CGPDTM 2023 - Mains Physics

Mock-6
Quantum Mechanics & Atomic-Molecular
Physics
 SECTION – A
(Each question carries 12 marks and each subpart (a) & (b) are of 6 marks)
1. (a) 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) is a solution of the Schrödinger equation for a free particle of mass 𝑚 in one-
dimension and
𝜓(𝑥, 0) = 𝐴𝑒 /
Find the amplitude in momentum space at 𝑡 = 0. Also find 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡).

(b) Consider a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator with angular frequency ω.

For (𝑡 < 0), it was known to be in the ground state and for 𝑡 ≥ 0, it is subjected to a
time-dependent perturbation 𝐻 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑒 / where 𝐴 & 𝜏 are constants in both space and
time. Using time- dependent perturbation theory to first order, calculate the probability of
finding the oscillator in its first excited state at 𝑡 > 0. Justify your result in the limit 𝑡 →
∞.

2. (a) Write and explain the origin of the spin-orbit interaction term for a hydrogen-like
atom. Why is it called a fine structure term? State Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule.

(b) Find the expectation of 𝑆⃗ ⋅ 𝑆 ⃗ with respect to orthohelium and parahelium states;
where 𝑆⃗ & 𝑆 ⃗ are the individual spins of the two electrons. If the electrostatic field fall
so as ∼ 1/𝑟 (instead of 1/𝑟 ), find the expectation of total energy for any stationary
state of the hydrogen atom.

3. (a) State the laws of Photoelectric effect. How Einstein’s photoelectric equation found to
be consistent with the experimental results.

/
(b) Consider the one dimensional wavefunction 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥/𝑥 ) 𝑒 where 𝐴, 𝑥 & 𝑥
are constants. Find 𝑉 (𝑥)& 𝐸 assuming for 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑉(𝑥) → 0.

SECTION – B
(Each question carries 20 marks and each subpart (a) & (b) are of 10 marks)

1. (a) What is Compton Effect? Derive the expression of Compton shift. Find the value of
Compton wavelength. Find the expression of kinetic energy of recoil electron.

(b) A rigid body with moment of inertia 𝐼 rotates freely in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane. Let 𝜙 be the
angle between the 𝑥 - axis and the rotator axis. Find the energy eigenvalues and the
 eigenfunctions. At time 𝑡 = 0, the rotator is described by a wave-packet 𝜓(0) = 𝐴sin 𝜙.
Find 𝜓(𝑡) for 𝑡 > 0.

2. (a) What is WKB approximation? Show that the semi-classical approach to one-
dimensional stationary states leads to Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule.

(b) Empirically establish the Gieger-Nuttall law of 𝛼 decay.

3. (a) A particle of mass 𝑚 moves in the attractive central potential 𝑉(𝑟⃗) = −𝑔 𝑟 /

/
where 𝑔 is a constant. Using the normalized wavefunction 𝑘 /8𝜋𝑒 as the trial
solution, estimate an upper bound to the energy of the lowest state.

(b) Answer the followings:

(i) The spectrum of a rigid diatomic molecule is given by 𝜖 = 𝐵𝐽(𝐽 + 1) cm-1,
where 𝐵 is the rotational constant and 𝐽 is the rotational quantum number. Show
how the spectrum modifies for non-rigid rotator. Establish the expression for its
wave-number.
(ii) For pure-rotational emission spectrum of HCl gas, lines at106.0 cm−1 and 233.2
cm−1 are observed to have equal intensities. What is the temperature of the gas?
The rotational constant B for HCl is known to be 10.6cm−1 and = 1.44 cm-K.
(iii) The vibrational energy of a linear diatomic molecule is given by
1 1
𝜖 = 𝜈+ 𝜛 −𝑥 𝜈+ 𝜛
2 2
For HCl molecule, if the anharmonicity constant 𝑥 = 0.0174, calculate the
maximum value of the vibrational level for which dissociation is reached.

SECTION – C
(Each question carries 28 marks and each subpart (a) & (b) are of 14 marks)
1. (a) Answer the followings:
(i) State why homonuclear molecules, e.g., O2 and N2, do not show any rotational
spectra. If the first line in the rotational spectra of CO appears at 3.84235 cm-1,
calculate the bond length 𝑟 . The atomic masses of carbon and oxygen
are12.0107 amu and 15.9994 amu respectively.
(ii) State the origin of the fundamental line and the first overtone observed in the
vibrational spectra of molecules. The fundamental line for HCl is centred at 2886
cm-1 and the first overtone at 5668 cm-1. Calculate the anharmonicity constant of
the molecule.
 (iii) What will be the shapes of the molecular orbitals formed by combining two 𝑝
atomic orbitals? Discuss the symmetry properties of the corresponding molecular
electronic states.

(b) Answer the followings:

(i) Following the LCAO technique, obtain the secular equation for the ground state
energy of a diatomic molecule in terms of Coulomb integral (HAA), Exchange
integral (HAB) and Overlap integral (SAB). For the case of two identical atoms,
obtain the magnitude of splitting (Δ𝐸) between the bonding state (𝐸 ) and the
repulsive state (𝐸 ).
(ii) The 1s-electron inside a hydrogen atom carries no angular momentum. There is
no ‘centrifugal potential’. Why, then, does it not fall into the nucleus?
(iii) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential
of 200V.

2. (a) Answer the followings:

(i) An electron microscope operates with a beam of electrons, each of which has an
energy 60 eV. What is the smallest size that such a device could resolve? What
must be the energy of each neutron in a beam of neutrons be in order to resolve
the same size of object?
(ii) Prove the properties of a Hermitian operator. Is the momentum operator
Hermitian?

(b) Answer the followings:

(i) Show that for Pauli spin matrices
𝜎 , 𝜎 = 2𝑖𝜎 & 𝜎 𝜎 = 𝛿 + 𝑖𝜖 𝜎
Hence show that
𝜎⃗ ⋅ 𝐴⃗ 𝜎⃗ ⋅ 𝐵⃗ = 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵⃗ + 𝑖𝜎⃗ ⋅ 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗
(ii) Show that quantum mechanics deals with conservation of probability.

3. (a) Establish the equation of motion in quantum mechanics. State and prove Ehrenfest
theorem.

(b) Find the expression of spherical harmonics for H-atom. Hence show that
𝐿 𝑌 , (𝜃, 𝜑) = (𝑙 − 𝑚)(𝑙 + 𝑚 + 1)ℏ𝑌 , (𝜃, 𝜑)
&
𝐿 𝑌 , (𝜃, 𝜑) = (𝑙 + 𝑚)(𝑙 − 𝑚 + 1)ℏ𝑌 , (𝜃, 𝜑)
 SECTION – D
(Each question carries 40 marks and each subpart (a) & (b) are of 20 marks)
1. (a) Answer the followings:
(i) Starting from the Dirac equation for the electron of the hydrogen atom in the non-
relativistic limit, derive the form of the spin-orbit interaction.
(ii) Starting from the Klein-Gordon equation, obtain the equation of continuity.
(iii) Show that the Dirac matrices 𝛼 , 𝛼 , 𝛼 & 𝛽 anti-commute in pairs and their
squares are unity.
(iv) Write Dirac’s equation for a free particle. Find the form of the probability density
and the probability current density in Dirac’s formalism.

(b) A particle is confined in a potential 𝑉 (𝑥 ) = −𝛼𝛿(𝑥) where 𝛼 is a constant of

appropriate dimension. Find the bound state energy 𝐸 (𝐸 < 0). Find the value of 𝑥 such
that the probability of finding the particle with |𝑋| < 𝑥 is exactly equal to 1/2. Show in
scattering state (𝐸 > 0), the reflection and transmission coefficients will be

𝛽 1 𝑚𝛼 2𝑚𝐸
𝑅= &𝑇 = ;𝛽= ,𝑘 =
1+𝛽 1+𝛽 ℏ 𝑘 ℏ
ℏ
If 𝛼 = , can you state what will be the bound state energy if the particle is confined in
the potential 𝑉 (𝑥 ) = −𝛼 {𝛿(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)}?

2. (a) Find the wavefunction and energy eigenvalues of a one dimensional quantum
mechanical harmonic oscillator. Can you state the wavefunction and energy eigenvalues
in a 3D LHO? Is the energy degenerate? Comment.

(b) In the theory of scattering by a fixed potential, the asymptotic form of the
wavefunction is
𝑒
Ψ(𝑟⃗) ⎯ 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝑓(𝜃, 𝜑)
→ 𝑟
Obtain the formula for scattering cross-section in terms of the scattering amplitude.
Hence state and prove the optical theorem.

3. (a) Answer the followings:

(i) State the Born approximation rule. Use Born approximation to calculate the
differential cross-section for scattering by the central potential 𝑉(𝑟⃗) = 𝛼/𝑟 ,
where 𝛼 is a constant. You may use ∫ (sin 𝑥 /𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋/2.
(ii) Consider a composite system made up of two spin 1/2 particles. For 𝑡 < 0, the
Hamiltonian doesn’t depend on spin and can be taken to be 0 by suitably
adjusting the energy scale. For 𝑡 > 0, the Hamiltonian is given by
 4∆
𝐻= 𝑆⃗ ⋅ 𝑆 ⃗
ℏ
Suppose the system is in |+ − > for 𝑡 ≤ 0. Find as a function of time, the
probability of being in each of states: |+ + >, |+ − >, |− + > & |− − > by
solving the problem exactly and by solving the problem assuming the validity of
1st order time-dependent perturbation theory with 𝐻 as a perturbation switched on
at 𝑡 = 0. Under what condition the second case resembles the first case?

(b) Answer the followings:

(i) Calculate the Einstein’s 𝐴 & 𝐵 coefficients for the (2,1,0) → (1,0,0) transition in
the hydrogen atom.
(ii) What are electric dipole transitions? Show that the allowed electric dipole
transitions are those involving a change in parity.
(iii) For hydrogenic atoms, the states are specified by the quantum numbers n, l and m.
For a transition to be allowed, show that ∆𝑛 = any value, ∆𝑙 = ±1 & ∆𝑚 = 0, ±1.
(iv) Calculate the rates of stimulated and spontaneous emission for the transition 3p –
2s (𝐻 line) of hydrogen atom, assuming the atoms are at a temperature of 1000K.