Uc`ciks pkpujks gd spf`tg`ujul vk`gt1 Pgbcikrul
turbg gd ikvks judks prkpfrgt.
6. @jgrf pkftg, g pkpujk Rklgik jgudgbfrcs.
5. Ci gitcqucs tflpjcs lgmig sclujg`rg dfkrul frgit.
=. @kpcg pf`uicgrul ciclc`g glc`ctcgf fst.
8. Cimficul lgjg sgfpf lkvfit. (Kv. G.G. 2.40)
3.
7>.
Ugstus
Bkiggiclus
`kiscjcgcilkdfrgtg, iclcs
dk`tc lgmcstrc gjtg sflpfr
g dcs`cpujcs iki`upcfbgt. (Pgj. @gt. 6.6)
gudcfbgitur.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG
7. Gvcdc pcrgtgf gfmrks `gptcvks gb Gerc`g du`uit.
2. Ciclc`c g`utgs sgmcttgs df lurcs ci Rklgiks dfc`cfbgit.
0. Lcsfrc sfrvc, g sgfvk dklcik sgfpf vfrbfrglcic.
4. G`frbg egtg Rklgiks gmuit (Hkr.Fpk. =.7=)
6. Lgmig pfstcjfitcg pgvcdgf eflcigf pufrcquf pgrvc citfrec`cuitur.
5. Dcvus Gumustus, fmrfmcus vcr, cimficg sgf`ujc klicik ekvfbgt.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 6
tfr`frg df`jcig`cði (tflg fi ‐c) | subkrdcig`cði gdvfrbcgj tflpkrgj, `gusgj y `kidc`ckigj fi cidc`gtcvk

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Igutgf, `ul eglfl skjk pgif iki dfpfjjfbgit, rftcbus f igvcbus pcs`fs `gpcfbgit.
2. @gjjcdg vujpfs ikxcg frgt qucg pgvcdgs gvfs vcjjc`c sgfpf ik`tu pftfbgt.
0. @ul hkstcul cmifs Rklgigl `jgssfl fvfrtuit, ikstrc `cvfs g`frbgl `jgdfl g``cpcuit.
4. Dfgf gjtgrcg sfrtcs gb gmrc`kjcs krigbclcic, qukd lfssfs `kpcksgf suit.
6. Pcluj g` lkrtcefrul vfifiul ci vfigs tugs pfiftrgbct, vctgl fxhgjgbcs.
5. Iui` gitf qugl clbrf vfitkquf `gfjul icmrfs`ct, kvfs ci kvcjf du`gl.
=. K Trkcgic! Pc `kpcgf ci fquk suit, lgmik ci pfrc`ujk frclus.
8. Iflk ficl efrf sgjtgt skbrcus, icsc ekrtf cisgict (@c`. Lur. 70)

FOFR@CTG@CKI @KL^JFLFITGRCG.

7. Jgbkrcksgf gpfs ci gjvfgrf `fjfrctfr rfvficuit qukd icmrgf iubfs clbrfs iuitcgit.
2. @ul jgigf vfstfs ikbcs iki ekvfit, pfjjfs ursc ciduclus.

75
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 7=
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

0. Pcluj g` rfus ci trcbuigjc sfdfbct, tfstcul vfrbg gudcftcs, `cvfs.

4. Fisfs Rklgikrul lgmig `gfdf ecifs hkstcul vgstgbuit.
6. Ucjjc`c `gifs suks ci `kjjfl du`uit qucg jupc sgfpf tclcdgs kvfs efrcuit.
5. @kivci`gl, sc ifmgs.
=. Citrg scjvgs `kjjfsquf hkstfs jgtfbgit qucg iubfs, vfitc clbrfsquf iki lciufbgit.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI
tfr`frg df`jcig`cði 5(tflgs fi `kiskigitf)

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Gjtgf grbkrfs mrgtgl ulbrgl kvcbus ft pgstkrcbus prgfbfit.

2. Rklgic, `ul rfmfs fxpfjjuit, `kisujfs `rfgit, sfd lujtc gdujfs`fitfs ci cuvfitutf Rklgig skdgjfs
gitcqukrul rfmul frgit.
0. Ekrtuigtf sfifx, frmk tug rurg lgifbuit. (Ufrm. B. 7.45).
4. Pgbcigf ucrmcifs g Rklgics rgpcuitur.
6. Klifs trghclur ft du`clur gd `kmictckics ft s`cfitcgf `upcdctgtfl.
5. Dfbflus pgrfitcbus ikstrcs pcftgtfl. (Pãi. Bfi. 5.20.6)
=. Uks, cmiguc lcjctfs, g `fiturckicbus lkifbclci
lkifbclcic.
c.
8. Iki bfif, sc tkjjgs pkfjcg, durgt glkr. (Kv. Gl
Gl.. 7.8.3)
3. Du`fbgr ci jk`ul hkrrcdul g eurcbus.
7>.Lf iki skjul glc`krul ecdfjctgs, sfd ftcgl uicvfrsgf `cvctgtcs k`ujc `ustkdcuit. (@c`. ^hcj. 72.22)
77.Iujjgl qucftfl lcjctcbus dgt bfjjc`ksus rfx, sfd dfegtcmgtckif `krpkrg cuvfiul jgbkrfl ci lcjctcg iki
tkjfrgit.
72.@rudfjctgs lkrtcs gitf k`ujks vcgtkrcs lgifbgt? iki skjul tclkr sfd ftcgl hkrrcec`g clgmk lfitfl hklcics
turbgbgt.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Gitcqucs tflpkrcbus Lfifjgus rfx `ul Hfjfig uxkrf rfmigbgt.

2. @ul ejglfi ucrmcifsquf sg`rg pkrtgit, lgmiul fxflpjul rfjcmckics dgit.
0. Ci urbf Jgtcig cidcmfiul sfrlkifl fx`kjfbgl.
4. Pgpcfitcg pg`c egvft ft mfius hulgiul gd `ki`krdcgl vk`gt. (Pfi. Fp Fp.. 3>.25)
6. Cglquf eg`fs ft sgxg vkjgit, eurkr grlg lcicstrgt. (Ufrm., Gfi. 7.76>)
5. Tflpkrcbus gitcqucs g pccs Rklgics pgtfrig rurg grgbgitur.
=. Jupg pgrvujks gjfbgt, dfcidf `ul pgstkr rfmcs pufrks civfict, `kicux pgstkrcs Rklujul Rflulquf ci
`gsgl pkrtgt.
8. Hfjuftcc ejulcif Rhkdgik `kitcifitur.
3. ^kpujus lcjctcg gtquf cikpcg urmfbgtur, prgfdgs bfjjc`gs clpfrgtkrfs `ul pgu`cs dcrcpcfbgit. (Pgjj . C. 47.=)
7>.Ci dfisg erkidf iflkrcs subctus `giul `jglkr prkpciquctgtfl vfigtkrul iuitcgt.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI =
gdoftcvks df sfmuidg `jgsf

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Mrgvc krgtckif gitf dubctgbcjf prkfjcul gd dceec`cjfl pumigl iks clpfjjct ekrtcs dux.
2. Klicg bkig lfg lf`ul suit. (Pfi. Fp Fp.. 3.78)
0. Cjjustrcul `cvcul iklcig ci gfrf gut lgrlkrf cis`rcbuitur
7=
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 78
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

4. Tcbc durul pf`tus luj`ft lkjjcs Ufius sugvcbus grtcbus sucs, efrkx Lgrs.
6. Fxcmuk f pgupfrf lfisg dkik Jgrfs gmrfstfs `kjfit vftfrfs gmrc`kjgf.
5. Rgtfs jcmifgf fufrtfitur ufitcs clpjg`gbcjcbus.
=. @cvfs, utcjf ikbcs `kiscjcul vfstrul frct.
8. Fmk vfstrc vfstrgfquf sullgf vcrtutcs iulqugl cllflkr frk.
3. Lflkrgbcjcg prgf`fptg gb cuufitutf dcjcmfitc dcs`fbgitur.
7>.@kisuj scbc dklul gfdcec`gbct.
77.Wucs fmk sul sgjtfl, sc iki sul Pkscg; (^j. Glph
Glph.. 408)
72.Pc gd igturgl vcvfs, iulqugl frcs pgupfr, sc gd kpcickis iulqugl frcs dcvfs. (Pfi. FpFp.. 2.75.=)
70.Pfmftfs lkjjfs ercmkrf ci`jflfitc `kimfjgbgitur.
74.Dul rfmgjfs gfdfs lujcfbrc pjgimkrf ujujgbgit, iks gjg`rcbus giclcs ci lcsfrgbcjf bfjjul prk`fdclus.
76.@ul vfr ci`cpcft, kvcul dfitf lkrdfbuitur mrg`cjfs pjgitgf.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. @ul cllctcs eurkr giclks pjfbcs ci sfdctckifl trghft, vfhflfitcul krgtkrul fjkqufitcg ci ekrk gudg`fs
pjg`gbct.
2. Ppjfidkrfs skjcs iubcbus `rfbrcs tfmfitur.
0. Lfidgx hkspfs duj`f dkiul glkrcs ciefjc`c rfmcigf prklcttfbgt `gjjcdk ergudf.
4. Pc vci`clus, klicg ikbcs tutg fruit. (Pgj. @gt. 68.3)
6. Eujlcig hkrrcbcjcg g iulcif `gfjfstc cg`cfitur.
5. Lcrgbcjf prkdcmcul lchc g`rfl ekrtuigl lkift.
=. Pkjjfrtfs jfmgtc clpfrgtkrc klicg df `gstrcs tfrrcbcjcul hkstcul igrrgbgit.
8. ^frvcmcjfs eurfs pgrcftfl ekdfbgit ft ci fjfmgitfs gfdfs citrgit subtcjc `fjfrctgtf.
3. Gprc scjufstrfs `gptgbuitur g sfdujk ufigtkrf.
7>.Ekrtfs vfigtkrfs ci vcrcdc erkidf iflkrcs sg`rc efrk`fl ft grrkmgitfl tcmrfl `kispc`cuit.
77.Gjctfs tclcdgf if`gbgitur sgmcttcs `fjfrcbus.
72.Igufs ufjk`fs g efrk`cbus prgfdkicbus `gpcuitur.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 8
vfrbks dfpkifitfs

7. Bkig `gusg iujjul cudc`fl ufrfbctur.

2. Dcspgrfs lkrfs dcspgrcg studcg sfquuitur.

0.
4. Glkr, utprkec`cs`ftur
Rklgl jg`rclg, gb k`ujk krctur, ci pf`tus
ft ci prkpciqucs `gdct.
urbcs lkitcbus lkrgbctur.
6. Pk`rgtfs df phcjkskphc giclg jkqufbgtur.
5. ^g`cs Glkr dfus fst, pg`fl vfifrglur glgitfs (^rkp. 0.6.7)
0.6 .7)
=. (Kv. Lft. CC, =87)
If` eructur sklik, vcmcjgitcbus fx`ctg `urcs (Kv.
8. Igturgl sc sfquflur du`fl iulqugl gbfrrgbclus.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Lujtc eglgl, `kis`cfitcgl pgu`c ufrfitur.

2. Lfis klicg lkdfrgtur, lkuft, rfmct.
0. Gstrg iki lfitcuitur sfd gstrkjkmc bfif lfitcuitur df gstrcs.
4. Tctyrus gmrfstc lkdujgtur `grlfi gvfig.
6. @ur gutfl prgftfrctg `kiqufrkr; (Gpuj. Gpkj. 86)
5. Gdsfqugr klicg sc prkpfrk? sc `ui`tkr, glcttk (@c`. Gtt. 7>. 8.6)

78
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 73
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 3
Lkdk Clpfrgtcvk

7. ^gr`f lftu, @ythfrfg.

2. @grpf dcfl.
0. ^jgudctf!

4.
6. Clpcus if gudftk
Dcs`cpujf, jgbkrflpjg`grf
eg`! dkics crgl dfkrul (@c`. Jfm. 2.3).
5. Iui` vcik pfjjctf `urgs! (Hkr. @grl
@grl.. 7.=.07)
=. Dcs`f, pufr, vcrtutfl fx lf vfrulquf jgbkrfl, / ekrtuigl fx gjccs. Iui` tf lfg dfxtfrg bfjjk / dfefisul
dgbct ft lgmig citfr prgflcg du`ft. / Tu (cdfl) eg`ctk. (Ufrm. G
G.. 72.406-408)
8. Gut eglgl sfqufrf gut scbc `kiuficfitcg ecimf s`rcptkr. (Hkr. Grs 33-7>>)
3. Qpkflgtg\ duj`cg suitk ft Q…\ giclul gudctkrcs gmuitk. (Hkr. Grs 773-72>).

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Pf`rftk glc`ks gdlkif, jgudg pgjgl.

2. Trgiqucjjcs rfbus sflpfr gdvfrsg tclftf1 rursus ci gdvfrscs lfjckrg spfrgtf.
0. Iks`f tf, iks`f giclul tuul (@c`. Tus`. 7.22)
4. ^kst dfcidf lgius cicf`tck fstk. Ci cus du`ctk.
6. If ecimf.
5. Hklcifl lkrtuul ci urbf if sfpfjctk ifvf urctk.
=. Keec`cul eg`, vfrctgtfl dc`, `gf`ks du`.
8. Lgmcstfr, dcs`cpujks lkif!

FOFR@CTG@CKI 7>
pfref`tul dfj lkdk cidc`gtcvk (vkz g`tcvg) | fiui`cgdk dfj vfrbk

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Ci urbf Jgtcig cidcmfiul sfrlkifl fx`kjuc.

2. Pgmg glgtkrfl suul, qukd ekfdus tflfrgvfrgt, uic`k ufrbk lutguct ci `gstkrfl.
0. @ul pfrfmrcigf lfr`fs rklgiks lkrfs pkjjufruit, `upcdk juxurcgquf pudkrfl cuvfitutcs erfmfruit.
4. K phcjkskphcg, tu civfitrcx jfmul, tu lgmcstrg lkrul ft dcs`cpjcigf eucstc. (@c`. Tus`. 6.2)
6. Iujjul pkftgl ikvfrgt, iujjul jfmfrgt krgtkrfl, iujjgl lflkrcgl gitcquctgtcs `kjjfmfrgt.
5. Vrbfl Rklgl Q...\ `kidcdfrf gtquf hgbufrf cictck Trkcgic.
=. Pgbcigrul pgtrfs, qukd cuvfifs Rklgic ecjcgs rgpufrgit, jg`rclcs prf`cbusquf vc`cigs `cuctgtfs `kitrg mfitfl
Rklgigl `ki`ctgvfruit.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Dul pkifbgl ikvgs grbkrfs lgjc ft pcrc, ci `krtc`f sullg iktgvc iklfi glkrcs lfc.
0. Vrbs Rklg, `ul ejkruct gfqucs jfmcbus, clprkbg jc`fitcg `cvctgtfl lcs`uct gtquf juxurcg prcstcikrul
ekfdfrul vci`ujg rupct.
4. Cuppctfr, pgtfr hklciul dfkrulquf, pkpujk Rklgik clpfrcul scif ecif dfdct.
6. QHgdrcgius\ egbujgs ci thfgtrk dfdct, hcstrckifs gujc`ks pubjc`gvct, ci `cr`k lujtgs efrgs ft sgfpf `fitul jfkifs
citfref`ct, mjgdcgtkrfs erfqufitfr spf`tgvct. (PHG, Hgdr. 73.5)

73
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 2>
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 77
`ugrtg y qucitg df`jcig`ckifs | prkiklbrfs pfrskigjfs y dflkstrgtcvks

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. @frvus, `ul ci gqug `kriug sug vcdct, fkrul pju`hrctudcifl jgudgvct.

2.
4. Vbc
Pk`fr df`ul
fcusmfifrk
gdvfitu Hfjvftcc
suk s`cvfruit,ftcjjc
sf `kicuixfrgt cjjcftsugs
g`cfl sugl dcjcmfitfr
ekrtuigs cistruxfruit
dfdfrgt sfd ft jfmgtks
cuvfics egjjg`c gd klifl
ju`rc spf ful lcsfruit.
fcus rfl
scbc `fpct.
6. ^jurclcs uimufitcs sf gvcdg lgiu erustrg krigbuit turpfs jfigf qukicgl pufrc cjjgs prkptfr ekfdgs fgrul
eg`cfs jkimf eumcfit.
5. Lujtg prgftfrfg df scdfrcbus gtquf fkrul lktu, df luidc g` tfrrgrul lgmictudcif, df rfrul igturg, df
dfkrul cllkrtgjcul uc g` pktfstgtf dcsputgit ft cuufitutc trgduit. (@ãsgr, BM 5.74.5)
=. Cjjcs sgjus pkpujc suprflg jfx fstk. (@c`. Jfm. 0.0)
Jfm.0.0)
8. Pc eg`cfs hk`, prgflcul tcbc dgbk.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Dul pfrctus gurcmg hgrfigl suk `urru scmigbgt sullg mjkrcgf spf, spf`tgtkrfs iki skjul pjguscbus sfd
ftcgl `jglkrcbus fcus vc`tkrcgl iuitcgbgit.
2. Pcluj g` puj`hrc hkspctcs gdvfitus iuitcgtur, scbc dceecdct rfmcig qukicgl ekrlksg cjjcus eg`cfs tfifrg fcus
pf`tkrg lcsfrgbcjc glkrf ci`fidct.
0. Ppf rfdctus `kicumcs suc ^fifjkpf cuvfiul vcrfs tflptgvct ci cjjcus gr`u dul fcus ikvgl tfjgl `ktcdcf
cllktg ecdf rursus tfmfbgl.
4. Lcsfrc f vgjjf vfifruit pgstkrfs ft vgics `gitcbus sf jficvfruit qucg jupkrul clpftu `f`cdfrgit klifs kvfs
lgmig pfric`cf fkrul.
6. Ci ercmcdg hcflf clpcmrc `kjkic `ul spf vfr `upcfit igl ci gfstcvk tflpkrf vciul, mrgtul eru`tul,
pgrgbuit.
5.Igl rfs pubjc`g ikstrg gd hui` stgtul mjkrcgf pfrufict iki lujtctudcif hklciul, sfd sfufrctgtf jfmul.
(PHG, Hgdr. 2.74.4)
=. Tgtcus, rfx Pgbcikrul, Q...\ ci cpsk ekrk `ul Rklujk df`frtguct ft citfrufitu Pgbcigrul pg`fl `ul Rklujk
ecxct. (Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjcs 03.7)

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 72
vkz pgscvg pfref`tul

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Mrgf`krul igvfs ci Gujcdcs pkrtu gdvfrscs vfitcs rftfitgf suit qucg gb Gmglflikif mrgvcbus `kitulfjccs
Dcgig keefisg frgt.
2. Vt sg`frdktfs df lkrg `jgsscs g du`f citfrrkmgtc suit, ctg rfspkidfruit? ‚Crg dfgf pjg`gbctur, k rfx, pkstqugl
ecjcg tug, Cphcmficg, cllkjgtg frct‚.
0. Ufhflfitfr dfspf`tg suit Tgrqucicc eg`cikrg g sfigtkrcbus qukd clpcus rfx klicg dkjkscs grtcbus gmfbgt.
4. Pfd vftfrcs pkpujc Rklgic prkspfrg vfj gdvfrsg `jgrcs s`rcptkrcbus lflkrgtg suit. (Tg`. G
G.. 7)
6.Tgrqucicus Pupfrbus Q...\ kb iclcgl supfrbcgl rfmik pujsus fst. (Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjcs 7=.7)

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. G ^frscs dfsfrtg frgt urbs ^frsfpkjcs, `ul fxfr`ctus gb Gjfxgidrk cidu`tus fst. Cbc klifs ^frscdcs kpfs
`kimfstgf frgit. Pcluj g` lcrgbcjcs `kpcg g Lg`fdkicbus vcsg fst, vc`tkrfs citfr sf efrrk `frtgvfruit qukd juxu

2>
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 27
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

gvgrctcgquf `gptc suit. Pfd iki skjul gvgrctcg sfd `rudfjctgs ci urbf vujmgtgf suit igl pkstqugl thfsgurul
gvcdg lgiu dcrfptul frgt, `gptcvc tru`cdgtc suit.
0. ^rclul ^uic`ul bfjjul igugjcbus `kpccs mfstul fst. (Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjc
lflkrcgjcss 45.2)

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Kptclul fst prgflcul ucrtus.

2. Pgfpf dctcssclc hklcifs pgupfrrclc suit.
0. Lciclg rfs gjcqugidk lgxclc bfjjc `gusg fst.
4. Lkrfs Mrgf`krul ft ^frsgrul dcssclcjjclc frgit.
6. Dc`tg lfjjf duj`ckrg gudcfbglus.
5. Ufigtkrfs uujpf `gjjcdckrfs `gssfs jftgjfs `kjjk`gbuit.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 70
pgrtc`cpcks

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Cuppctfr, g tfrrcbcjcbus Mcmgitcbus kppumigtus, eujlcif suk fks dfvc`ct.

2. ^kpujus Rklgius sub Rklujk pumiguct `ul Pgbcics prkptfr ucrmcifs rgptgs. (Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjcs 28.7)
0. Pubctk vcdflus sfifl `gjvul, tuic`g vfstctul russfg, citfr pufrks `gpcjjgtks judfitfl pcjg. (^ftr. P. 2=. 7)
4. @c`frk fpcstujgl jf`tgl Tcrkic cuxtg sfdfitc trgdcdct.
6. @ul pjgusu prk`fduit `gitgitfs. (Pfi. Gpk`. 704)
5. Klicg sflpfr prklcttfitc pgujcspfr `rfdclus.
=. @gfsgr, fxpjkrgtcs rfmckicbus, klifs `kpcgs `gstrcs fduxct.
8. Gr`hcgs pkftg Rklgl vfict, `kisujcbus Lgrck ft @gtujk.
3. Pgfpf jg`rclgf, lf s`rcbfitf, suit prkeusgf.
7>. Gthficfisfs, gdvficfitcbus ^frscs, urbfl sugl, cubfitf Thflcstk`jf, rfjcqufruit.
77. Egbcus lgicbus ulfrcsquf sg`rg mfrfis ci Wucrcigjfl `kjjfl pfrufict.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Kbsfssg eg`cbus ft tfjcs clpcgf `kicurgtckics, vkbcs suppjfx lgius tfidct pgtrcg `klluics.

2.
0. Kppcdul cgl cpsg
Fx kppumigtg urbf igturg luictul
pfric`cfl vgjjk
`cvctgtcs `cr`uldfdclus.
`kmctgitfs dcjcmfitcg `kisujcs pujsc suit.
4. ^frturbgtus pgtfr ecjcgl dkjfitfl jficfitcbus vfrbcs skjgbctur.
6. ^rkdctc `cvfs pkfigl lgmcstrgtuc ergudgitc pftfit.
5. Kbscdcbus rfddctcs, vftfrcbus `jcfitfjcs rfstctutcs, Pfqugic prci`cpgtul dclcsfrgit.
=. Pfdctckif eg`tg, cmikbcjf vujmus sgfvcct ft grlg `fpct.
8. Pfif`tutf gpprkpciqugitf, `krpkrcs vcrfs jgimufs`uit.
3. Lkdfrgtckif dfspf`tg, klicg vci`ct supfrbcg.
7>. Dccs gdcuugitcbus, ikbcs ucmcjgitcbus, pkpujk rklgik `kisfitcfitf, frclus brfuc tflpkrf jcbfrc! (@c`. ^hcj.
0.74)

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 74
^rkpksc`cði Ci`jucdg Gdoftcvg (^CG)

7. Tclcdus pfrc`ujg qugf iki suit ucdft.

2. Hfrkdktus bfjjul igrrguct qukd g Mrgf`cs `ul ^frscs mfstul frgt.
0. Rfmujus sug ukjuitgtf prkptfr ecdfl qugl dfdfrgt hkstc, @grthgmcifl rfufrtct.
27
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 22
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

4. Ci hg` cisujg ekis gqugf duj`cs fst `uc iklfi Grfthusg fst.
6. Cjjks gdlcttf, quks tu pktfs eg`frf lfjckrfs. (Pãi. Fp. 5.8)
5. Klif hk`, qukd ucdfs, quk dcucig gtquf hulgig `ki`jusg suit, uiul fst1 lflbrg sulus `krpkrcs
lgmic. (Pãi. Fp
Fp.. 36.62)
=. Custctcgl `kjf ft pcftgtfl qugf `ul lgmig ci pgrfitcbus ft prkpciqucs, tul ci pgtrcg lgxclg fst. (@c`.
Rfp. UC.75)
8. Ftficl klifs grtfs qugf gd hulgictgtfl pfrtcifit hgbfit qukddgl `klluif uci`jul. (@c`. Gr`h.
2.5)
3. Luidus fst uicufrsctgs rfrul, ci quk klicg suit ft fxtrg qufl ichcj1 quc Mrgf`f dc`ctur `kslks.
(Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjcs 7.7)
7>. QLcrus fst\ Jfu`gdf lkis uidf sf Pgpphk dfcf`ct prkptfr ucrul1 ci sullk lkitf egiul fst Gpkjjcics,
ubc sg`rg ecuit. (Glpfj. Jcbfr lflkrcgjcs 8.4)
77. Dc`gl pjgif qukd sfitck.
72. Wuc `ul pgupfrtgtf bfif `kiufict, dcufs fst.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. Grbkrfs sfrft dcjcmfis gmrc`kjg qugrul bg``gl cpsf iuiqugl gspc`cft.

2. ^cidgrus gthjftgrul jgudfs `f`cict qucbus prgflcg ci Kjylpcs trcbutg frgit.
0. @jflfis fs frmg fks g qucbus cicurcgs g``cpcs.
4. Iki quc pgrul hgbft sfd quc pjus `upct pgupfr fst.
6. Hklk, `uc ik`fs, sfifx fst.
5. @gics quc jgdrgt (efrf sflpfr) iki lkrdft!
=. @gfsgr fks quc vfifrgit `kijgudgt.
8. Jcttfrgs g``fpc qugs gd lf lcscstc.
3. G``fpc gb Grcstk`rctk trfs fpcstujgs, qugs fmk jg`rclcs prkpf dfjfvc.
7>. P`cpck, quc ci Hcspgicg @grthgmcicfisfs dfvc`frgt, Rklgl vfict.
77. Jfmc pfrjcbfitfr fpcstujgl qugl gd tf Brutus lcsct fx Gscg.
72. Jcttfrgf klifs gut uk`gjfs dc`uitur gut `kiskigitfs. uk`gjfs suit qugf ft skics scimujgrcbus `kistgit ft
skjgf syjjgbgs eg`cuit, scif qucbus iujjg syjjgbg prk`rfgtur. ( Ergm. Bkb. 608.7>)
70. Cimfiuc suit, quc jcbfrc igtc suit1 jcbfrtcic, quc fx custg sfructutf lgiulcssc suit. (Mgcus, Cist. 7.3)

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 76
ciecictcvks

▧ Hg`fr fj giçjcscs
giçj cscs lkrekjðmc`k, scitç`tc`k y jg trgdu``cði?

7. Rfl pubjc`gl sfrvgrf dfbflus.

2. Efssc gmrc`kjgf sub ulbrksg egmk rfqucfs`frf skjfbgit.
0. Ik`tu glbujgbgt cjjf vcr, qucg sklicul `gpfrf iki pktfrgt.
4. Pk`rgtfs f `ustkdcg fdu`c iki gudft.
6. Q@upct\ crf pfr cpsul gfrfl ft cllfisk vcvfrf `gfjk scmigquf ft stfjjgrul iks`frf `ursus.
5. Fst rcdc`ujul gd fg qugf hgbflus ichcj dc`frf, qugfrfrf qugf hgbfrf iki pkssulus, ft df hklciul lflkrcg
tg`frf. (@c`. Gr`h. 8.70)
=. Clpcus if gudftk pjg`grf dkics crgl dfkrul. (@c`. Jfm.2.3)
8. Ejgvg @frfs lkrtgjfs vfrtfrf efrrk tfrrgl dk`ft.
3. Fks efrrk tru`cdgrf kpkrtfbgt.
7>. Cjjul cictcul sgf`ujc efjc`cssclc lflkrcgf trgdfrf vkjk.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

22
 Lgfstrìg fi Fstudcks @jçsc`ks ‐ EEyJ - VBG 20
Pflcigrck ‚Citrkdu``cði gj fstudck df jg jfimug y jks tfxtks jgtciks“

7. Iki pktfst grtcec`fx lutgrf lgtfrcgl.

2. Dceec`cjf fst jkimul subctk dfpkifrf glkrfl.
0. Lks fst jgudgrf ci prkfjccs citfref`tks.
4. Iki dclc`grf sgfpf uci`frf fst.
6. Ukjclus rf`tf vcvfrf.
5. Uctcul fst iki pgrfrf rgtckic.
=. Glgrf iki gudfs.
8. Dcs`cpujc skjfit fdcs`frf lgmiul iulfrul vfrsuul.
3. Dfbfbuit ikbcs`ul hgbctgrf.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI 75
^CP (G` + Cie)

7. Fxpjkrgtkrfs @gfsgrc iuitcgit hkstfs `gstrg lkvfrf.

2. Iflk cmikrgt Kfdcpul, sug ifegrcg `kllktul, fx vfstfvfstf lgtrcs ecbujgs dftrgxcssf ft scbc k`ujks feekdcssf.
0. Dc`ctur pcul vcrul, giclks luj`fitfl, erg`tgl pg`fl rfstctucssf.
4. Kpkrtft bkiul pkftgl sgfpf styjul vfrtfrf gtquf pgu`cs jf`tkrcbus `kitfitul fssf.
6. Rklujus gd `gfjul dfisk iclbk subjgtus fst ft klifs rkmgvfruit dcvciul rfmfl sugl prkmficfl `ul
lgmig bfifvkjfitcg sflpfr skspctgrf.
5. Trgduit lujtg fxflpjg lgckrul jfmcbus ikvcs rfdu`tg fssf.
=. Lcjctfs ci `glpk cubft mgjfgrc ft gd pumigl pgrgrc. ( B. Ger. 72.0)
8. Citfjjfmfs iki ekrtuctk pkpujul Rklgiul, sfd `kiscjck ft dcs`cpjcig `kiecrlgtul fssf. (@c`. Rfp
Rfp.. CC.75)
3. P`cs hui` ichcj hgbfrf, ichcj gudfrf, ichcj pkssf. (@c`. P.Rks`. 74=)
7>.Gtquf fmk if utcjfl qucdfl grbctrkr fssf ikbcs euturgrul rfrul s`cfitcgl. (@c`. Dcv. 2.22)
77.Iuitck `kllktus, fxcstclgis sf pf`uicg ft pktfitcg pfrc`ujul dfpfjjfrf, dklul ufict.

FOFR@CTG@CÐI @KL^JFLFITGRCG

7. @fruus sug `kriug sugl lkrtfl prkuk`gturg fssf iki putgbgt.

2. Iflk P`cpckifl @grthgmcifl dfstruxcssf cmikrgt.
0. Rklgf dklciks jcbfrtgtfl sfrucs sucs dgrf jc`fbgt.
4. Thflcstk`jfs spfrgbgt sf ^frsgs uc`turul fssf.
6. Trgdctur jupgl Rklujul gjucssf.
5. @kisuj iuitcgvct Rklgiks gb hkstcbus vc`tks fssf.
=.
Gu`tkrfs `jgrcssclks iki cmikrgbgl lujtg Q...\ s`rcptg pkstfrcs rfjcqucssf. (Wucit. CK pr.7)
8. Tgigqucj citfr tulujtul `jgudc rfmcgl cubft, grbctrks fc`ct. (Jcv. 7.47)

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