1

3
1 15
11
KCl

KCl

KCl s

KCl s
X

CH O
2025
CH O

KCl aq
LED

CH O s

A
LED
A B

C H O aq

B
01
2

Ag s
Cs
2024 2023
03
3

Cu s
NaCl l
Cs
Cu NaCl C

3
2022~ 2019

LED × × ×

A KCl
B

36 14 17 24 31 32 20
X Y AB CD AB CBD AB BC Na H AB CD AB CD
AB CD
X Y 3 2AB + CD +A D
Xs Y 7 2Na + 2 2 +H
Y>X A B CD
A B A C B D

X Y
A￣D A￣D
X Y A￣D
A￣C
A￣D 2 2 AB
As
A A 3 A￣D C 2
A D AD
BD AB As
CB Na s
A C 1 2 m=2

B >D

30 06 21 19 22 27
XOH HY XY HO W￣Z ABC HB AB C D AB CDB AB CA

A B C D B B A B C A
A BC HB A B CD
W X Y Z

A￣D 3 A￣C 3
A￣C A￣D 3
X Y W￣Z
A C 1 m 1
As CD 2
Xs XZ l AB CB
B C 2 AD
XY ZW CB>D A B 2
AC l B 2
X O 2 1 W Y 3 2

18 25 34
AB CD XY ZY

XH HY
A B A C D XY ZY

X Y 3
A￣D X￣Z 3
HY
AB XY Y ZY Y
X
Cs ZY
X 3
CBl Z

=1
6
/

150 151

2 15
01

Ag s
Cs
2
03
3

Cu s
NaCl l
Cs
Cu NaCl C

3
05
O F Na Mg

A
CD
A￣D

Na
3

AB CB
A￣D

DB
07

A￣E
A E
A￣E

B
D>A
AD DE

C
6 8 9 11 12
B C BD CE
15

BD CE

02 04 06 08
￣ ￣ Cu W￣Z 2 3 X￣Z
C H O CaCl X￣Z

X￣Z 18

X Y Z
W X Y Z
n n n+8

W￣Z
XY XZ YZ
XZ l
ZW
W Y 3 2

X￣Z

X 3

Z>Y

152 153
3 15
01
01
13
25
02
14
26
03
15
27
04
16
28
05
17
29
06
18
30
07
19
31
08
20
32
09
21
33
10
22
34
11
23
35
12
24
36

3
03

Cu NaCl C
+

Cu s
Cu s
Cu

Cu s

NaCl l
C
NaCl
15

NaCl l
Cs
2 Ag C C
C C

Ag s

Cs
C

02 04

Na Fe Mg -

￣ ￣ Cu C H O
Na C C
Cu C H O CaCl CaCl
Cu
C H O CaCl

C H O
￣ C H O CaCl Cu
C
CaCl

Cu CaCl Ca Cl CaCl

Cu

266 267

01 38 % 02 37 % 03 21 % 04 33 %

7 A g ￣C g t *C 1
X 15
=
A g￣ g xg Y 16
1g X
B g 1g X g 1g Z Y X
g Z Y
X Y 21 4 X Y=9 1 XY X Y =1 2 9 1
ZY 16 3 XY YZ 55w 6 23
Y XY X Y =3 1 8 1
1
m Z g XY X Z 23w / 11
\ X￣Z
n X A g X 2 11 XY c
\ X Y
XY a
B g XY 3 12 2y
/ / / / / X￣Z
g YZ 5 10 y / / 2 / 1

X
=
1
Y 2
X￣Z 2 3
=
7
B g mol 8 X
=
4
=
A g mol 11 Y +Z 17
g 1 mol Y 1 mol
x 11
=
y 3

288 289
 881 26
881 ( )

006 40

018 39

032 34

044 22

054 17

062 39

074 42

088 30

098 16

104 36

116 15

124 28

134 22
 142 21

150 36

162 21

170 38

182 39

194 28

204 35

pH 216 29

226 30

242 35

260 16

266 32

276 27

288 54

60
1
2025 2024

40 12

CH COOH CH

KOH aq

16 13

CH
NH NO

LNG CH C H OH

A B A C B C A B C

15 22
A

CH
CH COOH
C H OH

006
 2023 2022~ 2019
03

25 11 33
3

C H OH
CH COOH
CaCl
NH
C H OH
CH LNG

CH COOH
NH

26 06 05
2 ￣

CH C H O
CH N

CaO KCl NH
LNG C H O NaCl CH COOH
C H OH HO
￣

27 34
￣ ￣

C H OH H H O H H
CH COOH H C H H C C O H H C C O H
N H NH
H H H H

007
1
01 03

02 04

008
05 07 1
X

C H O
N 3

CaO KCl NH X

C H OH HO CH NH
NaCl CH COOH
C H O

06 08
￣ X

LNG

C H O NaCl CH COOH

009
09 11
CH C H OH CH COOH

CH COOH
NH
C H OH

CH COOH
NH
A B A B A C B C

10 12
￣ ￣
CH C H OH CH COOH

010
13 15 1
A

CH
NH NO

A B A C B C A B C

14 16

C H OH
HO

LNG CH C H OH

011
17 19

CaO C H O NH

18 20
NH3

CH3COOH
CaO
CH CaO

012
21 23 1
￣ 2
CH NH C H OH

LNG

22 24
￣
CH CH COOH
CH
CH COOH NH NO
C H OH

013
25 27
3

C H OH C H OH
CaCl CH COOH
N H NH
CH LNG

26 28
2

CH
CH
CH COOH
SO

LNG

014
29 31 1
￣ A￣C
A￣C

LNG

H
C ￣ A￣C

A B C A C B
B A C B C A
C B A

30 32
￣

>
H LNG
3
O

015
33 35

>
1 HO
=2 3

34 36
￣ ￣ CH C H OH HO

H H O H H
H C H H C C O H H C C O H
H H H H

CH

016
37 39 1
X￣Z X￣Z t *C 1 3 A￣C t *C
1 1 25 L

A 64 B 18
X￣Z ￣ Bl 1 g mL

X Y Z A￣C
1
A>B>C A>C>B B>A>C
B>C>A C>A>B

38 40
X￣Z
X 3 Y 1 Y 4 Z 3

X￣Z
CH COOH CH

1 Y>X
1 mol Z X 3 KOH aq
YZ Y Z=3 4

017
2
2025 2024
23
￣

XY g 15w 22 5w
g
XY g 16w 8w
Y 6 5 9
10N 9N xN
L 4V 4V 5V

X Y

a=b
X 7
=
Y 8
x=14

25

XY 38w 19w
g
XY 0 23w

Y
6 7
X
10N 11N

c Y
\ X Y
a X

1
1 1 / 1

39 35 38
t C 1 t C 1 t *C 1

X /
1
Y
7
Y
Y 8
X 11
= Z
/ 39 6
X
XY g X Y g
1
1 Z 48g XY g
X b wg
\ X Y
b Y a
X Z
a\m X
28 24 12 7 6 w\ X￣Z
Z
/
1 1 / 2
12 18 24 30 36

28
AB g wg
A B g wg A B g
2w g 1g
A =16 15

A
A B
B

6 /
1 / / 1

018
 2023 2022~ 2019
19 21 14 16
t *C 1 X Y ￣ A g ￣C g
X 15 t *C 1 atm 1 g
=
Y 16 =15 22 ￣ 5 A g￣ g xg
X
X Y X B g 1g X g 1g Z
Y
g Z Y
XY X Y =1 2 9 1
XY YZ 55w 6 23 Y
1 2 3 Y
XY X Y =3 1 8 1
1 X
XY X Z 23w / 11 g
XY c A g X 2 11
\ X Y X Y
XY a B g XY 3 12 2y
X￣Z
/ / 2 / 1 g YZ 5 10 y
Y 4
=
X 3
X
=
1
Y 2 XY
3 38 X￣Z 2
= =
7 11
X
=
4 B g mol 8
=
Y +Z 17 A g mol 11
g 1 mol Y 1 mol
x 11
=
y 3

26 09 12 07
t *C 1 ￣ t *C 1 ￣ AB g AB M
X Y=5 3
g L 1g
g g L 1g 2L N
AB 16 6 1
X g Y g g L
AB 30 x 2 AB g
3w 0 5 d XY 18 8 1
23 12 y A B
w 4w 4 d ZX 23 a 15
3
ZY 26 104 b
Y d
\ A￣C 3
X d 2N
1g B
Xg Yg X￣Z t *C 1 1 mol 3
x+y=10 1 2M L
24 L
/ 2 / 5 10 MN
1
1g B > 3
a b=18
1g >
t 1 X g 6L 8g

11 01 08
7 ￣ t *C 1 ￣

1g L g L
XY 22 AB y 1 5N 4
X Y 21 4 X Y=9 1 Z 11 AB 11 7 z
ZY 16 3 XZ 8 AB 23 0 5N 2
m Z y
\ X￣Z t *C 1 1 28 L A B
n X x+z
X￣Z
N 3
/ / / / /
XZ XY 9 11 12 15 18
1g 25
X>Z

31 32 30
CH g 14 4 g C H OH g A B g 23 g AB g
23 g CH OH g x g AB g 10 g AB g A B g
O wg ￣ x y

VL
7 V L 13 V L
2 3 3
CH3OH(g) x g AnB2n (g)
CH4(g) 14.4 g
CH4(g) 14.4 g A4B8 (g) 2 g
C2H5OH(g) 23 g
C2H5OH(g) 23 g A4B8 (g) 2 g AnB2n (g) g
CH3OH(g) x g
1.0 L 1.4 L

x H C O 1 12 16 3 x
n A B
y
16 24 32 48 64
3

A B / 1 1 1

A>B
w=22
A 1
=
2

019
2
01 03
￣

L A B A B
XY 22 3 3
Z 11 1g B 23 44
XZ 8

A B
X￣Z
AB
XZ XY =23 22
1g 25 A B=8 7
X>Z

02 04
X XY ￣ 1g Y
=5 4
X XY
N 6N
g 14 88 XY ZX ZY
1g
X Y 40 125 24
N
g 5 8

X 1 mol X￣Z

XY 44
Y>X
n=2
mol 2
Z 4
=
X +Y 5

020
05 07
CH CH AB g AB M

1g
g L
H
1g 2L N
H 3w 2V 2
AB g
H 2w V 9
A B
3
H C 1 12
2N
1g B
mol H H 2 3
H H =3 4 1 2M L
MN
x 6 1
3

06 08
t *C 1 A B t *C 1 ￣

B 1 1g g L
A g L AB y 1 5N 4
AB x w V AB 11 7 z
AB / w V AB 23 0 5N 2
y
A B t *C 1 1 28 L A B
x+z
N N 3
9 11 12 15 18
x=/

V w
=
V w
t 1 1 L wN V

021
09 11
t *C 1 ￣ 7

g L 1g

XY 18 8 1 X Y 21 4 X Y=9 1
ZX 23 a 15 ZY 16 3
ZY 26 104 b
m Z
\ X￣Z
n X
X￣Z t *C 1 1 mol
24 L / / / / /

a b=18
1g >
t 1 X g 6L 8g

10 12
t *C 1 2 t *C 1 ￣

1g g L
AB 16 6 1
X H 32 6N 8 AB 30 x 2
23 12 y
XYH a /N
1 27

A￣C 3
H 1 X Y N
x+y=10

a=108 1g B >
m=2
X Y=7 6

022
13 15
t *C 1 atm AB g AB g t *C 1 atm X￣Z ￣
￣ 3
L g
Y>Z>X
AB 1 N 14w
2
AB x /N 11w
X Y X Y Y Z

A B 1g 22N 21N 21N

1g 11 7 7

X￣Z
x=2
B>A
1g A AB>AB XY
X Z=6 7
1g Y 2

14 16
X Y ￣ A g ￣C g
t *C 1 atm 1 g
=15 22 ￣ 5 A g￣ g xg
Y X B g 1g X g 1g Z

Y
1 2 3 Y
X
g
A g X 2 11
X Y
B g XY 3 12 2y
g YZ 5 10 y
Y 4
=
X 3
XY
38 X￣Z 2
=
11
B g mol 8
=
A g mol 11
g 1 mol Y 1 mol
x 11
=
y 3

023
17 19
X Y ￣ ￣ t *C 1
5

Y X
X Y
x 4 22 XY X Y =1 2 9 1
44 1 23
76 3 XY X Y =3 1 8 1
1

XY c
\ X Y
X Y XY a

/ / 2 / 1
Y 16
XY
x=46

18 20
B
A =4 3
8
= X
7
g Z g
B AB
g A mol XY XZ 10w 9 w

AB A B 37w / 5n YZ XZ 9w 5 1 w
AB 56w 6 4n

A￣C X￣Z

XZ mol 2
AB AB YZ 1
=
AB mol 1 XZ 2
=
mol 2 X g
=4
3 Y g
=
B 4

024
21 22
t *C 1
X 15
=
Y 16
Y Y
X
Z
X 2
g Y
XY 1 1 13
XY YZ 55w 6 23 XY YZ 4 2 10
XZ Y Z 8 1 10
XY X Z 23w / 11

X Z
X￣Z

X
=
1
Y 2
3 X 3
= =
7 Z 4
X
=
4
Y +Z 17

025
23 24
￣ t *C 1

XY g 15w 22 5w 1g
g NO V
XY g 16w 8w
NO N O 2V
Y 6 5 9
10N 9N xN 3N 4N
L 4V 4V 5V
NOg N O 14 16
NO g
X Y

/ 1
1 1
1 /
a=b
X 7
=
Y 8
x=14

25

XY 38w 19w
g
XY 0 23w

Y
6 7
X
10N 11N

c Y
\ X Y
a X

1
1 1 / 1

026
26 28
AB g wg
X Y=5 3 A B g wg A B g
2w g 1g
g
X g Y g g L
A =16 15
2
3w 0 5 d
w 4w 4 d

Y d
\
X d
Xg Yg

/ 2 / 5 10

A
A B
B

6 /
1 / / 1

27
XY g N mol XY g
XY g mol
XY 1g X 21
=
XY 1g X 22

b X
\ X Y
a Y

/ 1 6
/ 9 16

027
29 31
CH g CH g wg CH g 14 4 g C H OH g
CH g wg 23 g CH OH g x g
1g C O

2
CH3OH(g) x g
CH4(g) 14.4 g
CH4(g) 14.4 g
C2H5OH(g) 23 g
C2H5OH(g) 23 g
CH3OH(g) x g

x H C O 1 12 16 3
16 24 32 48 64
w H C 1 12

8 9 10 12 15

30 32
AB g A B g 23 g
A B g AB g 10 g AB g
x y wg ￣

VL
7 V L 13 V L
3 3
AnB2n (g)
A4B8 (g) 2 g
A4B8 (g) 2 g AnB2n (g) g
1.0 L 1.4 L

x
n A B
y
3

/ 1 1 1 A B

A>B
w=22
A 1
=
2

028
33 35
Xg Y g ZY g t C 1

=3 7

X￣Z Y
X 11
=
39
XY g X Y g
7
a=
4 X b
\ X Y
Y a
X Z=5 4
1g Y ZY 28 24 12 7 6

34
C H g
CH g CH g

5w 22w
g

4V 13V
L
H N 3N

H C 1 12

H g 7w g
x=3
H g 1
=
g 7

029
36 37
t *C 1 XY g XY g

X 1
=
Y 2

X X Y
=10 11
Y
=17 35
XY g XY g mol
a X n=2
\ X Y 3
b Y
XY 1g b
=
1 2 4 6 8 XY 1 g a

030
38 39
t *C 1 t C 1

X /
1
7
Y
8 Y
Z /
6
X
Z 48g XY g 1
1
wg
b
X Z
X a\m
w\ X￣Z
Z
/
1 1 / 2
12 18 24 30 36

031
3
2025 2024 2023
11 17
AB B AB Al s HF g

aAB + bB cA B a c

AB 4 mol B 2 mol
mol
A B
AB mol

6
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 1

x
H Al 1 27
y

12 1 9 /

18
AB g C g

V V

V
A￣C
V

/ / / / /

22
XY Y

X Y

1
4 mol XY Y 2 mol

34 27
A g Bs XYZ Y

XYZ s XZ s +YZ g
X Z=5 2

XYZ s w g
x A B A B
XZ s YZ g
16 32

/
1 6
/
1 /
1
XZ s 0 56w g
t *C 1 YZ g 120 mL
Y a

a X￣Z t *C 1 1 mol
24 L
12w 24w 32w 40w 44w

25 28
SiH g HBr g

2A s + 6HCl aq 2ACl aq + 3H g
B s + 2HCl aq BCl aq + H g

x H Si 1 28 As 1g HCl aq

12 16 24 28 32 H g
As Bs
H g

B
A B

A
H
HCl aq M

032
 2022~ 2019
14 08 13 09
2 CH 2 CHO

2C H + aO 4CO + 2H O a 2C H O + xO 4CO + 4H O x
HNO + NH + 2H O Zn s + 2HCl aq aq + H g
1 mol CH x mol CO 1 mol 1 mol CO O mol
aN O + bNH 4 + aH O 2Al s + aHCl aq 2AlCl aq + bH g
HO a+x
a b a b / 1 / / /
4 5 6 7 8

N ZnCl
a+b=4 a+b=9
NH 1 g mol Zn s Al s HCl aq
HO > H 1 2

12 03 02 01
HO NO

2H O 2H O +
aNO + bH O cHNO + NO a￣c Fe O s + aCO g bFe s + cCO g
a￣c
H O 1 16 a+b+c 3
a+b+c
H
7 6 5 4 3
7 8 9 10 11 N +H
1 mol HO 1 mol HO
0 5 mol HO 34 g

N + aH b

NH
a=2

19 15
XY Y 2

XY Y X 3 aNaHCO Na CO + CO + bH O
a b
Ca HCO + CO + H O

XY Y

4V 3V
L
a+b=4
CaCO
X Y 1
3 CO mol

XY XY XY XY
Y XY Y XY
Y X

24 30
C H OH O A B

aA g + B g 2C g a
t *C 1 1 40 L
B x
x

3 4 5 6 7 A g yL B g
B

y
t *C 1
x
3
3 5 2 3 1
w 2w w 2w w

033
3
01 03
NO

aNO + bH O cHNO + NO a￣c

a+b+c 3
7 6 5 4 3
N +H

N + aH b

NH
a=2

02 04
2

Fe O s + aCO g bFe s + cCO g 2NaHCO Na CO + + CO

a￣c MnO + aHCl MnCl + b + Cl
a b
a+b+c

7 8 9 10 11 b
a

/
1 /
1 / 1 2

034
05 07 3
Al NH NO

4Al + 3O 2Al O aNH NO aN O + 2H O a

1 mol Al O Al g HO 1 mol NH NO
Al 27 mol

27 48 54 81 108
/
1 /
1 1 2 4

06 08
A B A B 24 27 CH
t *C 1 atm 1 mol 25 L 2C H + aO 4CO + 2H O a
1 mol CH x mol CO 1 mol
HO a+x
A s + 2HCl aq ACl aq + H g
2B s + 6HCl aq 2BCl aq + 3H g 4 5 6 7 8

t *C 1 atm HCl aq A B
12 6 g 15 L H g

B mol A B

0 05 01 0 15 02 03

035
09 11
CHO AB B AB

2C H O + xO 4CO + 4H O x aAB + bB cA B a c

1 mol CO O mol AB 4 mol B 2 mol

mol
/ 1 / / / A B
AB mol

6
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 1

10 12
a b HO

2H O 2H O +
aH S + 6CO bC H O + 12S + 6H O

12 mol HS CH O H O 1 16
mol

1 2 4 6 12 H
1 mol HO 1 mol HO
0 5 mol HO 34 g

036
13 15 3
2 2

Zn s + 2HCl aq aq + H g aNaHCO Na CO + CO + bH O
2Al s + aHCl aq 2AlCl aq + bH g a b
a b Ca HCO + CO + H O

ZnCl a+b=4
a+b=9 CaCO
mol Zn s Al s HCl aq 1
H 1 2 CO mol

14 16
2

HNO + NH + 2H O NaHCO + HCl NaCl + + CO

aN O + bNH 4 + aH O Mg OH + aHCl MgCl + b
a b a b

NaHCO Mg OH 84 58
N
a+b=4 HO

NH 1 g a=b

HO > HCl 1 mol NaHCO g

>2
HCl 1 mol Mg OH g

037
17 19
Al s HF g XY Y

XY Y X 3

XY Y

4V 3V
x L
H Al 1 27
y

12 1 9 / X Y
3

XY XY XY XY
Y XY Y XY
Y X

18 20
AB g C g XY Y

V V

XY Y

x 12V
L

V
A￣C
V X Y

/ / / / /
1
1 mol Y XY 1
mol
x=16V

038
21 23 3
XY g ZY g XY g Z g A g B g
V mL

b-a X￣Z V mL
-1 0 1 2 3 A B

22
XY Y

24
C H OH O

X Y

1
4 mol XY Y 2 mol x

3 4 5 6 7

039
25 27
SiH g HBr g XYZ Y

XYZ s XZ s +YZ g
X Z=5 2

x H Si 1 28 XYZ s w g
12 16 24 28 32 XZ s YZ g

XZ s 0 56w g
t *C 1 YZ g 120 mL
Y a

a X￣Z t *C 1 1 mol
24 L
12w 24w 32w 40w 44w

26 28
M

M s + 2HCl aq MCl aq +H g 2A s + 6HCl aq 2ACl aq + 3H g

t *C 1 atm 1 mol 24 L B s + 2HCl aq BCl aq + H g

Ms w g HCl aq As 1g HCl aq
H g
H g As Bs
H g
t *C 1 atm H g 480 mL
M a B
A B
a M

16w 20w 32w 50w 100w

A
H
HCl aq M

040
29 30 3
M t *C 1 atm A B
1 mol 24 L

aA g + B g 2C g a
M s + NaHCO s + H O l t *C 1 1 40 L
MCO s + Na aq + OH aq + g B x

Y Ms wg A g yL B g
NaHCO s HOl B

Y Ms

VL
y
M a t *C 1
x
3
M
3 5 2 3 1
t *C 1 atm w 2w w 2w w

CO

24w
a=
V

041
31 32
A g B g A B C C B
D c d

aA g + bB g 2C g + aD g a b
A+B cC
A g x mol B g 2C + B dD

A 8w g B
B

B g g w 2w 3w 4w C mol
mol
C g mol
/
1 / /
mol B g 3w 6w 16w
C g D g C mol
/ / /
1
mol

y
B g y mol a+b \
x
C 8w g B 3w g
D mol 4
=
mol 5
/ / 3 1 1
D
C

/ / / 1
1

042
33 34 3
Ag Bg Cg A g Bs

aA g + B g cC g a c

B g 8w g Ag

x A B A B
16 32
Ag
Ag g 0 7w 14w 28w
/
1 6
/
1 /
1

8 x 11 9
A g 14w g

B
x
A

043
4
2025 2024 2023

06 05 04 03
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cs Dg A g B g C g D g A g B g C g

aA g + B g 2C g a A g + 3B g C s + 3D g A g + 4B g 3C g + 2D g A g + 2B g 2C g
A g 5w g Bg Ag Bg ￣ A g B g ￣ A g B g
￣ Ag B g t <t <t <t
A 2 21w g t
Bg Dg 27w g =
mol C 5
g Cg mol 0 t t t t
w 4 A g B g mol B g
A g B g B g mol 1 / / /
1
g g mol A g
4w 1
g g D g mol
15w 16w 3 mol x 7 67 61 y
6w x 14w 96w
10w xw 2 A y
C 7w xw 2 \
x\ 3 10w 48w y C x
A 7w 36w y
x+y
/ / / / / x\y
11 12 13 14 15 / /
42 36 30 24 18

08 21
Ag Bg Cg Dg A g B g C g

2A g + 3B g 2C g + 2D g aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg A g B g

Dg 45 g
8
A
g g L g L
A g B g A g B g mol 3w 5d 1 5 7d
L g g C g mol
5w 9d 5 9 11d
4V 6 17w 3
5V 25 40w x B
a\
C
C
x\
B

/
1 / / 1 1
/ 3 / 6 9

044
 2022~ 2019

02
X C H O Y

O mg
mg CO HO mol
X C H 256 55a 27a 11n
Y C H O 288 11b 2b 13n

X
H C O 1 12 16
Y

/ / /
1

14
As B g C g

A s + bB g C g b

As B g mol
B 1
=
C 16

mol
As B g
2 7 1 7
3 8 1 x

b×x 3
15 20 21 24 32

15 18 17 20
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg A g B g ￣

aA g + B g 2C g a aA g + B g cC g a c 2A g + B g cC g c
A g + bB g cC g b c
Bg xg Ag Ag Bg Ag Bg
￣ ￣ A 4
1 = B
C 5 A g B g
Bg Ag
4
2n n 3V /V
A
A B C
B n 3n 4V 3V
A g g w 2w 3w 4w g g A B
g C mol
mol g g mol L xg xg V
/ / /
L 1 w / 17 6
4w 6w V
a x 3 w 1 17 12 A g /x g
9w 2w / V
4 w+2 x 17
/w /w /w /w /w V
x C c\
\ V 3
c B
/ / / / /
1 1 b=4
C A 25
C =8 9

045
4
01 03
A g B g C g D g A g B g C g

4A g + bB g cC g + 4D g b c A g + 2B g 2C g
A g B g A g B g
D t <t <t <t
A￣D
C t
5
= 0 t t t t
3
B g
1 / / /
1
A g
A B g
mol x 7 67 61 y
mol mol mol C D
A y
6 2 11n 9w 10w \
C x
8 5 10n x

x
n 0
b\n / /

2w 5w 1 w w 15w

02 04
X C H O Y A g B g C g D g

O mg A g + 4B g 3C g + 2D g
mg CO HO mol A g B g ￣
X C H 256 55a 27a 11n B g
Y C H O 288 11b 2b 13n 21w g

X
H C O 1 12 16
Y A g B g mol
g g mol
/ / /
1
15w 16w 3
10w xw 2
10w 48w y

x+y

11 12 13 14 15

046
05 06
Ag Bg Cs Dg Ag Bg Cg

A g + 3B g C s + 3D g aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg ￣ A g 5w g Bg 4
￣ Ag
A 2
Dg 27w g = Bg
C 5 mol
g Cg mol
w 4
A g B g B g mol
g g D g mol 4w 1

14w 96w 6w x

7w xw 2 C
x\ 3
7w 36w y A

x\y / / / / /
42 36 30 24 18

047
07 08
Ag Bg Cg Dg Ag Bg Cg Dg

A g + 3B g xC g + xD g x 2A g + 3B g 2C g + 2D g
Ag Bg Ⅰ Ⅱ Ag Bg
Ⅰ Ⅱ Cg 22w g
Dg 45 g
8

A B mol
g g L A g B g A g B g mol
L g g C g mol
14w 24w 3
4V 6 17w 3
7w 40w 5
5V 25 40w x
B
x\ C
D x\
B

1 1
/ 3 / 6 9

048
09 10
A g BC g Ag Bg Cg

aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg 4
A BC BC AC B
mol
n n 2n
L V kV
A B
k A C g g
g
6 1 xd 2 7d
8 4 yd 2 6d
/
1 / 1 / 2
x
a\
y

/ 1
1 1 / 1

11
Ag Bg Cg

A g + bB g cC g b c

Ag Bg

A g B g C g
g g g
8 28 72d 22 xd
24 y 75d 33 100d

x
y

4 5

049
12 13
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg

A g + 2B g 2C g aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg Ag Bg
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ag

g
Ag Bg Ag Bg
g g
15w 24w /
64w 56w 25
96w 112w 26 30w 32w /

B +C C
A a\
B
3

1 / 1 1
1 / 1 5 1

050
14 16
As B g C g A B C

A s + bB g C g b A g +bB g 2C g b
As B g mol Ag Bg 4
B 1 3
= =
C 16 11
mol g
As B g A g B g g
2 7 1 7 2w 20 w
3 8 1 x 4w 6 2w

b×x 3 w B
\
b A
15 20 21 24 32

/
1 /
1 /
1 / /

15
Ag Bg Cg

aA g + B g 2C g a
17
Ag Bg Cg
Bg xg Ag
￣
1 2A g + B g cC g c
Bg Ag
4
Ag Bg
A
=
4 B
A g g w 2w 3w 4w C 5
mol
/ / /
L
A B C mol
a x
g g mol L
/w /w /w /w /w 4w 6w V

9w 2w / V

V
c\
V

/ / / / /

051
18 20
Ag Bg Cg A g B g ￣

aA g + B g cC g a c
A g + bB g cC g b c
Ag Bg
￣
A g B g

2n n 3V /V
A
A B C
B n 3n 4V 3V
g g
g
xg xg V
1 w / 17 6

3 w 1 17 12 A g /x g
4 w+2 x 17

x C 3
\
c B

1 1 b=4
C A 25
C =8 9

19
Ag Bg
￣

A g + bB g C g + dD g b d

g
A g B g

2w 12w / /

4w 8w 3
4w 12w x

C g

x
b+d

/ / 1 / /

052
21 22
A g B g C g Ag Bg Cg

aA g + B g 2C g a 2A g +B g cC g c

A g B g Ag Bg ￣ 4
Bg

g
A A B
g g L g L
7 1 /
3w 5d 1 5 7d
5w 9d 5 9 11d 7 2 /
B
a\ 7 4
C
A
\
B
/
1 / / 1 1 / / / 1

053
5
2025 2024 2023
17 09 02
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg Ds AB g B g

2A g 2B g + C g
A g + 2B g d d
Bg Ag 2C g + 3D s
10w g wg Ag Bg

=5 11 g L
C 2 A 32
d xd = =11 10 =
A 5 B 17
d
A B
d

2 / / 1 /
Bg g
x\
Cg g C
x\
A
9 18 21 24 27
w 6 w w w 6w

11
Ag Bg Cg

2A g + B g 2C g

t C 1 Ag Bg
Ag

3w
g L w
4

A
V\
C

/ / 2 1 4

054
 2022~ 2019
04 08 07
Ag Bg Cg Dg A g B g C g D g A g B g C g
C 8
=
2A g + bB g cC g + 6D g b c A g + xB g C g + yD g x y A 27

Ag Bg Dg A g B g 9w g w g 2A g bB g + C g b

A g wg
D mol 2 3 A 7 B g 2w g A C mol
mol 5 4 B 4 d 5 2L 5L
d d d =
d 7
d 14
= Cg D g 4 5
d 25

B(g) 2 g
C(g)
A(g) D(g)
A(g) 9 g C(g)
B(g) g D(g)
b\c
w x
D x
/ 1 / / 2 A y w 1 w /w w w
3

12 13
Ag Bg Cg A B C
A B 2 A + bB cC b c
aA g + B g aC g a m B A
Ag VL Bg mol
A mol
Bg C mol
P 2 5V L
(mol)
4
C (mol)

2
5
4x

0 1 2 8 12
A (mol)

a x m\x 3
36 33 32 30 27
/ / / 1

055
5
01 03
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg

aA g +B g cC g a c A g +bB g 2C g b
Ag Bg A g 4w g
A B 2 B g 48g Ag
wg

w B
\
C b A
x\
A
2 5 7 8 10
/
1 /
1 /

02
AB g B g

d d

d
A B
d

2 / / 1 /

056
04 06 5
Ag Bg Cg Dg A B C

2A g + bB g cC g + 6D g b c A g + bB g 2C g b
Ag Bg Dg Ag xg Bg yg
1L
D mol 2 3 A 7 Ag Bg
mol 5 4 B 4 =1 2

b\c y
b\ t *C 1 atm
w x

/ 1 / / 2
/
1 / / 10 12

05
A B 07
A g + bB g cC g b c
A g B g C g
A B
C 8
Bx =
A 27
2A g bB g + C g b

A g wg
A C mol
A1 Bx
B1 A 2L 5L
C 2.5V L
3V L
2V L

x
3

/
1 / 1 / 2

w 1 w /w w w

057
08 09
A g B g C g D g Ag Bg Cg Ds

A g + xB g C g + yD g x y A g + 2B g 2C g + 3D s
A g B g 9w g w g wg Ag Bg

B g 2w g
d 5 A 32
d d d = =11 10 =
d 7 B 17
d 14
= Cg D g 4 5
d 25

B(g) 2 g
C(g)
A(g) D(g)
A(g) 9 g C(g)
B(g) g D(g)
C
x\
A
D x
A y
3 w 6 w w w 6w
1

10
CH g O g CO g HOl

2C H g + aO g bCO g + 6H O l
a b
CH g O g

=9 V

w
H C O 1 12 16
V

1
1 1
1 11 22 44

058
11 12 5
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg
A B 2
2A g + B g 2C g aA g + B g aC g a

t C 1 Ag Bg Ag VL Bg
Ag Bg
P 2 5V L
3w
g L w
4

A
V\
C a x

/ / / 1
/ / 2 1 4

13
A B C

A + bB cC b c

m B A
mol
A mol
C mol

(mol)
4
C (mol)

2
5
4x

0 1 2 8 12
A (mol)

m\x 3
36 33 32 30 27

059
14 15
A B C D Ag Bs Cs
b d A g + 2B s cC s c
A g + bB g C g + dD g VL Ag Bs
A 3w g B Bs mol Ag L
mol Cs mol
B
mol
C D

c x

/ 2 / 4 6
B
b\
A

/
1 /
1 1 2 4

060
16 17 5
Ag Bg Cg Ag Bg Cg

2A g 2B g + C g
A g +bB g cC g b c Bg Ag
A g 8w g Bg 10w g
1
Bg
=5 11 g L
C 2
d xd =
A 5

Bg g
x\
Cg g

9 18 21 24 27

c=2
A 8
=
B 7
A g 24w g B g 21w g
C mol 2
=
mol 3

061
6
2025 2024
39 09 21
A B t *C X aq ￣ 0 4 M A aq x mL
0 2 M B aq 300 mL
A
L V V V
a M X aq 100 mL 200 mL
M 04 03 02
200 mL 0 2 M X aq 50 mL A B
g w 3w 3a a
I
B M
a M X aq 200 mL 0 2 M X aq 50 mL
/ /
1
250 mL 500 mL
x=50
V=80
B aq A aq
A M 8k
B M 7k

k
a

/
1

22 08
A aq t *C A aq B aq A B
mol 3a a
mol
1 1 g mL
M g g g mL
1 2 g mL
A aq x w 2w d
a A 40
B aq y 2w w d
/ / 1 1 1 x
y

d d 3d d 4d
12d 4d 4d 12d 3d

38
A aq

t *C a M A aq d g mL

t *C A s 10 g A aq 100 mL

A aq 50 mL a M A aq 250
mL
A aq w g A s 18 g
2a M A aq 500 mL

w t *C

50d 75d 100d 125d 150d

062
 2023 2022~ 2019
35 20 06 03
Al As x g 10 mL 0 3 M A aq A aq NaOH aq
a M A aq a M A aq
A aq M A 180 2 M NaOH aq 300 mL 1 5 M NaOH aq
25 *C d g mL Al 1 M A aq x mL
A l 10 mL A aq x mL 100 mL 2 M NaOH aq 200 mL NaOH s y g 25M
100 mL NaOH aq 400 mL
A l 10 mL
100 g z M NaOH aq
A aq y mL 250 mL
y\z
xM
NaOH 40
x
d g mL y M

y x 1
A a 25 *C
x a
x+y=70
d d 10 10 aM
d d d
d d
/ / /

25 *C

x=20
a=0 1
A 0 07
mol

18 16 14 15
a M X aq ￣ ￣ CH O NaOH aq H SO
￣ H O l 3a M X ag
1.2 M C6H12O6 (aq)
X aq 5a M X aq X 18 % X 0.5 L 10 % NaOH aq 60 g
=2 3 CH O s HOl =1.08 g/mL 1 02 g mL 0 5 M NaOH aq 100 mL
X a CH O 180
3 x mL
X a X a 1 05 g mL 1 2 M NaOH aq
98 % H SO 5 mL xM
HOl 40 HOl 60 H SO aq 1 L
CH O s 20 CH O s 40 x NaOH 40 1 00 g mL x 25 *C
CH O s 60 3
0 18 0 15 0 10 0 09 0 05
13 15 17 19 21
b

b b
HOl 2a 3a M X aq 2a
3a M X aq 3a 5a M X aq 2a
5a M X aq 3a

36 31 28 25
A aq A aq A a 03MA 01M CH O

As xg A aq 500 mL Axg
t *C a M A aq d g mL x 250 mL CH O xg
A aq 100 mL As g
2 CH O xg
A s 1 mol 100 g a M A aq A aq 500 mL
50 mL 500 mL
A aq x mL 0 1 M A aq 500 mL A aq 50 mL A aq 200
250 mL
mL 0 2 M A aq 500 mL 500 mL
A aq 250 mL A aq y mL 03MA
0 2 M A aq 500 mL
x
x A 60 25 *C
x+y t *C
a a a a a 9 18 30 45 60
25 25 25 25 5 CH O 180
d 2d 3d 4d d

x=9
100 mL CH O
0 02 mol

063
6
01 03
NaOH aq

2 M NaOH aq 300 mL 1 5 M NaOH aq

mL 20 30
x mL
2 M NaOH aq 200 mL NaOH s y g 25M
NaOH aq 400 mL

z M NaOH aq
100 mL
y\z
NaOH 40
x

02 04
￣ a M NaOH aq 2
NaOH 40

NaOH s 2 g 500 mL
a M NaOH aq

2 M NaOH aq V mL 200 mL
180 a M NaOH aq

9g
mol
500 mL
0 08 M
a\V

1 2 4 6 8

064
05 07
NaOH s 4 g 2 NaOH aq t *C
250 mL 500 mL
g mL M
w 250 1
NaOH s w g
3w 500 a 6
0 3M
NaOH aq a
NaOH s
/
1 / / 3 6

a M NaOH aq

NaOH 40

w=3
500 mL
a=0 05

06
A aq 08
t *C A aq B aq A B
3a a
1 M A aq
A aq x mL 100 mL
M g g g mL
A aq x w 2w d
B aq y 2w w d

A aq y mL 250 mL x
y

d d 3d d 4d
12d 4d 4d 12d 3d

x+y=70
aM

25 *C

x=20
a=0 1
A 0 07
mol

065
09 11
t *C X aq ￣ t *C

L V V V X Y Y
M 04 03 02 g /w
1 w 2w
g w 3w
L 0 25 0 25 V
M M a a 01

Y a
\ 3
/ /
1 X V

/
1 / /

10 12
t *C A aq B aq A B A A 100
2a 3a d g mL

M L g g A g %
A aq 02 V x 60 a 3b
B aq 0 05 2V 3w 200 2a 2b

x M

/w
1 /w
1 2w 4w 8w d d /d /d 1 d

066
13 15
A H SO
A 60

98 % H SO 5 mL xM
H SO aq 1 L
x 25 *C
0 18 0 15 0 10 0 09 0 05

A 0 025 mol
A 45g
x=0 5

14 16
NaOH aq CH O
X ag
1.2 M C6H12O6 (aq)
10 % NaOH aq 60 g 18 % X 0.5 L
1 02 g mL 0 5 M NaOH aq 100 mL CH O s HOl =1.08 g/mL
X a CH O 180
x mL 3
1 05 g mL 1 2 M NaOH aq X a X a
HOl 40 HOl 60
x NaOH 40 1 00 g mL CH O s 20 CH O s 40
3 CH O s 60
13 15 17 19 21

067
17 19
0 1 M A aq 100 mL a M A aq 0 3 M A aq V mL
A aq A aq M
HOl x M A aq

b
a

/
1 /
1 / / /

x x
HOl 01 x M A aq 01
HOl 02 x M A aq 02
HOl 03

18 20
a M X aq ￣ ￣ As x g 10 mL 0 3 M A aq
￣ H O l 3a M a M A aq a M A aq
X aq 5a M X aq X A aq M A 180
=2 3

x
b b a
HOl 2a 3a M X aq 2a
3a M X aq 3a 5a M X aq 2a
5a M X aq 3a / / /

068
21 23
0 4 M A aq x mL 01 M
0 2 M B aq 300 mL

6
A B
3a a

x=50
V=80
B aq A aq

A B C A B B C

22 24
A aq NaOH
mol
mol
1 1 g mL NaOH s w g 100 mL
1 2 g mL V mL
a A 40

/ / 1 1 1
NaOH aq aM

V NaOH 40
w w 10w 25w 40w
40a 4a a a a

069
25 27
01M CH O a M NaOH aq 250 mL NaOH s 5 g
0 3 M NaOH aq 500 mL

CH O xg
CH O xg

250 mL

a NaOH 40
0 05 01 0 15 04 06

CH O 180

x=9
100 mL CH O
0 02 mol

26 28
A aq A 100 03MA

Axg
250 mL x M A aq 100 mL As 4g 250 mL
0 2 M A aq
50 mL 500 mL

500 mL
03MA

x A 60 25 *C
9 18 30 45 60

01 02 03 04 05

070
29 31
0 06 M A aq A aq A a

As xg A aq 500 mL
As wg
A aq 100 mL As
x
2
g 6
100 mL
A aq 500 mL
1 5 M A aq
A aq 50 mL A aq 200
V mL 500 mL
0 06 M A aq
mL 0 2 M A aq 500 mL

w
A 40
V x
/
1 / / 3
a a a a a

30 32
A aq A 40 2 A aq A 100

As wg x M A aq 100 mL a M A aq 80 mL A s 2w g
x M A aq 20 mL 100 mL 0 8 M A aq 250 mL
y M A aq a M A aq 10 mL As wg
y M A aq 50 mL 0 3 M A aq 50 mL 0 4 M A aq 100 mL
0 1 M A aq 200 mL
w
a
w

2 6 10 12 20 /
1 /
1 / 1 /

071
33 35
A aq A 180 Al

A s 36 g a M A aq 200 mL
A aq x mL 0 2 M A aq 50 mL 25 *C d g mL Al
A l 10 mL
A aq y mL A s 18 g 100 mL
a M A aq 200 mL A l 10 mL
100 g
y
x
xM
02 05 2 10 20
d g mL y M

y
A a 25 *C
x
d d 10 10
d
d d d d

34 36
A aq A 40 A aq

As 4g x M A aq 100 mL
x M A aq 25 mL y M A aq 200 mL t *C a M A aq d g mL

x M A aq 50 mL y M A aq V mL A s 1 mol 100 g a M A aq
0 3 M A aq 200 mL A aq x mL 0 1 M A aq 500 mL

y A aq 250 mL A aq y mL
\V
x
0 2 M A aq 500 mL
10 40 50 80 100
x+y t *C

25 25 25 25 5
d 2d 3d 4d d

072
37 39
A aq A 180 A B

As a M A aq 100 mL A
a M A aq 20 mL 0 06 M A aq 100 mL a M X aq 100 mL 200 mL 6
200 mL 0 2 M X aq 50 mL
A aq 50 mL As wg I
0 04 M A aq 200 mL B
a M X aq 200 mL 0 2 M X aq 50 mL
w
t C
a
250 mL 500 mL
1 2 3 4 5

A M 8k
B M 7k

k
a

/
1

38
A aq

t *C a M A aq d g mL

t *C A s 10 g A aq 100 mL

A aq 50 mL a M A aq 250
mL
A aq w g A s 18 g
2a M A aq 500 mL

w t *C

50d 75d 100d 125d 150d

073
7
2025 2024 2023

42 13
A D a X X
b a-b 1
m+ a+b=100
A D X A D 2
96 %
1g A
X X m a
1g D
A B C D X m+2 b
m-4 m-2 m+2 m+4

/ / / / / X

a>b
1g X
>1
1g X
1 mol X
1 1 mol X
>1

36 27 37 25
X Y A￣D A￣D X Y X Y a+b=c+d=100 BF g
A￣D 76 X>Y
X Y B B B F
- %
X Y F
A 0 m-1 X a
X X Y Y X 17 35 5 B F
B 1 m-2 X b
8m-n 8m+n 4m+3n 5m-3n
C 2 m+1 Y c
% 70 30 a b Y 31 69 8 BF g
D 3 m Y d
t *C 1 3g L
8m-/ 4m+/
t *C 1 1 mol 22 6 L
XY 134 6 a+b 100 X Y A B C D m-1 X Y X X Y Y
m-2 m+1 m 35 0 37 0 69 0 71 0
a B F 5 9 B B F
X Y
m+n B D Y d 2 10 0 11 0 19 0
=
1g C 20 c 3
1 5 =
1g A 19 1g Y B
>1 =5
1 mol D 1g Y B
<1
1 mol A X 1 mol X X % a B 10 8
b 37 mol 35 8 mol

2
26 39 29
t *C 1 X Y XY

X Y XY X Y
% X Y Y
X a
X 80 5 5 4
X b
Y c X Y 2
Y
Y d X Y 1 mol 7
=
a+b=c+d=100 X Y 1 mol 8
mol C O
XY m+81 XY %
6 8 C O O 12 16 18 =8 Y
Y 2m+4 Y % X Y
X
22 23 24 25 26
/ / / / /
X Y X X Y Y
79 81 m m+2

XY 3
Y m+1
X Y
1 mol XY =3
X Y

074
 2022~ 2019
02 04
X￣Z 3 A￣D
￣ A￣D

X 6 6
A B
Y 7 13
C D =1
Z 9 17
B>C>A>D
A￣D
X￣Z

12 18 20
Y X 17 18 16
Z 10

A￣D

B 37
D 18

14 11 10 08
Cl X X

Cl Cl Cl Cl X C 12 00
X > > X C
1 mol % 12 01
=1 5
% X C C
X

X
X
X 3 %
3 C C
Cl mol X A 19 9
2 X a b
2
X B 80 1
% c d
=2
% b>a
w
Cl
=4 C C C
Cl
Cl 2
X b>a
2 mol
d>c
w= 0 199\A + 0 801\B C C
X> X
1g X
>1
1g X

19 28 40 20
O HO XY H F

XY X Y H H H % a b c =45 46
X X Y a+b+c=100 a>b>c
n n+1 F F
n+1 n n+3 H H H F 1 2 3 19
9 6 mol z mol 4 5

20 mol XXY XXY XXY

a+2b+3c H O
X 2 H
= 100
X 3 1 8 H O O 1 16 18
5 H %
>2
H O 1 8 H H O O
6 H %
1 2 16 18 X Y 1 1 1 /
1 mol H 3 H
1 mol HF 20 HF
z=10 1 / b
H 3 =
= 500
H 2
HO 16
=
O 17

18
He H C C
CH
C C 1 1
3

6
/ / / / /

075
7
01 03
￣ ￣ 1 2 A￣D
N N O ￣
A B C D
+ 1 6 18 18

- 0 1
A￣D
- 0

AC
Bs
CD C

02 04
X￣Z 3 A￣D
￣ A￣D

X 6 6
A B
Y 7 13
C D =1
Z 9 17
B>C>A>D
A￣D
X￣Z

12 18 20
Y X 17 18 16
Z 10

A￣D

B 37
D 18

076
05 07 7
He X Y

H X Y 9 35
X X Y Y Y

XY 99
X Y 1 mol 28
=
X Y 1 mol 27

X Y X Y Y 19 n
n+2

Y 160
1g Y Y 81
=
1g Y Y 80
Y
=1
Y

06
A D

A D X Y X>Y
A B
A D -
A B C D
- 0 1 2 3
a b c d

b+c=73 c>d

X Y A B C D a b c
d

A C X
1 mol D 10
=
1 mol A 9
1g D
=
37
1g B 35

077
08 10
X

C 12 00
C X
12 01
C C X
X

%
C C
X A 19 9
a b
X B 80 1
c d
b>a
w
C C C

b>a X

d>c
C C w= 0 199\A + 0 801\B
X> X
1g X
>1
1g X

09
Cu

Cu Cu 2
Cu Cu 62 9 64 9
Cu 63 5

Cu > Cu
Cu > Cu
Cu 1 g
>1
Cu 1 g

078
11 13 7
X X X
1
m+ a+b=100
X 2
X > > %
% X m a
=1 5
%
X m+2 b

X X

X 3 a>b
1g X
X >1
2 1g X

% 1 mol X
=2 >1
%
1 mol X

12 14
X Cl

X Cl Cl Cl Cl
X X
a a+2 1 mol
% b 100-b

2a+4 X % 1
=
2a X % 9

X
3
Cl mol
2
X 4
b>50
1
X a+
2 Cl
=4
Cl
Cl 2
2 mol

079
15 17
X ￣ ￣ X X Y
X 63 6 X> X
X X 44 a
X X wg
63 64 65
g a a b
mol mol
X w 10 12
X Y X X
X w 11
X

X
X

X X 30 %
X 20
w 20
a 42

16 18
￣ ￣ Be B He H C C
CH
C C 1 1
%
5 10 20 3
5 b 100
a 11 80 6
/ / / / /

a+b=15
B 9

>

080
19 20 7
O HO

=45 46

9 6 mol z mol

20 mol
H O

1 8 H O O 1 16 18
H O 1 8 H H O O
1 2 16 18 1 1 1 /

z=10
H
=
3
H 2
HO 16
=
O 17

21

X￣Z

CH g CH g
3L 2L

H C 1 6

X
Y Z

/=

081
22 23
C HA NaCl
NaCl
C HA
Na Na Cl Cl Cl
Cl 35 5

NaCl
58 x
% a b
A A A
A A m m+2 Na
Cl Cl 23 35 37
A
1 mol
>1
1 mol
A A x=60
a=3 b>a
A m+1

24
B F

B
B B
10 11
% 20 80

F F

BF 2
B 10 8
B1g
>1
B1g

082
25 27 7
BF g A￣D A￣D X Y
A￣D 76 X>Y
B B B F
-
F
A 0 m-1
B F
B 1 m-2
C 2 m+1
BF g
D 3 m
t *C 1 3g L
t *C 1 1 mol 22 6 L
X Y A B C D m-1
m-2 m+1 m
B F 5 9 B B F
10 0 11 0 19 0 B D Y
1g C 20
=
1g A 19
B
=5
B 1 mol D
<1
1 mol A
B 10 8
35 8 mol

26 28
t *C 1 XY

XY X Y
X X Y
n n+1
n+1 n n+3

4 5

XXY XXY XXY

mol C O
X 2
6 8 C O O 12 16 18 =
X 3
22 23 24 25 26
X Y

1 /

083
29 31
XY X Y

XY X Y X X X2
X Y Y X 35 5
Y Y Y2
5 5 4
160 Y %
=2
X Y 2 162 Y %

X Y 1 mol 7
= X %
X Y 1 mol 8 X Y
Y %
Y
X Y
X
/
1 / 1 / 3
/ / / / /

30 32
XY X Y
X Y 2
XY X X Y Y
X X Y Y a a+2 b b+2 X Y
Y X 2 %
X Y X a x
X
X Y=2 3 X a+b x-40
Y a+3b 60
X Y Y
Y a+4b 40

X Y 62
b=a+2 Y X 2
X Y=7 8
XY 4 X Y

x=70
b=1
X Y 6

084
33 35 7
X Y X Y a+b+c=100

X
%
X
X 24 a
X X 25 b 24.3
X a 50 %
80 X 26 c
X a+2 50 %
m 75
Y
X Y 4 m+2 25
X Y=11 10

X Y
X X Y

31 32 33 34 35 1
=m+
2
Y Y 2
a>b+c

34 36
X Y X Y

X Y
%
X Y
X a
X 29 63 6 X X Y Y
X 100-a
8m-n 8m+n 4m+3n 5m-3n
Y 50
Y 35 y % 70 30 a b
Y 50
8m-/ 4m+/
X Y
X X Y Y 63 XY 134 6 a+b 100
65 79 81
a
X Y
m+n
Y> X
1 5
a<50
y=80

085
37 39
X Y a+b=c+d=100 X Y

X Y
%
%
X a
X 17 35 5 X a
X b X 80
X b
Y c
Y 31 69 8 Y c
Y d Y
Y d

a+b=c+d=100
X Y X X Y Y
XY m+81 XY %
35 0 37 0 69 0 71 0 =8
Y 2m+4 Y %

d 2
=
c 3 X Y X X Y Y
1g Y 79 81 m m+2
>1
1g Y
X 1 mol X X % a XY 3
b 37 mol Y m+1
X Y
1 mol XY =3
X Y

38
X Y

%
X 75
X 6 925
X 92 5
Y a
Y 63 546
Y 100-a

X
Y X X Y Y m
m+1 63 65

X X

m=6
a<50

086
40 42 7
H F A D a
b a-b
H H H % a b c A D X A D
a+b+c=100 a>b>c 96
F F 1g A
X
1g D
H H H F 1 2 3 19 A B C D
m-4 m-2 m+2 m+4

/ / / / /
a+2b+3c
H
100
5 H %
>2
6 H %
1 mol H 3 H
1 mol HF 20 HF
b
=
500

41
XCl

X Cl

X X a m
X 100-a m+1
Cl Cl 75 35
Cl 25 37

XCl 4
=
XCl 27

X X

m+1
/ m+1
/ m+1
/ m+/ m+/

087
8
2025 2024 2023

30 19 13
Mg C
n l ￣ n l n+l+m
￣ n+l
m m n
n
n-l > l m
1 l-m > =
n+m
2 a a 2a
n+l+m
n+l+m 4 3 2 2 > =
n

3s
l 1
1s
m m
2
>
>

21 20 29
N Mg ￣ 2 3 A￣C n
n l n l m l m
m
A B C
n-l=1 6 x 8
n+l = > n+l > >
n-l=2 x 2 2x
n-m > > m = >
￣ l+m
A￣C

1s x=2
m +1 = A l+m =1
> l+m =0
3s B C

22 23
Ne ￣ n
n m l m

n = > n+l ￣ 3 >

n+m = n > =
m 0 m > ￣ m 0

m +1 1s
1s m >
l > >

088
 2023 2022~ 2019

28 06 01
2 X￣Z ￣ n A
n l l

￣ 2s 2p 3s
n >
n+l >
n+l
n 1￣3
X Y Z
1 2 4
m 0
1 1 3
n+l=2
n 1 2 2 3 3 3
X￣Z s p s p d

1s<2s=2p<3s=3p=3d
Z 18
X Z
X Y=1 2
A

n s
n p
n d
l s
n p

09 07 10
￣ ￣ ￣ n ￣ n l m
2s 2p 3s 3p n l l

n+l l+m
￣ 2s 2p 3s 3p
1 0
n+l a 3 3 2 0
n-l > >
2l+1 1 1 b 3 1
￣

= >
2p > > l =
a+b=5 > > >
> > =
> >

03 02
A B ￣
A B ￣ 1s 2s 2p
z z
z z z
n l
y y
A 1 a
x B 2 b y y y

x x x

A
a+b=2

m +1
/ n >
l =
>

089
8
01 03
A A B
A B
z z

n l
y y
A 1 a
x B 2 b
n 1￣3

A
a+b=2
n 1 2 2 3 3 3
s p s p d m +1
/

1s<2s=2p<3s=3p=3d

n s
n p
n d
l s
n p

02 04
￣ Na
￣ 1s 2s 2p ￣ ￣

z z z z z z

y y y
y y y
x x x
x x x

n >
n > 1
l =
>

090
05 07
Na ￣ n
l
z z
￣ 2s 2p 3s 3p
8
y y
n-l > >
x x
￣

= >
> >
n > >
2 > =
l 1 > >

06 08
￣ n ￣ n
l l

￣ 2s 2p 3s ￣ n+l
>
n+l > n+l 3 a 3

> >

m 0
n+l=2

3s
a=2
l 0

091
09 11
￣ ￣ ￣ n l
2s 2p 3s 3p n l m

n+l n+m l+m

a 0
n+l a 3 3 4-a 2
2l+1 1 1 b 5-a 2

2p a=2
a+b=5
> >

10 12
￣ n l m ￣ n l m

n+l l+m
1 0
2 0
3 1

l =
>

m
>

092
13 15
￣ n
n+l+m l
￣ n+l
n
n ￣ 2p 3s 3p
8
l m >
n+l

3s
>
m l >

14 16
Cl ￣ P 3
n l ￣ n l m

￣ n 8
n+l n+m l+m
n+l > =
2 a 0
l =
3 2 b
c 4 2

a+b+c
3s
4 5 6 7 8
m 1
n

093
17 19
Al C
￣ n l ￣ n l
m

n-l >
1
l-m > =
n+l a-1 a a+1
n+l+m
> =
n

n
m 0
1s
2
2
>

18 20
3 X ￣ Mg ￣
n l n l m

n ￣
n+l n+l > >
n-l m = >
> ￣ l+m

=
l > l+m =0
> 3s
X 1

094
21 23
N ￣ n
n l l m
m

n+l = >
n+l ￣ 3 >
8
n > =
n-m > > m > ￣ m 0

1s 1s
m +1 m >
> >

22 24
Ne 2 3 X￣Z
n m
X Y Z

n = > a a+4 a+9

n
n+m =
m 0 X￣Z X
￣Z

3 1
m +1 Y>X
1s l Z X 2
l >

095
25 27
2 3 A C n N
l m n l m

A B C
n-l=2 3 x 7
n+l=3 6 n+l x x
n-l x-1
n+m x-2 x-1
A C

x=2
s A C 2
B l+m =2 x-1
m

26
N
n l m

n+l 1 3 3 x
2l+m +1
n
1 1 x /
1

x=2
m

096
28 30
2 X￣Z Mg
n l n l
m

8
n
1
n+m
2 a a 2a
n+l
n+l+m 4 3 2 2
X Y Z
1 2 4
1 1 3
l 1
m
>
X￣Z

Z 18
X Z
X Y=1 2

29
2 3 A￣C n
l m

A B C
n-l=1 6 x 8
n-l=2 x 2 2x

A￣C

x=2
A l+m =1

B C

097
9
2025 2024 2023

098
 2022~ 2019
02 01
￣ O C ￣
1s 2s 2p 3s

13 09 10
2 X Y C N Al ￣ ￣ 3

X Y 5
p Y>X

X X Y
3
￣ 3
1s
1s 2s
2s 2p
2p 1s
1s 2s
2s 2p
2p
2
C N Al 6 7 13 3

Al 7

04
X 3 ￣

A￣C 3
A C A B B C A B C

16
A 3 ￣

￣
3

099
9
01 03
C ￣ X

n l
X

X 14

￣ X n+l=4 3

02 04
￣ O X 3 ￣
1s 2s 2p 3s

A￣C 3

A C A B B C A B C

100
05 07 9
3 ￣ X￣Z

X￣Z

X
Y
Z 3

06 08
X￣Z X￣Z

X￣Z
X￣Z X
￣Z

X 15
X
Y
Y
X>Z
Z>Y

101
09 11
C N Al ￣ X￣Z X￣Z
6

X￣Z
C N Al 6 7 13 3
X 11
Y 17
Y>Z
Al 7

10 12
￣ 3 2 X Y

X Y
n n+1
2 2

Y X Y

￣ 3
2

102
13 15 9
2 X Y ￣
￣
X Y 5 n l m m
p Y>X

X X Y
3
1s
1s 2s
2s 2p
2p 1s
1s 2s
2s 2p
2p

a=0

14 ￣ 2

16
s p
A 3 ￣

2 a 2

1 2 b
￣
3 c 4 3

a+b+c

4 5 6 7 8

103
10
2025 2024
02
X Y Z

X￣Z

X Y
Y>Z
X>Z

36 10
2 3 1 15 16 2 X Z
W Z n l n l

n+l n+l
n+l X Y Z
a 2a 5
W X Y Z 2a b b
2 3 3 4
1 3 7 4 a+b X Z

4 5 6 7 8

W Z

W Y
X>Z
p
X Y=5 8
s

21 28
2 3 X Z 2 3 15￣17 W￣Z
s p n l
W Y
p
W Y
%
￣
X Y Z

9 4 2
n-l s
Y>X=Z
W￣Z
W￣Z
X Z
3 2
X Z W>Z
Y>Z X>Y
2 Y X 2

22
2 3 14￣16 X￣Z

X Y Z
p
2 3 4

X￣Z
X￣Z

3 2
X>Y
Z X 2

104
 2024 2023 2022~ 2019 10
04 03
A￣D X￣Z
A 1s 2s 2p X 1s 2s 2p
B 1s 2s 2p
Y 1s 2s 2p 3s
C 1s 2s 2p 3s
Z 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
X￣Z
A￣D X￣Z

AB Y>X

C D Y>Z

B C 1 1 X>Z

31 06
2 X￣Z 2 X Y

X Y Z
X 0
2 a a+1 a+2
2 Y X 2
p a a b

X￣Z X Y

a+b=3 X Be
X 2 Y 7
Y Z s Y>X

24 15 14 33
2 3 X￣Z 2 3 13￣15 W￣Z 20 X￣Z 2 3 X￣Z
s p Y>X
X Y Z
W X X>Y ￣
p 3 s
X Y Z W X = 2 4 5
s 2
/ / / s X>Y>Z 3 a a
X Y Z=1 1 3

X￣Z X￣Z
X￣Z X￣Z

a=1
2 1 W￣Z X 2
X Y
X Y 0
Z>Y
Y>Z Y 3 Z 5
W Z
s X Y=3 2

30
X￣Z X￣Z
8￣15

X Y Z
s a a
p a
p
1 b b
s

X￣Z

b=
3
2
Y Z
p Z X 2

105
10
01 03
X Y Z X￣Z

X 1s 2s 2p
Y 1s 2s 2p 3s
Z 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

X￣Z
X￣Z
X Y Z
Y>X
X Z Y>Z
X>Z
X 2
Z F
X Y 1 1

02 04
X Y Z A￣D
A 1s 2s 2p
B 1s 2s 2p
C 1s 2s 2p 3s
D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

A￣D
X￣Z
AB
X Y C D
Y>Z B C 1 1
X>Z

106
05 07
X Y l X￣Z X￣Z
6￣15

X Y ￣ X
10
l=0 X Y 2 X Y 2
p Y Z 2
X
X Y
Y X￣Z
15 2 3 4 6 X￣Z

X>Z
Y
Ne X>Y

06 08
2 X Y 20 X Y

X 0
X Y
2 Y X 2
a a+1
p 1 5

X Y
X Y
X Be
Y 7 X Y
s Y>X X Y
2 Y X 2

107
09 11
2 3 X￣Z n X n l
l

X Y Z
n=x 3
n+l=2 a
l=y 6
n+l=3 b 2b
n+l=4 a b
x+y X
X￣Z 1 2 3 4 5

b=2a
X Z
3
n-l=2 Z Y
2

10 12
2 X Z 2 3 X￣Z
n l
￣ 6
s p
n+l
X Y Z
a 2a 5
2a b b

a+b X Z
X￣Z X
4 5 6 7 8 ￣Z

2 2
X>Y
Z>Y

108
13 15
X 2 3 13￣15 W￣Z

2 W X X>Y
p
s
=1 W X 10
s
X Y Z=1 1 3
X X

1s 2s 2p

W￣Z

Y 3
W Z
s X Y=3 2

14 16
20 X￣Z 2 3 14 16 X Z

￣ X Z
p 3 X Y=2 3
=
s 2 p
X>Y>Z 2 Z Y 2

X￣Z X Z

X 2 Y>X
Y 0 Y Z
Z 5 X>Z

109
17 19
2 3 2 3 X￣Z
p 2
s s

6 B D

4
A C
2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
p
s
X￣Z

A￣D 3
Y 4
X Y
B Mg
p Z X 3
D 15
C A

18 20
W￣Z 3 ￣
W￣Z N O Na Mg p
s

W￣Z

W>X x 1
X>Y 7
Y>Z >

110
21 22
2 3 X Z 2 3 14￣16 X￣Z
s p n l
X Y Z
p

%
2 3 4 10
X￣Z
X￣Z

n-l 3 2
Y>X=Z X>Y
Z X 2

X Z

X Z
Y>Z
2 Y X 2

23
2 3 X￣Z

X Y Z
s 4 6

/
1 /
1 /
1

X￣Z

X C
Z 3
Y>Z

111
24 26
2 3 X￣Z X Z X Z 2 3
s p Y>X 13 15

X Y Z
X Y Z
p
4 5 6
/ / /
2
2
X￣Z
X￣Z
X Z

2 1 =1
X X Z Y
Y>Z X>Z

25
2 3 X Z

X Y Z
p
1 / /
s
a a-1 a+1

X Z
3

a=2
X>Z
Z>Y

112
27 29
20 A D 2 W￣Z
A D 18
W X Y Z
2
A B C D
a 2a
10
p 1 /
1 /
1 /
1
0 / 2 2
s

W￣Z
A D
A D

a=1
C K
Y>X
2 2
p Z X 2
B>D

28 30
2 3 15￣17 W￣Z X￣Z X￣Z
8￣15
W Y
X Y Z
p
W Y s a a
p a
￣
p
X Y Z 1 b b
s

9 4 2
s
X￣Z

W￣Z
W￣Z b=
3
2
Y Z
3 2
W>Z
p Z X 2

X>Y

113
31 33
2 X￣Z 2 3 X￣Z

X Y Z X Y Z
2 a a+1 a+2 s
2 4 5
p a a b
3 a a

X￣Z
X￣Z
a+b=3
X 2 a=1
Y Z X Y
Z>Y

32 34
2 3 X￣Z 2 X￣Z

X Y Z X Y Z
a 1 2 /
1 a /
2
6
/ 1 p
p 2 1 b
s
X￣Z
X￣Z

a=3
4
￣ 3 2 ab=
3
s Z>Y Y>X
2 Z Y 2

114
35 36
2 3 A￣C n 2 3 1 15 16
l W Z n l

A B C
p 10
/ / n+l
s
n+l=3 6 n+l

A￣C
W X Y Z
2 3 3 4
1 3 7 4
￣ 3 1
=/

= W Z

W Y
X>Z
p
X Y=5 8
s

115
11
2025 2024 2023
01
A

5￣9

5￣9

A X
X

X X
6 8
6 7
8

15
X Z X Z N O F Na Mg
X Z Ne

X Z 5
1 X Z Y

X Na
Z>Y

116
 2022~ 2019

07
A￣D A￣D 15
16 19 20 A￣D Ar

A￣D

A>D
D>C

10 13
A￣E A￣C
A￣E
A￣C O Na Al A￣C
15 16 17 19 20 A￣E
Ne
Ar

A￣E
B>A
C A
C>B
A A
E D

117
11
01 02
A A￣E A￣E
7 8 9 11 12

5￣9

5￣9

A￣E

B>A
D>E
2 B>C

A X
X

X X
6 8
6 7
8

118
03 04 11
A￣E A￣E
Li Be Na Mg Al

A￣E
A B A B A C B C

2 3
-

A C A E C A C E E C

05
2 3 A￣D A
B C D 18

A￣D A
￣D 3

A 2
C B
D B

119
06 07
W Z A￣D A￣D 15
W Z O F Na Mg W Z Ne 16 19 20 A￣D Ar

A￣D
W Z

W A>D
D>C
Y>X

X>Z

08
W￣Z W￣Z O F Na Mg
Ne

W>X>Y

W X
Z>Y

120
09 11 11
Na Cl 2 3 A￣C X Y

A￣C Ne
A￣C

A B C
1 2 3

A￣C
￣ F
F Na Cl F Na Cl

A￣C 3

X
A B
C 3

10
A￣E
A￣E
15 16 17 19 20 A￣E
Ar

A￣E

A A
E D

121
12 14
W￣Z W￣Z O F Na W￣Z W￣Z O F Mg Al
Mg Ne

p W>X>Y W>X>Y
Ne Y>Z>X
Z>Y

W￣Z

Y O
X F
1 W>X
W 1 Y>Z
Z

13
A￣C

A￣C O Na Al A￣C
Ne

B>A
C A
C>B

122
15 11
X Z X Z N O F Na Mg
X Z Ne

X Z 5
1 X Z Y

X Na
Z>Y

123
12
2025 2024

28 26 27
W Y
1 X Z W Y X Z A￣D 2 E
2 E W Z F Na Mg Al
C￣E A￣E O F Na Mg Al
W Z O F Mg Al 1 E A￣E Ne
W Y Ne
W Z Ne

B O

W F
3 3
X>Y E>D
2
X>Y 2
Z>Y Y>Z

09 15
X Z n E E E W￣Z
E E X Z Be B C 1 E
2 E
X Y Z
W￣Z Li Be B C
E
20 22 30 1 Y>Z
E
E
16 5 43 46 W￣Z
E

X Z

W Li
Y B
Y>X
Y>X
Z
E Z

124
 2023 2022~ 2019
01 02
A A

3 1
15￣17 E

3 E
15￣17 1 E 2 E

E
3 E

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
E1
kJ/
E kJ 496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1521
1800
2 2
1400
3
4 E E
1000 5
6
2
600
0
15 16 17

1
1
1

18 10 20 04
W￣Y 3￣ 5 E ￣E A￣D A￣D 7 8 2 W￣Z A￣D 1
X￣Z W￣Z C O Si P 12 13 A￣D Ne W<X<Y<Z ￣ A￣D ￣

A n E
B 1 E M g +E M g +e
2 D 2 E M g +E M g +e
3 E M g +E M g +e
A￣D E
￣
A￣D E

A￣D 3
C
2 A>B
D
D>C
X Si C D
W Y 3
B>A
2
2 Z>Y
W￣Z

W>X
E Y>Z
E
Z>W
E

05 17 13
2 3 X￣Z n E A￣E 1 2 V￣Z 2 V￣Z
X￣Z 3 A￣E 3 4 11 12 13 9￣13

E 10 kJ mol
E E E E
X 0 74 1 45 7 72 10 52
Y 0 80 2 42 3 65 24 98
Z 0 90 1 75 14 82 20 97

X￣Z V￣Z 3

A￣E 3
Y Al Z 1
Z 3 X Y
B>A
Y>X W>V
D E
3
C>D
2

125
12
01 02
A A

3 1
15￣17 E

3 E
15￣17 1 E 2 E

E
3 E

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
E1
kJ/
E kJ 496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1521
1800
2 2
1400
3
4 E E
1000 5
6
2
600
0
15 16 17

1
1
1

1
03
Ne 2

Li Be B C N O F
O

1 B N

2 4 6 7 8

126
04 06
A￣D 1 2 3 W￣Z X>Z
￣ A￣D ￣
W X Y Z
a a a+1 a+2
3 12
3 66 2 74 3 23 4 58
10 kJ mol
4
25 03 11 58 4 36 7 48
10 kJ mol
5
32 83 14 83 16 09 9 44
10 kJ mol
A￣D 3
W￣Z
D
C D a=3
3 W Z
B>A
2
2
X>Y
1

05 07
2 3 X￣Z n E X￣Z E X￣Z
X￣Z 3 Na Al K

E 10 kJ mol E kJ mol
E E E E E E E E
X 0 74 1 45 7 72 10 52 X 419 3051 5877
Y 0 80 2 42 3 65 24 98 Y 496 6912
Z 0 90 1 75 14 82 20 97 Z a 1817 2745 11578

X￣Z
X 1
Y Al Y K
Z 3 a 496
Y>X

127
08 10
X Z 2 X Z A￣D A￣D 7 8
Cl K Ca 12 13 A￣D Ne

X Y Z
A
2 kJ mol 1140 2300 3050
B
X Z 2 D

Y Cl A￣D
3 A￣D
X
2
Z>X C
2 A>B
D>C

09 11
X Z n E E E A E A E
E E X Z Be B C 8 9 11 12 13 A E Ne

X Y Z
E
20 22 30 C>D>E
E
E B>C>A>D
16 5 43 46
E 2 C>A

X Z

A E
Y B
Y>X
D 3
E Z
C>B
3 E>A
2

128
12 14
A￣C A￣C Na Mg Al W￣Z W￣Z
C F Na Mg

2
1
A 12
B>C

A￣C

B
A>C
1 C>B W Na
X>Z
Y>Z

13 15
V￣Z 2 V￣Z W￣Z
9￣13 1 E
2 E
W￣Z Li Be B C
1 Y>Z

W￣Z

W Li
V￣Z 3
Y>X
Z
Z 1
X Y
W>V

129
16 18
2 6 W￣Y 3￣ 5 E ￣E
X￣Z W￣Z C O Si P

X￣Z

X Be
Y Z 4
2 X Si
X>Y
1 W Y
2 Z>Y

17 19
A￣E 1 2 W￣Z
A￣E 3 4 11 12 13
￣ O F Na Al
￣ Ne
2
1

A￣E 3

B>A
D E
3 2
C>D 1
2
W F
Y>X

130
20 21
2 W￣Z A￣E
W<X<Y<Z A￣E 11￣17

n E
12
1 E M g +E M g +e
2 E M g +E M g +e
3 E M g +E M g +e
E
￣
E A￣E A
￣E

B
2 C
1
D>E

W￣Z

W>X
E Y>Z
E
Z>W
E

22
W￣Z 1￣ 3 E ￣E
W￣Z Mg Al Si P

Z Si
W>Y
E X>Y

131
23 25
2 3 A￣E 2 ￣

18

1
A￣E

A>C
B E 2
1 C>D
2

24
>
2 3 W￣Z
Ne >
W>X

W￣Z

a=1
￣ 3 2
1 Y>Z

132
26 27
W Y X Z A￣D 2 E
2 E W Z F Na Mg Al
C￣E A￣E O F Na Mg Al
1 E A￣E Ne
W Y Ne
12

B O

3
E>D
X>Y 2
Y>Z

28
W Y
1 X Z

W Z O F Mg Al

W Z Ne

W F
3 X>Y
2
Z>Y

133
13
2025 2024 2023

17 07
2 W￣Z W￣Z W￣Z
n l 8￣14

￣
n+l ￣ W X
2 X Y Z=2 2 1
Z

W￣Z

Z 2
Ne X>W
Y>X

W￣Z

Y C
X>Z
Y>W

13 14
2 3 X￣Z 2 3 W￣Z

X Y Z
￣
m-3 m m+3
W X Y Z
6 3
6
/
1 6
/
1 /
1 /
1
s

W>Y>X
X￣Z
Y Z

1 W￣Z
X Z W￣Z
1 X>Z>Y
W Cl
X Y
2 Z>Y
1

08
W￣Z W￣Z
7￣13

￣
W X Y Z
a a b a+b

W
1 X>Y>W
Ne Y>X

W￣Z
W￣Z

Z 17
2 W
Y>Z

134
 13

2022~ 2019
01

A C A B B C A B C

06 04 18 20
W￣Z W￣Z O F W￣Z W￣Z O F W￣Z W￣Z
P S Na Mg
￣ 7￣14 ￣ N O Na Mg
W>X W>Y>X ￣ 2 Ne
W>Y Y>X>Z 1
1 Z>Y>W

W￣Z Ne
W￣Z
X>Y
Y P X>W
W X 2
Y>W>Z
Y>Z 1
W￣Z
2 Y>W
W 13 Z>X
X>Y
2
Z>X
1

19 11 16
W￣Z 2 3 A￣C C 2 3 V￣Z

￣ 8￣13 A B C
W X Y x+3 x+6 x+10 p 3
Ne x+1 x-4 x 1

￣ 18
￣ 1

0 0 A￣C
W X Y Z W X Y Z

B>A
W￣Z 3 A>C V￣Z
C>B

X 13
2 Z>W
W>X>V
X>Y
2 Y>Z>X

135
13
01 03
a a+1
X
1 2 W X
=
2
3 Y Z

W Z

a=13
Z 9
2
A C A B B C A B C X>W
1

02 04
￣ ￣ O W￣Z W￣Z O F
F Mg Al Na Mg

W>Y>X
2 0
Y>X>Z
4 07 4 45 5 10 x

W￣Z Ne

Mg X>Y
x 4 07 X>W
> 2
Y>W>Z
1

136
05 07 13
W￣Z W￣Z N O W￣Z W￣Z
F Na 8￣14

X>Y ￣
Y>Z>W ￣ W X
2 2 X Y Z=2 2 1
X>Z
1

W￣Z
W￣Z

X O
Z 2
Ne Z>Y
Ne X>W
W>Z
Y>X

06 08
W￣Z W￣Z O F W￣Z W￣Z
P S 7￣13

W>X ￣
W>Y W X Y Z
1 Z>Y>W a a b a+b

W￣Z
1 X>Y>W
Ne Y>X

Y P
W￣Z
W X
W￣Z
Y>Z

Z 17
2 W
Y>Z

137
09 11
2 3 W￣Z 2 3 A￣C

￣ A B C
W X Y Z x+3 x+6 x+10
a a a+1 a+3 x+1 x-4 x

￣ 18 ￣ 18
1 W>Y>X ￣ 1
Z>Y

W￣Z A￣C

W 2 B>A
Z 3 A>C
Y 2 C>B

10 12
W￣Z A￣C

￣ ￣ Cl K Ca
￣ Ar

p
A>C
Y 9 s

1 W>X
A￣C

W￣Z 3 B
A

m+n=17 C>A

2 X>Y
W Z 2

138
13 15 13
2 3 X￣Z 2 3 A E
2 x y x-y
X Y Z
m-3 m m+3

6 3

X￣Z

1 A E
X Z 3
1 X>Z>Y
B 2
E>C
Ne A>D

14 16
2 3 W￣Z C 2 3 V￣Z

￣
W X Y Z p 3
1
6
/
1 6
/
1 /
1 /
1
s

W>Y>X
Y Z

W￣Z
W￣Z

W Cl
X Y V￣Z
2 Z>Y
1
X 13
W>X>V
2 Y>Z>X

139
17 18
2 W￣Z W￣Z
n l
￣ 7￣14
￣ 2
n+l

W￣Z

W 13
X>Y
W￣Z 2
Z>X
1
Y C
X>Z
Y>W

19
W￣Z

￣ 8￣13
W X Y
Ne

0 0
W X Y Z W X Y Z

W￣Z 3

2 Z>W
X>Y

140
20 22 13
W￣Z 2 3 A￣D A￣D O F
Na Al Ne
￣ N O Na Mg
Ne
D
1 A
C
B
0

A￣D 3

A
B C
C D
2 Y>W
Z>X

21
A￣D
A￣D O Na Mg Al

C>B
C>A
Ne B>D

141
14
2025 2024 2023
04
HO

A B

H O
mol 0<t <t

t t
A x N
mol B N y

A O
HO H O

x 1
=
y 4

21 17 18
X Cl X Y Ne

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

mol mol
mol mol X Cl a 46
K X 28
K Y 36 Cl 17 X
Ca O X Y m n 3
a=3
O K Ca 8 19 20 X Y Xs Xs
X 3
XY m n=1 2
Y 3
>
28

14 16
A X￣Z X Y Z

X Z Y Z
X Z =2 3 Y Z =2 1
X Y

X￣Z a￣c 3
X Y

a=2
Z O
A
X>Y
X Y
X Y X Y
Cu Mg Cu HO
Cu LiF CO HO
HO LiF

142
 2022~ 2019
01
HO

A
B

H O
V V V =1 2

A O

H O

13 12 19 20
A A B A W￣Z
Xs X aq
A B Ne W Z O F Na Mg
Ar Ne
O F OF Y Z 2
A B a b X Z 2 1
3 Al s
c
X AB
Al s B 3 W￣Z
O F OF a b c
B>A
a b c
W Na
WZ CaO
X Y XY

a b c
A
O 2
F 14
CO s Cu s
OF 3
Cu s Mg s
Fe s CO s
Mg s NaCl s
NaCl s Fe s
A

8a=b-c 8a=b-2c 8a=2b-c

8a=b+2c 8a=2b+c

06 15 09
A HCOOH

Na X NaX HCOOH
O
1 2 3 4 5 H H H2O

4 NaF NaCl NaBr NaI 1

2 1
1 atm

NaF NaCl NaBr NaI

231 282 299 324

pm
*C 996 802 747 661 A B C

A C A B B C A B C

NaCl

NaF NaCl NaBr NaI

NaF

143
14
01 02
HO HO

2
A
B

t *C 1
+ - =1 2
H O
V V V =1 2

A O

H O

03

Na SO
HO

+ - O g H g
O H a b

a b=1 2

144
04 06
HO A

14
Na X NaX

A B

4 NaF NaCl NaBr NaI

1 atm

H O
mol 0<t <t NaF NaCl NaBr NaI

t t 231 282 299 324

pm
A x N
mol
*C 996 802 747 661
B N y

A O
A
HO H O

x 1 NaCl
=
y 4

NaF NaCl NaBr NaI

NaF

05
HO

- B
H O 1
+ A
16

6 /
1 2 8 16

145
07 09
NaCl

O
H H H2O

1
2 1
NaCl r
r Na Cl

KCl r

A B C

A C A B B C A B C

08 10
Na g X g X
NaX g NaY g

X X
X
pm
NaX g 236
NaY g 250
X
X

X Y

Na X
X

x 236 Cu Fe HO KCl NaCl

1 NaX>NaY

146
11 13
NaCl ￣ A

14
3 Al s
￣

Al s

CO s Cu s
Cu s Mg s
Fe s CO s
Mg s NaCl s
NaCl s Fe s

12 14
A B A
Xs X aq
A B Ne
Ar

A B

X Y
X AB
B 3
X Y
B>A

A
X Y
X Y X Y
Cu Mg Cu HO
Cu LiF CO HO
HO LiF

147
15 17
HCOOH X Cl
1 mol 1 mol
mol mol
X Cl a 46
HCOOH

1 2 3 4 5
Cl 17 X

a=3
Xs
X 3

16 18
X￣Z X Y Z X Y Ne

X Z Y Z
X Z =2 3 Y Z =2 1

X Y m n 3
X￣Z a￣c 3
Xs
a=2
Z O XY m n=1 2
X>Y

148
19 20
A W￣Z

W Z O F Na Mg
Ne
14
O F OF Y Z 2
a b X Z 2 1
c

W￣Z
O F OF a b c
a b c
W Na
WZ CaO
X Y XY

a b c
O 2
F 14
OF 3

8a=b-c 8a=b-2c 8a=2b-c

8a=b+2c 8a=2b+c

21
1 mol 1 mol

mol mol
K X 28
K Y 36
Ca O

O K Ca 8 19 20 X Y

Y 3
>
28

149
15
2025 2024 2023
11 01
X A B 2
KCl CH O

KCl CH O

LED

KCl s LED Ag s
Cs
KCl s KCl aq CH O s C H O aq

A B

LED × × ×

A KCl
B

36 14 17
X Y AB CD AB CBD

X Y 3
Xs Y 7
Y>X
A B A C B D

X Y
A￣D
X Y A￣D

A￣D 2 2 As
A
A D AD
BD
CB

30 06
XOH HY XY HO W￣Z

W X Y Z

X Y W￣Z

Xs XZ l
XY ZW
X O 2 1 W Y 3 2

18
AB CD

A B A C D

A￣D

AB
Cs
CBl

150
 2022~ 2019
03
3

Cu NaCl C

Cu s
NaCl l
Cs

24 31 32 20
AB BC Na H AB CD AB CD
AB CD

2AB + CD +A D
2Na + 2 2 +H
A B CD

A￣D
A￣C
AB
A 3 A￣D C 2
AB As
Na s m=2
A C 1 2

B >D

21 19 22 27
ABC HB AB C D AB CDB AB CA

A B C D B B A B C A
A BC HB A B CD

A￣D 3 A￣C 3
A￣C A￣D 3

A C 1 m 1
As CD 2
AB CB
B C 2 AD
CB>D A B 2
AC l B 2

25 34
XY ZY

XH HY
XY ZY

X Y 3
X￣Z 3
HY
XY Y ZY Y
X
ZY
X 3
Z

=1
6
/

151
15
01 03
2 3

Cu NaCl C

Cu s
NaCl l
Cs

Ag s
Cs

02 04
￣ ￣ Cu
C H O CaCl

152
05 07 15
A￣D 3 A￣D A￣E
O F Na Mg
AD DE B C BD CE
AB CB DB

A E 6 8 9 11 12

A Na
A￣E
CD

D>A
B C
BD CE

06 08
W￣Z 2 3 X￣Z
X￣Z

X￣Z 18

X Y Z
W X Y Z
n n n+8

W￣Z
XY XZ YZ
XZ l
ZW
W Y 3 2

X￣Z

X 3

Z>Y

153
09 11
NaCl X A B
KCl CH O

KCl CH O

LED

KCl s LED

KCl s KCl aq CH O s C H O aq

A B

LED × × ×

10
X

A KCl
B

Y Br
X

154
12 14 15
AB AC AB CD

A￣C
A￣D

n=2 A￣D 2 2
As A
B C BD

13 15
ABC DC AB CAB

A
￣D
A￣C

As
C>AB
AC l
A 2
DB
m=1

155
16 18
ABC CD AB CD

A B A C D

A￣D
A￣D

AB
As
Cs
A￣D 2 2
CBl
A D AD

17 19
AB CBD AB C D

A B A C B D A B CD

A￣D A￣D 3

As CD 2
A D AD AD
CB B 2

156
20 22 15
AB CD AB CDB

A B CD
A B C D B

A￣D
A￣D 3

AB
A C 1
C 2
AB
As
CB>D

21 23
ABC HB AB CBD

A B C B D

A BC HB

A￣D
A￣C
CBD
As B D
B C 2 A D 1 2
AC l

157
24 26
AB BC WXY ZYW

W￣Z
A￣C
WXY X -3
A 3 YW
AB ZYl
A C 1 2

25 27
XY ZY AB CA

B A B C A
XY ZY

A￣C 3
X￣Z 3
m 1
XY Y ZY Y CB
ZY A B 2
Z

=1
6
/

158
28 30 15
AB CD XOH HY XY HO
A >C

A￣D

X Y

CD l
Xs
n=1
XY
B >D
X O 2 1

29 31
XY ZX Na H

2Na + 2 2 +H

XY ZX

X￣Z

X>Z
XY ZX Na s
ZY 5

159
32 34
AB CD
AB CD

2AB + CD +A D

XH HY

X Y 3

HY
A￣D
X
X 3
m=2

B >D

33 35
A B Z
Z Ar

A+2 +B

X Y X
Z X

A B 2

B Cl X Z
As
3 Y>Z
Zs
1 mol X mol
=2
1 mol mol

160
36 15
X Y

X Y 3
Xs Y 7
Y>X

X Y
X Y

161
16
2025 2024 2023
21 06 01
H X Z H 2 X Y 3 A
X Y
X>H
H X
H X HY HZ XH YH XY
X Z
X Z C F Cl
Y>Z>H X Y

Y>X
a=2 YH Y
XY >XH
YZ m-n
1 2

HF CH OF CO
HF OF

HO CH HO CO CO CF
NH NF NF OF

02
A

18 2 3

18 2 3

CO C
PF

12

3
>

162
 2022~ 2019
09 05 11
4 F a W￣Z W￣Z C O F Cl W￣Z H HW HX HY
b a-b H Z W￣Z O F S Cl
W Y
CF OF PF ClF
Y Z
a-b x 05 19 10 H W￣Z
X>Y>W

x<0 5 W￣Z

PF
W O
Cl O Cl
XY X
WZ W Z H W HX HY H Z H

X>W
c>a
YZ Y

07
2 3 W￣Z
W
X 14 Y Z 17

W￣Z

W 3
XY
YZ Z

15
WX WYZ

W X W Y Z

W￣Z 3

WX W
Z>Y
YW

163
16
01 02
A A

18 2 3

18 2 3

1 2

HF CH OF CO
HF OF

A
CO C
HO CH HO CO CO CF
PF
NH NF NF OF

164
03 05
AB BC W￣Z W￣Z C O F Cl

Y Z
16
X>Y>W

W￣Z
A￣C

W O
AB
XY X
BC 0
WZ W Z
A>C

04 06
H 2 X Y 3
X Y
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 X>H

2 A B C XH YH XY
3 D

A￣D
X Y

Y>X
AD
YH Y
C>B
XY >XH
BD

165
07 09
2 3 W￣Z 4 F a
W b a-b
X 14 Y Z 17
CF OF PF ClF
a-b x 05 19 10

W￣Z
x<0 5
W 3 PF
XY Cl O Cl
YZ Z

08 10
4 W￣Z 3 W a
b a-b
H C O F
21 25 35 40 WX YW ZW
a-b -0 5 05 14

HF H W￣Z
HO
CH O C 0 YW
Y X
ZX Z

166
11 12
W￣Z H H W HX HY
H Z W￣Z O F S Cl
W Y

H W￣Z
16

3
>

H W HX HY H Z H

X>W
c>a
YZ Y

13
X￣Z X￣Z
Y Z

X Y Z

X Y X Z
3 1

X￣Z 3

XY

>

167
14 16
WXY ZXY AB CB
C>B

W Z A C

WXY
n=1 A B
W Z X AC s
CB C

15 17
WX WYZ AB CD

W X W Y Z

A￣
W￣Z 3 D

WX W As
Z>Y CD C
YW D B

168
18 20
ABC DE ABC CD
+ - + -

ABC CD AD C2B 16
A B C D E
A￣D

A￣E

A B
AD
DA
CB B +
BE
C CA

19 21
ABC BD H X Z

H X
A BC BD H X HY HZ
X Z
A￣D
X Z C F Cl
Y>Z>H

A C
BD
a=2
BD B

YZ m-n

169
17
2025 2024 2023
05 03
H X Z C F X Y ￣
X Z C N O X Y N O
X Z
>

XF F X 2
C F 2
CXF
C X 2 1
YF F Y 3

X C
>

m=3

>

08
W Z

W Z

WX
WYX X
WYX ZX

23
2 X￣Z

X￣Z

X O
3
2

33
1 2 W￣Z WXY YZX

W￣Z

W Y
Z 3

YX =1

170
 2022~ 2019

29 37 26
X Y W 1 2 A￣C 2 X￣Z
￣Z
W￣Z C N O F
X X Z Y Z
X Y
A￣C
a a+3

1 mol X￣Z 3
A C
0
AC =4
>
Z
W￣Z

a=4
Z N
8
3

21 20 27
￣ 4 ￣
W￣Z 2

￣ 2
>
HCH > 4

171
17
01 02
A A

Be B C N O ￣
X￣Z

X￣Z

X Y Z
BeF BCl CH NH HO
0 1 2
2 3 4 3 2
X>Y>Z
180* 120* 109 5* 107* 104 5*
A X￣Z
3

`X` `Y` `Z` `X` `Y` `Z`

3
BF NF HO CH NH HO
CF BF OF NF HO CH
OF CH NH

03
C F X Y ￣
X Y N O

XF F X 2
C F 2
CXF
C X 2 1
YF F Y 3

m=3

>

172
04 06 17
BCl NH ￣ 2 X Z
BCl NH

구조식 Y-X-Y Z-Y-Z Z-X-X-Z

HO CH 1 4 a

HO CH
X Z

2
Y

a=/

05 07
H X Z ￣
X Z C N O
X Z
>

X C
>

173
08 10
W Z WX YXZ

W X YXZ
W Z
W￣Z
WX
WYX X
X>Y
WYX ZX
W Y
YXZ

09 11
XY ZY WX Y ZY

WX Y ZY
XY ZY

W￣Z
X￣Z

ZY
XY ZY
WY 0
X
ZX X +1
YZX

174
12 14 17
AB CDA CB AD 2 W￣Z

W￣Z

WYl
A￣D
XZ 2
AB · YZ

DB 0
A >D

13 15
2 X Z

X Z

2 2 3

3 3 4 4

0 4 5 a

X Z

a=4
1

175
16 18
2 A￣D 2 A￣D

A￣D
A￣D

As A>AD
BD B BD B +
B D >C D CD 8

17 19
1 2 A￣D AD 2 3 X￣Z ￣
￣

X￣Z

A￣D

A>B
CD X X Y Y Z
1
D C 3 a 26 a
mol

X Z

a=34
n X>Z
Y -

176
20 22 17
￣ 1 2 W Z WX YZ

W Z

WX
YZ
> YW WX

21 23
2 X￣Z

X￣Z

X O
HCH >
3
2

177
24 26
1 2 WX XYZ 2 X￣Z

X X Z Y Z

W￣Z

X￣Z 3

W Z 8 0
X >Y >
YW Z

25 27
2 X￣Z 4 ￣
W￣Z 2

￣ 2
X￣Z
4

X 15

178
28 30 17
1 2 W￣Z 2 3 X￣Z XY ZY
Z>X>Y

W￣Z
X￣Z

X Mg
Y Z Y
YW Y Z 17

29 31
X Y W 2 X Z XY ZY
￣Z
W￣Z C N O F

X Y
a a+3

X Z

Y F
Z 3
W￣Z X>XY

a=4
Z N
8
3

179
32 34
1 2 X￣Z XY ZX 2 3 X￣Z 3
X>Y>Z

X￣Z

X￣Z a=2
X￣Z 2 2
Y 6 Z>Y
X Y 1 mol 8 mol
ZX 90

33 35
1 2 W￣Z WXY YZX 1 2 X￣Z XY ZY

W￣Z

W Y X￣Z

Z 3
XY X
YX =1
Z 5
Z Y 3

180
36 38 17
1 2 W￣Z 2 3 X￣Z XY XZ
1 XY>XZ

X￣Z

W￣Z Y>Z
YZ Y
Z s >X s
X Z
YZ
ZWY

37
1 2 A￣C

A￣C

1 mol
A C

AC =4

181
18
2025 2024 2023
38 16 12 11
H X Z C 2 X Y ￣ 2 X￣Z ￣ 2 W￣Z ￣
X Z C N O ￣ ￣ ￣
X Z

￣ ￣
X￣Z W￣Z
￣
X Y
2
> >
3 2
1 2
=3 2
>

39 23 21 26
A A A 2 W￣Z 3
W>Y

3 WX XYW YZX

3 W￣Z

WX
HO NH
YZX X
WX XYW
BeF CO OF , , …

A
A

O CF CF O
HNO CF CF HCl HCl O
HOF FCN HCl CF
FCN A

HO BCl HO HCHO
HCN BCl HCN HCHO
HCN NH

29
4
N>H

182
 2022~ 2019
03 14 05 02
3 ￣ 3 ￣ ￣

F
O C O F N F F C F
￣
F F
￣
￣
> > > > > > ￣
2
> > > > 2
1
2

2
2

04 13
￣ 2 X￣Z 3 ￣

>

XY XYZ YZ

0 a 2

X￣Z

Y O
a=0
￣ 1

20 25
A￣E 2 W￣Z ￣
X>Y>W

WX YZ XZ

A￣E W￣Z

B>A>D 2
BC ￣ 2
EC C Y

34 33 37 35
3 4 ￣ 3 ￣ 4 3 ￣
CO FCN NH ￣ C H COCl FCN N A￣C
￣
CCl4 , CO2 , FCN, NH3

CH NH HCN
3
￣
0

CCl4

3 A￣C

A B C
3
4 FCN 3
4 >

4 4

183
18
01 03
CO 3 ￣

CO

02 04
￣ ￣

2
2
1

>

184
05 07
￣ ￣

F
O C O F N F F C F
18
F F

￣ ￣

2 2
2
2

06 08
￣ 2 X￣Z H
X￣Z C O F
X￣Z

>
1
Z>Y>X
>

185
09 11
H 2 X Y 2 W￣Z ￣
X Y ￣

￣
W￣Z
X Y

>
2
2

10 12
H 2 X Z 2 X￣Z ￣
￣

￣
X￣Z

X Z 2
>
1
1
Z

186
13 15
2 X￣Z 3 ￣ 2 3 X Z

18

X Z

X Cl
Y>Z
ZY
XY XYZ YZ

0 a 2

X￣Z

Y O
a=0
￣ 1

16
C 2 X Y ￣
￣

14
3 ￣
X Y

2
￣

> > > > > >

> > > >

187
17 19
2 W￣Z ￣ ￣ ￣ H O CO
￣ BF

>
X=W=X Y-W Z Y-Z=X
>
W￣Z

HO
>
Z >

18 20
W￣Z W￣ A￣E
Z C N O F

W-X-X-W Y-Z-W

/ 2
A￣E

3 B>A>D
BC
2 EC C
>

188
21 23
A A

18

HO NH

O CF CF O
CF HCl HCl O
HCl CF
A

HO BCl HO HCHO

22
HCN BCl HCN HCHO
HCN NH

BCl

CH Cl OF CH Cl CH O
CCl CO CCl CH O
CCl OF

189
24 26
2 W￣Z 3
W>Y

WX XYW YZX

W￣Z

WX
YZX X
WX XYW

25 27
2 W￣Z ￣ 2 W￣Z ￣
X>Y>W ￣

WX YZ XZ WX YZ ZX
2

￣
W￣Z
W￣Z

2
W
￣ 2
>
Y
0 2

190
28 30
4 3
NH3 H2O C2H4

18

<1

>

29 31
4 4
N>H

2
2
0

191
32 34
4 3

HCN

3
>
4
4

33 35
4 ￣ 4 3 ￣
CO FCN NH ￣ C H COCl FCN N A￣C
￣
CCl4 , CO2 , FCN, NH3

CCl4

3 A￣C

A B C

FCN
>

192
36 38
3 C H CH O CH Cl H X Z
X Z C N O
X Z
CH O C H CH Cl
18

2
3
CH Cl
=3 2
>

37 39
3 ￣ A

CH NH HCN

￣
3

BeF CO OF , , …

HNO CF
1
HOF FCN
FCN

193
19
2025 2024
12
W Z
W
W Z C N O F

W X W X Y W X Z
5 4 3
12 8 4

Z N
>

22 21
H 2 X Y ￣ W￣Z ￣ ￣
￣ X Y 3
W￣Z C N O F
￣ 4
X Y
1 mol W 6
W X X 4
W X Y Y 2
W Y Z Z 1

Z C
X Y

>
2

26
W￣Z 3 W￣Z C
N O F

WX YZ YWZ
W Y W

26 16

X F
YWZ 4
16

194
 2023 2022~ 2019
08 15 10
H 2 X￣Z ￣ 2 X Y ￣ H 3 ￣ X
￣ ￣ Y 2

XH YH ZH X Y H
2 3 4 - 1 0 a a 0
X 2 2 0 1 b b 2
￣
Y 2 a 1 c 2 4 2
X￣Z
X Y 3 6

X Y
> X Y
3 a=b+c
a=5 2
XY 4
>

23
￣
￣ N HCl CO
CH O C N O Cl

a+b=4
CO

195
19
01 03
￣ ￣ HCN NH 2 W￣Z ￣
CH O ￣

a a+1 WX WXZ XZ ZWY

b 2b
1 2 2 x

W￣Z
HCN
a+b=4
X>Y
>
x=4
￣ 2

02 04
2 X￣Z ￣ 2 X Y ￣
￣ ￣

X XY ZY XY 8
8 10 XY 14
XY 10
X￣Z X Y

2
￣ 2 X 16
a+b=3
ZY 4
￣ 2

196
05 07 19
￣ X￣Z 2 2 X￣Z ￣
￣ ￣ X￣Z

H X Y H Y H Z X YX YZ
3 4 3 a 2a 2a+2
H 1 3 2
X￣Z
￣
X￣Z
a=2
>1 2
3
2

06 08
X Z H 2 X￣Z ￣
X Z C O F ￣

XH YH ZH
2 3 4
X Y 3 X
￣
X Z 3 Z
X￣Z
X Y Z 4 Z
Y Z 5 Z

>
3
3

197
09 11
W￣Z ￣ W￣Z ￣ ￣
C N O F ￣ 1 4

N F N F O F
W X W X Y X Y Z a
4 3 4 a b b
3 4 4

a=4
W N
3
>

10 12
H 3 ￣ X W Z
Y 2 W
W Z C N O F

X Y H
1 0 a a 0 W X W X Y W X Z

0 1 b b 2 5 4 3
1 c 2 4 2 12 8 4

X Y
Z N
a=b+c >
2
XY 4

198
13 15 19
Cl 3 2 X Y ￣
1 ￣
X Z C O F

X Y Cl X Z Cl Y Z Cl -
Cl 1 2 3 X 2 2
2 4 4 Y 2 a
X Y 3 6

X Y
X O
a=5

>

14 16
2 W￣Z ￣ 2 X￣Z ￣
￣ Y>X ￣ X￣Z

XY ZX ZXY
WZ XZ WYZ
/
1 1 a
\ 30 32 32

￣ X￣Z
W￣Z

2
3 1
a=
2
> 2

199
17 19
C N O F ￣ 2 W￣Z ￣
￣ ￣ W￣Z

￣ 1
W X YW XZ

￣ C N O 1 3 2 1

￣
X Y Y Z
W￣Z
2 3 4 2

2 2 3 4
2
3
X￣Z

Y C
>
￣ 2

18
2 X￣Z ￣
￣

X Y Z X Y X Z
3 4 4

5 6 10

￣
X￣Z

2
2

200
20 21 19
X￣Z ￣ X￣Z W￣Z ￣ ￣
C O F 4 3
￣ W￣Z C N O F

X Y / 0 W 6
W X X 4
X Z 1 - W X Y Y 2
Y Z 1 0 W Y Z Z 1
X Y Z 2 -

￣
Z C

2 >

22
H 2 X Y ￣
￣ X Y

￣ 4
X Y
1 mol

X Y

201
23 25
￣ 2 X￣Z 3
￣ N HCl CO
X XY YXZ
CH O C N O Cl
a 26 a+8

X￣Z

a=12
XY
YXZ X

a+b=4
CO

24 26
6 W￣Z 3 W￣Z C
N O F
6 N O H O HCN NH CH

WX YZ YWZ
W Y W

26 16
0

X F
YWZ 4
16

HO O
NH HCN

202
27 28 19
2 W￣Z ￣ 2 X￣Z ￣
￣ 3 W<X ￣ X￣Z
￣

W X Z W Y Y Z X Y Z 3 16
X Y 4 26
16 16 20
X Z 5 32

￣
W￣Z X￣Z

>
Y 1

203
20
2025 2024
35 21
HOl A
t A B
A B HO
2t HOl HOg CO
CO s CO g

25 *C CO s CO g

A HO
t HOg HOl
- 70 *C CO s
B
2t t -70 *C CO s
A

t
CO s

CO s
CO g CO s
t <1
CO s CO g
t CO s CO g

26 18
HOl -70 *C CO s
HO mol t
t CO s CO g t
t HOl HOg CO s CO g
HOl HOg

CO s
HOg CO g CO s
t >1
CO s CO g
HO >1
CO g mol t t
t HOl HOg

30 04
ag 25 *C I s I g
mol 2t I s I g
t t b>a>0 2t
0<t <t

0 t t
a b x t 2t 3t
g a c I g mol a b x

25 *C
x=b
t x>a

t t I g I s
I s I g
2t =1
I g I s

204
 2023 2022~ 2019
16 07 22 02
HOl HO g H O l HOl HOl
HOl mol mol 0<t <t <t t HOl HOl mol HOg 0<t <t <t t HOl
mol HOl t H O l
HO g mol HO g HOg mol HOg
t t HOl HO g HOg
t t t t t t
0<t <t <t
HOg mol a b HOl mol a b b
HO g mol c d

b>a

t t t <1

HOl mol t t t HOl HO g

HO a b
=
HO g mol t t HOl c d
t =1
HO g
t HO g HOl
t HO g mol
<1
t HO g mol
t HO

11 12 28 01
B Xl X HOl HO
HOl
A a>b>0 2t
A B HO t X g mol
0<t <t <t c>1
HOl HOg x>y Xl mol
25 *C
0<t <t <t t 2t 4t
t t t
a a a
t t t
a b 1 b a x
B M
x y z
A X g mol
1 c
Xl mol
t 4t 8t

HO
x>1 HOl mol t 2t
B HO a<1 x=2a
y=z b=1 /a a
M
t Xl X g
4t

25 *C

t 0
4t
4t 8t

13
Xl
Xl mol
2t
X g mol
3t Xl X g

t 2t 3t 4t
Xl mol a 1
X g mol b c

a>1
b>c

2t X

34
￣

HCl g + H O l Cl aq + H O aq
HCO aq + H O l H CO aq + aq
HCO aq + HCl aq H CO aq + Cl aq

HCl H
OH
HCO ·

205
20
01 03
HOl HO HOl
a>b>0 2t t a>b 2t

t 2t 4t t 2t 3t
a a a a b b
b a x

HO HOl
HO g
HOl mol t 2t
HO g
x=2a
HOl

02 04
HOl HOl 25 *C I s I g
HOg 0<t <t <t t HOl mol 2t I s I g
HOg b>a>0 2t
t t t
HOl mol a b b
HO g mol c d t 2t 3t
I g mol a b x

t <1 25 *C

t HOl HO g
x>a
a b
= t I g I s
c d
I s I g
2t =1
I g I s

206
05 06
A H O l X
mol X H O l H O g
0<t <t <t t HOl HOg
HOl
20
HOl HO g
t t t
X mol 1 5n 1 2n
H O l
HOl mol

X HOl
t t t
HO t t
HOl mol 1 5n 1 2n

0<t <t <t t X 1 2n mol

t =1

t
t HOl HO g

t HOl 1 2n mol
07
HOl HO g
mol 0<t <t <t t HOl
HO g

t t t
HOg mol a b

b>a

t t

HOl mol t t

207
08 10
C H OH l 25 *C Xl Xl Xg
C H OH g mol t 2t Xl Xg
C H OH g mol t 3t
=x
C H OH l mol
2t
t t t
Xl g a a b
C H OH g mol a b b
X g g c d

0<t <t <t

25 *C

b>a
3t
C H OH g
t <1 d>c
C H OH l
X g
C H OH g mol =1
t >x Xl
C H OH l mol

09 11
H O l B
HOl
HOg mol A
0 <t <t <t t
HOl mol A B HO t
HOl HOg HOl HOg x>y
0<t <t <t
t t t
HO g mol t t t
a b c
HOl mol B
x y z
A

c>b
HO g mol t t x>1
HO g B HO
t t
HOl y=z

208
12 14
Xl X mol
X g mol
X l
X g mol Xl mol
0<t <t <t c>1
Xl mol
c>b>a
20
t t t t 2t 3t 4t
a b 1 X g mol a b b
Xl mol b c c
X g mol
1 c
Xl mol

X g mol 2t t
Xl X g >
a<1
b=1
X g
t Xl X g 4t >1
Xl

13 15
Xl Xl Xg
Xl mol t Xl Xg
2t
X g mol
3t Xl X g

t 2t 3t 4t
Xl mol a 1
X g mol b c

t Xl v
a>1 t Xl
b>c X g mol t t
2t X

209
16 17
Xl X
HOl mol t t t mol
mol HOl
HO g mol 0<t <t <t t A B Xl
t t HOl HO g Xg
0<t <t <t

HO g mol t t
A Xl
t HO g HOl
t =1

t HO t B 0 5 mol

18
-70 *C CO s
mol t
CO s CO g t
CO s CO g

CO s
CO g CO s
t >1
CO s CO g
CO g mol t t

210
19 21
-70 *C CO s A
CO g mol 2t CO s
CO g t>0

t 2t 3t
CO
20
CO s CO g
CO g mol a b

CO s CO g
-70 *C

a>b - 70 *C CO s
CO g CO s -70 *C CO s
t 2t
CO s CO g

3t CO s CO g t
CO s

CO s
CO g CO s
t <1
CO s CO g
t CO s CO g

20
-70 *C CO s
CO g mol 2t CO s
CO g

t 2t 3t
CO g mol a b b

CO s CO g
a>b
CO g CO s
3t >1
CO s CO g

211
22 24
H O l Xs w g X
HOl mol w>a
t H O l
HOg mol
HOg

HO X t t
HOl X aq t t
t =1
HO g
Xs t t
t HO g mol
<1
t HO g mol

23 25
HOl X l
t HOl HO g mol
Xl Xg
mol
HO g
HOl

Xl
Xg mol t t
Xg
t >1
Xl

212
26 28
HOl
HO
t
t HOl HOg 25 *C
20
HOl HOg

t 4t 8t

/a a
HOg M

HO >1 4t

t HOl HOg

25 *C

t 0
4t
4t 8t

27

213
29 31
t *C HOl NaCl s n mol NaCl s
Na aq mol
3t NaCl aq
NaCl s mol

t 2t 3t
Na aq mol
1
NaCl s mol

HO g <1
NaCl 2t NaCl
3t NaCl s 0 5n mol

30 32
ag NO g NO g

t t
0<t <t 2NO g NO g

0 t t
a b x NO g
g a c t

x=b
t t
t t NO g
t

214
33 35
￣ HOl
t A B
HCl g + H O l Cl aq + aq A B HO
NH g + H O l NH aq + OH aq 2t HOl HOg
20
NH aq + H O l NH aq + H O aq

25 *C

HO A HO
NH g t HOg HOl
HO · B
2t t
A

34
￣

HCl g + H O l Cl aq + H O aq
HCO aq + H O l H CO aq + aq
HCO aq + HCl aq H CO aq + Cl aq

HCl H
OH
HCO ·

215
21
2025 2024 2023
05
25 *C ￣ ￣ HCl aq
H O l NaOH aq HO mol
200

HO
10 1 10
OH
mL 10 x

pH 25 *C K 1 10

HCl aq
HO OH x=500
pOH
>1
pH

29 16 25
25 C 25 *C ￣ 25 *C

HO mol
pH 5 ￣ pH pOH mL
16k 9k
pOH 2
x 50 100
OH mol 100x x y pH-pOH 4
2x 1 200
10

pH 3
x y 25 *C K 1 10
pOH 25
25 C K 1\10 L 0.2 0.4 0.5
x=5
OH mol a b c
y=10x
pH OH mol
>1 <1 10
pOH HO mol
25 *C K 1\10
OH mol
=1
HO mol

x+y=4
b\c
=100
a

18 13 11
25 C HCl aq 25 *C 25 *C ￣ ￣
pH HCl aq HOl NaOH aq HO
x M HCl aq HO
pOH pOH-pH OH
OH
10 mL
100a 2b V
pH 3 a b 10V pH
1 6
/
1 /
pOH
mL 100 200 400
25 C 25 C
25 *C K 1\10
K 1\10

pH x=0 01
a
b
=50 10
25 *C 25 *C K 1

10 pH=4
pH pOH 100 mL HO 1\10 mol HO mol
=1 HCl aq
HO mol
HO mol
=50
OH mol
pH<10

04 26
25 *C 25 *C OH mol
pH =7 3
pH 14 0
HO mol 10
100

25 *C K 1 10

pH 4 25 *C K 1 10
=
pH 3
HO mol
=100
OH mol
pOH 11 5
HO mol
=1\10
OH mol

216
 pH

2022~ 2019
02 07 01
25 *C ￣ NaOH aq HCl aq 25 *C 3 ￣
OH
=1 10
HO
HO HO OH 1 10 1 1 10 1
100 1
OH
V 100V
a 25 *C 25 *C K
a M NaOH(aq) M HCl(aq)
10
20 mL 10 mL 1\10
25 *C K 1 10

OH <1 10 M pH 50
HO 1 25 *C 25 *C K 1 10 OH =10 1
=
HO 1000
HO mol 1
=
HO mol 10
a=0 2
pH
>6
pH
Cl
100 mL HCl aq =
OH
1\10

27 23 08
25 *C ￣ ￣ HOl NaOH aq
NaOH aq HCl aq HCl aq
pH HO M OH M
x 100a
M a a 3x a
b b
pH 2x x

25 *C 25 *C K 1
25 *C 25 *C K 1
10
10
25 *C 25 *C K
HCl aq
x 4
1\10
a
x=4 0 =100
b
Na H O = OH
10a M NaOH aq =1 10 pH >
HO
OH =1\10 M
pH =5

217
21
01 03
25 *C 3 ￣ 25 *C
HCl aq NaOH aq

HO OH 1 10 1 1 10 1 OH
M mL
HO
10 1 100
25 *C 25 *C K
10 10
1\10

25 *C 25 *C K
pH 50 1\10
OH =10 1
HCl aq
=10
pH 7

02 04
25 *C ￣ 25 *C

pH 14 0
HO
100 1 HO mol 10
OH
V 100V 100

25 *C K 1 10 25 *C K 1 10

OH <1 10 M
HO 1 pH 4
= =
HO 1000 pH 3
HO mol 1 HO mol
= =100
HO mol 10 OH mol

218
05 07 21
25 *C ￣ ￣ HCl aq NaOH aq HCl aq
H O l NaOH aq HO mol OH
=1 10
200 HO

HO a
10 1 10 a M NaOH(aq) M HCl(aq)
OH 10
20 mL 10 mL
mL 10 x

25 *C K 1 10
25 *C 25 *C K 1 10
HCl aq
x=500
pOH a=0 2
>1
pH pH
>6
pH
Cl
100 mL HCl aq =
OH
1\10

06 08
25 *C 25 *C ￣ HOl NaOH aq
K 1 10 HCl aq

OH
pH mL
HO
10 x y
y 2x 1000

25 *C

x 6 25 *C 25 *C K
1\10
y 100
HO mol 1000
H O = OH
OH =1\10 M
pH =5

219
09 11
25 *C ￣ 25 *C ￣ ￣
HCl aq HOl NaOH aq HO
pOH-pH=8 0 OH
HO
=10
OH
pH
pOH 3 1 6
/
1 /
pOH
mL 100 200 400
25 *C
K 1\10
25 *C 25 *C K 1
10
pOH 30
HO 1\10 M
HCl aq
HO mol
=50
OH mol
pH<10

10 12
HCl aq NaOH aq 25 *C ￣

pH a 3a
pOH b 2b
pH-pOH 10 0 60 x

25 *C 25 *C K 1 10 25 *C K 1\10

x=2 0
H O =0 01 M
OH 0 003 mol OH
=1\10
100 mL HCl aq pH=4 OH

220
13 15 21
25 *C 25 *C
2 pH 3
HO
pOH-pH
OH
100a 2b V pOH
1 x 15
a b 10V pH
pH-pOH y+4 y-4 y
mL 100 200 400
25 *C K 1\10
25 *C
a K 1\10
=50
b
pH=4
HO mol x-y=2
=1
HO mol
HO mol 1
=
OH mol 100

14
25 *C pOH
5

pH
pOH 2 30 9

mL 100 200 200

25 *C
K 1 10

pH 3

OH mol 1
=
HO mol 5

221
16 18
25 *C ￣ 25 C HCl aq
pH
x M HCl aq
￣ pOH
10 mL
pH-pOH 4
pH 3

pH 3 25 C 25 C
x y
pOH 25
K 1\10
L 0.2 0.4 0.5
OH mol a b c x=0 01
10
100 mL HO 1\10 mol
25 *C K 1\10

x+y=4
b\c
=100
a

17
25 *C
HCl aq H O l NaOH aq

pH
3 11 1
pOH
mL 10 100

25 *C K 1 10

HOl
pH
>1
pOH
HO mol
>1
OH (mol

222
19 21 21
25 *C 25 *C
pH HCl aq NaOH aq
<1
pH
OH mol
M mL

|pH-pOH| 4 2 a 100 10
mL 100 500 100a 10 1

25 *C 25 *C K 1 25 *C K 1 10
10
HCl aq
a=1 10
HO mol 200 pH 5
=
OH =1 10 pOH 4

20 22
25 *C 25 *C
HCl aq NaOH aq

a M HCl aq
1 a M NaOH aq
100
pH-pOH -8 10
mL 100 50

25 *C pH-pOH 8 12
K 1\10 mL 100V V

HCl aq
[OH ] 25 *C K 1 10
=10
HO
OH mol
=5 1 a M NaOH aq
HO mol 100
HO
=100
OH
HO mol 10

223
23 25
25 *C ￣ 25 *C

pH HO M OH M HO mol
pH pOH mL
x 100a
3x a x 50 100
b b 2x 1 200

25 *C 25 *C K 1 25 *C K 1 10
10
x=5
x 4
a OH mol
=100 <1 10
b HO mol
pH >

24 26
25 *C 25 *C OH mol
pH =7 3
pOH-pH mL HO mol
x 20V n
2x V 50n

25 *C
K 1 10

pH >

25 *C K 1 10
x=3

pOH 11 5
HO mol
=1\10
OH mol

224
27 29 21
25 C
NaOH aq HCl aq
pH 5
16k 9k
pOH 2
M a a OH mol 100x x y
pH 2x x 10

25 *C 25 *C K 1
25 C K 1\10
10

y=10x
HCl aq
pH
x=4 0 >1
pOH
Na
10a M NaOH aq =1 10 OH mol
HO =1
HO mol

28
25 *C
HCl aq NaOH aq

M pOH mL
a x V
100a 3x 2V

25 *C K 1\10

HCl aq
pH 5
OH mol 1
=
HO mol 200

225
22
2025 2024 2023
30 04
2x M HA aq x M H B aq y M NaOH aq a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M KOH aq
￣

2x M HA aq a 0 a HCl aq 10 x x
x M H B aq b b c NaOH aq 10 20
mL y M NaOH aq 0 c b mL KOH aq 10 30 y

y Na mol x
\ HA
x B mol y
H A HB H B
2 / 1 /
1 /
1

/
1 /
1 9 12

29 19 23
x M H A aq y M NaOH aq x M NaOH aq y M H A aq z M HCl aq 5
a M HA aq b M H B aq a M NaOH aq
￣ 2
￣
HA H A
x M H A aq 10 20 30 HA H A HB H B
mL y M NaOH aq 30 20 10
x M NaOH aq a a a
y M H A aq 20 20 20 mL
mL z M HCl aq 0 20 40 M
A mol 3 a 8
HA aq H B aq NaOH aq
mol M / b
3V V 2V 5
y ￣
a\ HA H A V xV 2x V 9
x
xV xV 3V y
0 02 mol
6 2 1 12 0 03 mol
y
a\b x

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5

18 13
x M NaOH aq 0 1 M H A aq 0 1 M HB aq a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M A aq
￣ A HBr KOH

HBr H Br KOH K OH
x M NaOH aq V 2V
0 1 M H A aq 40 20
mL mL
0 1 M HB aq V 0
HCl NaOH A
8N 19N aq aq aq M
M 10 10 0 1 1 2
10 5 10 1 1 4 4
V
x\ 15 10 5 1 1 1 3
V
HA H A HB H B

H M
5 mL 5 mL
/
1 /
1 /
1 Na M

/
1 /
1 / /
1 /

226
 2023 2022~ 2019
03
0 2 M H A aq x mL yM NaOH aq
￣

H A aq
x x x
mL

NaOH aq
20 30 60
mL
pH 1

HA H A

07 06 05
A￣C A￣C HCl aq
HBr aq NaOH aq

HCl aq NaOH aq KOH aq HCl aq NaOH aq

HCl aq 10 mL HCl aq V mL A B C
NaOH aq 5 mL NaOH aq 15 mL A a mL B b mL C c mL
KOH aq 10 mL

NaOH aq

B b mL C c mL A a mL
4N
C c mL A a mL

NaOH aq a mL b mL
0 5 10 15 H OH m H OH n
(mL)

NaOH aq
H
mL
3
a /N
1N
/ 1N
/ /N N /N
b /N

C A+C
a\b
H
3 1 x
OH
12 15 18 20 24
x
3

/ / /
1 /
1 /
1

16 20
x M H A aq y M NaOH aq x M H X aq 0 2 M YOH aq 0 3 M Z OH aq
￣ ￣

HX H X YOH Y OH
H A aq 10 10 20 2V
Z OH Z OH
mL NaOH aq 30 40 V 30
mL
M 3 4 8
xM 02M 03M M
H X aq YOH aq Z OH aq
HA H
A V 20 0 5
2V 4a 2a 4
2V a 5a b

mol
=
3
mol 2
100 mL

x b
X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5

227
22
01 02
HCl aq H SO aq NaOH aq
￣

a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M KOH aq

HCl aq 20 mL NaOH aq 30 mL KOH aq 10 mL
HCl aq mL 10 5 10
H SO aq mL 10 20 y
KOH aq V mL
NaOH aq mL 10 x 20

HO aM

1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 3 3 3 3
1 1
1 1 2 2
8 81 1 1 1 1 1 x y=3 4
8 8 6 6 6 6
pH
HCl aq
b 10 mL
V\
c

10 20 30 40 60

03
0 2 M H A aq x mL yM NaOH aq
￣

H A aq
x x x
mL

NaOH aq
20 30 60
mL
pH 1

HA H A

228
04 05
a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M KOH aq A￣C A￣C HCl aq
￣ HBr aq NaOH aq

HCl aq 10 x x 22
A B C
NaOH aq 10 20
A a mL B b mL C c mL
mL KOH aq 10 30 y

x
B b mL C c mL A a mL
y

2 / 1 /
1 /
1 C c mL A a mL

H OH m H OH n

C A+C
H
1 x
OH

x
3

/ / /
1 /
1 /
1

229
06 07

HCl aq NaOH aq HCl aq NaOH aq KOH aq

HCl aq V mL HCl aq 10 mL
NaOH aq 15 mL NaOH aq 5 mL
KOH aq 10 mL

NaOH aq

4N

NaOH aq a mL b mL
0 5 10 15
(mL)

NaOH aq
H
mL
3
a /N
/N
1 /N
1 /N N /N
b /N

a\b
3
12 15 18 20 24

230
08 09
HCl aq NaOH aq
￣

mL
x M HA aq y M H B aq
HCl aq NaOH aq 22
HA H A HB H B
80 30 2N
30 20 N
40 10 N
NaOH aq HA aq H B aq
NaOH aq V mL 10 mL
20 mL

mL M NaOH aq HCl aq 2
M
15

V<30
1 1 2 1 1
10
￣

HCl aq 30 0 10
HBr aq 0 15 10
mL NaOH aq 20 10 x
V=10
x y=2 1
Na + H 3 6 5
m=16

HBr aq NaOH aq =4 3
x=40
mol

231
11 12
a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M X OH aq 2 M BOH aq 10 mL x M H A aq
X OH ￣
X OH

2 M BOH aq 10 10 10
HCl aq 10 20 xV mL x M H A aq V 3V 5V
NaOH aq 30 40 yV 7n 9n
mL X OH aq 0 20 V
M / 1

x
V
HA BOH
b+c y A B
\
a x
Cl Na X
/
1 /
1 / /
3

/
1 / / / /

232
13 14
a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M A aq H X aq Y OH aq ZOH aq
￣ A HBr KOH

HBr H Br KOH K OH
HX H X Y OH Y OH
22
ZOH Z OH

mL 0 5 M H X aq 30 30
HCl NaOH A a M Y OH aq 10 15
aq aq aq M mL b M ZOH aq 0 15
10 10 0 1 1 2
H OH M /
1 x
10 5 10 1 1 4 4
15 10 5 1 1 1 3 M
>1
M
mol =4 9
H M
5 mL 5 mL x
Na M
X Y Z

/
1 / 6
/ 6
/ /
/
1 /
1 / /
1 /

233
15 16
0 8 M HX aq 0 1 M YOH aq a M Z OH aq x M H A aq y M NaOH aq
￣ HX H ￣
X YOH Y OH Z OH Z OH

H A aq 10 10 20 2V
mL NaOH aq 30 40 V 30
0 8 M HX aq 5 1 4 M 3 4 8
0 1 M YOH aq 0 4 6
mL a M Z OH aq 5 5 6
HA H
5 3 x A
M

a\x
X Y Z

/
1 /
1 1 / /

234
17 18
a M HCl aq b M H A aq c M KOH aq x M NaOH aq 0 1 M H A aq 0 1 M HB aq

a M HCl aq V V 2V 22
b M H A aq V 2V V x M NaOH aq V 2V
mL c M KOH aq 0 2V 2V 0 1 M H A aq 40 20
M mL 0 1 M HB aq V 0
15 8
8N 19N
a
HA H A M
b+c

V
x\
V
/ 4 5 8 HA H A HB H B

/
1 /
1 /
1

235
19 20
x M NaOH aq y M H A aq z M HCl aq x M H X aq 0 2 M YOH aq 0 3 M Z OH aq
￣ ￣

HA H A HX H X YOH Y OH
Z OH Z OH
x M NaOH aq a a a mL
y M H A aq 20 20 20
xM 02M 03M M
mL z M HCl aq 0 20 40 H X aq YOH aq Z OH aq
M / b V 20 0 5
2V 4a 2a 4
￣
2V a 5a b

0 02 mol
0 03 mol mol
=
3
mol 2
a\b 100 mL

10 20 30 40 50 x b
X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5

236
21 22
NaOH aq HA aq H B aq a M H X aq b M HCl aq 2b M NaOH aq
￣ HA H A HB ￣ HX
H B H X

22
NaOH aq 30 10 20 a M H X aq 10 20 20
HA aq 20 x 15 b M HCl aq 20 10 20
mL H B aq 10 y 5 mL 2b M NaOH aq 10 10 40
3 2 2 1 1 5 3 2 M
3 3
1 1
M
a
\
x+y b

15 20 25 30 35 / / 2 / 4

237
23 24
5 a M HX aq 0 1 M H Y aq 4/3a M Z OH aq
a M HA aq b M H B aq a M NaOH aq
2
HX
￣
H X HY H Y Z OH Z OH

HA H A HB H B
mL
M
mL HX aq H Y aq Z OH aq
M
HA aq H B aq NaOH aq
20 10 30 10
20 30 50 11
3V V 2V 5
b 20 20 19
V xV 2x V 9
xV xV 3V y a b
X Y Z

/
1 / 1 / 2
y
x

1 2 3 4 5

238
25 26
X OH aq HY aq H Z aq 0 1 M HA aq a M XOH aq 3a M Y OH aq

a M X OH aq V 2V
HA H A XOH X OH
22
Y OH Y OH
2a M HY aq 15
mL b M H Z aq 15
0 1 M HA aq 50 50
1 2 2 1 1 2 3
20 V
mol N 2N
mL 30 20
b
\ X OH X OH HY H X +Y
a 18 7
A
Y HZ H Z
a M XOH aq 3a M Y OH aq
X Y Z

5 10 15 20 30

V
a
X Y A

30 40 50 100 300

239
27 28
a M X OH aq b M HY aq c M H Z aq a M HA aq) b M B OH aq
￣ bM
HY aq c M H Z aq X OH X
OH HY H Y HZ H Z HA H A B OH B OH

a M X OH aq V V V a M HA aq 40 30
10 0 10 mL b M B OH aq 10 10
mL 0 20 20 H OH mol
mol
mol 3 2
/ 6
/
mol
Y Z M
5 7

b
b+c A B
V\ a
a
X Y Z
1 / / / 2

10 50 80

240
29 30
x M H A aq y M NaOH aq 2x M HA aq x M H B aq y M NaOH aq

x M H A aq 10 20 30 2x M HA aq a 0 a 22
mL y M NaOH aq 30 20 10 x M H B aq b b c
mL y M NaOH aq 0 c b

A mol 3 a 8
mol

y y Na mol
a\ HA H A \ HA
x x B mol
H A HB H B

6 2 1 12
/
1 /
1 9 12

241
23
2025 2024
13 34
A
CH COOH

HA H A
CH COOH 60
25 C A d g mL a M H A aq y M NaOH aq
3 2
￣
25 C A 10 mL
100 mL
￣
20 mL
2 3
￣

0 2 M KOH aq mL
x M H A aq y M NaOH aq M
V 10 2
V 20 2
KOH aq V 3V 40

x
V 10 mL y
A1g CH COOH wg

/ / 1 1 1
25 C A
CH COOH KOH

CH COOH
2\10 mol
3
w=
50d

35 32 27
25 C A B 1 g 25 *C CH COOH 25 *C 1g CH COOH
CH COOH

CH COOH 60 25 *C A B g mL d d 10 g
25 C A B g mL d d 25 *C d g mL
A B 50 g
A B A 20 mL 100 mL 20 mL 2￣3
A 50 mL 100 mL 50 mL 2￣3 a M x M NaOH aq
10 mL 2 3 02M NaOH aq
NaOH aq NaOH aq V NaOH aq V
NaOH aq V B 20 mL 100 g
B 40 mL 100 g 50 mL 50 g V 50 mL
10 mL I 20 g 1g CH COOH ag
V 10 mL
V 10 mL V 25 mL x CH COOH 60 25 *C
V 30 mL A B 1g CH COOH CH COOH NaOH

A B 1g CH COOH A B
A B CH COOH g 0 02 x ad 2ad 4ad 5ad
ad
3 3 3 3
CH COOH g 8w x
x 25 *C A B
d CH COOH NaOH
x\ 25 C
d
d d d d d
A B CH COOH NaOH
20d 10d 50d 20d 10d
6w 9w 12w 15w 18w

31 33
CH COOH 100 g 25 *C A B 1 g
CH COOH 60 CH COOH

CH COOH 60
25 *C d g mL CH COOH aq 25 *C A B g mL d d
10 mL 50 mL
20 mL 2 3 A B
0 1 M NaOH aq A B 10 mL 50 mL
NaOH aq
V x mL 2￣3 01M
NaOH aq
V a mL NaOH aq V
Na 0 08 M x mL y mL
100 g xg
V 4a mL
x 25 *C V 5a mL
1g CH COOH

A B
4 24d 24 12d 12 CH COOH g 16w 15w
d 5 5d d

x
25 *C A B
y
CH COOH NaOH

4d 6d 5d 3d d
3d 5d 6d 4d 2d

242
 2023 2022~ 2019
28 04 08 07
1 g
CH COOH

A B 0 25 M HY aq 0 75 M H Z aq A B 0 4 M YOH aq a M Z OH aq HA H A HB H B
25 *C d g mL
10 mL 100 mL X OH X OH HY H Y HX H X YOH Y OH
20 mL HZ H Z Z OH Z OH
x M NaOH aq y M H A aq y M HB aq
2￣3
0 25 M NaOH aq
a M X OH aq 10 mL A V mL 0 3 M H X aq V mL A 5 mL 3 NaOH aq 20 mL
3 H A aq V mL HB aq
B 4V mL B 15 mL V mL HB aq 30 mL ￣
NaOH aq V
a M X OH aq 10 mL A 4V mL B x mL
B V mL
M H2A(aq) M HB(aq) M HB(aq)
V a mL V mL V mL 30 mL
3 4 5
1g CH COOH xg
15 x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq)
=
28 20 mL 20 mL 20 mL
x CH COOH 60 25 *C
CH COOH NaOH
a+V
X Y Z
3a 3a 3a 3a 3a ￣ M
40d 80d 200d 400d 2000d W X Y Z
/ 9
8 5 2a 0 2a 2a
2a 2a 0 0
M
/ / a b 0 02

b
x x+y
\a a
V
X Y Z
2 3 4 5 6

/
1 /
1

06 01 02

HA aq H B aq HCl aq NaOH aq KOH aq HCl aq NaOH aq

HA H A HB H B HCl aq V mL NaOH aq V mL HCl aq 10 mL
NaOH aq V mL NaOH aq x mL
KOH aq 2V mL HCl aq y mL

NaOH aq HA aq H B aq
NaOH aq 10 mL xM 2

NaOH aq 10 mL xM A 4 2 3
1 1 1 2 B 0 4 0

a b

3
3
mL 0 V 2V 3V
Na H 1 3
1 /
1 /
1 a b=2 3
HCl aq NaOH aq =
M 1 / a y
3 2 1 3

a</

6
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1

29 16 24 17
25 *C A 1 g CH COOH CH COOH aq

a M CH COOH aq 10 mL 0 5 M CH COOH aq x M CH COOH aq 25 mL 100 mL CH COOH aq

25 *C A d g mL 15 mL 50 mL x mL 50 mL
CH COOH 60 20 mL 40 mL 30 mL
2￣3 2￣3 2￣3
A 10 mL 50 mL 0 1 M NaOH aq 0 2 M NaOH aq 0 1 M NaOH aq
20 mL 2￣3
a M KOH aq
KOH aq 30 mL NaOH aq NaOH aq V NaOH aq V
A 1 g
CH COOH 0 05 g 0 2 M NaOH aq y M NaOH aq
￣ NaOH aq
NaOH aq 38 mL V y mL
a 25 *C A V
CH COOH aq aM
CH COOH KOH
a 25 *C
d d 5d d 5d V 40 mL a 25 *C
9 6 18 3 9 /
1 / /
1
V 16 mL y y 2y 5y
y
8x 6x 3x x 3x
x+y 25 *C

1
1 1 /

21 09
CH COOH aq CH COOH M

CH COOH aq
CH COOH aq
CH COOH aq 10 mL 100 mL
10 mL 100 mL
20 mL mL
2￣3
02M
0 2 M KOH aq NaOH aq
KOH aq V

V x mL
CH COOH aq aM NaOH aq V

a V 10 mL
a a CH COOH aq 10M
x
x
10 25 *C
x x
10 100
x
100 2 2
20 20
40

243
23
01 02

HCl aq NaOH aq KOH aq HCl aq NaOH aq

HCl aq V mL NaOH aq V mL HCl aq 10 mL
NaOH aq V mL NaOH aq x mL
KOH aq 2V mL HCl aq y mL

A 4 2 3
1 1 1 2 B 0 4 0

a b

3
3
Na H 1 3
a b=2 3
HCl aq NaOH aq =
3 2 1 3

244
03 04 23

X OH X OH A B 0 25 M HY aq 0 75 M H Z aq

a M X OH aq V mL b M HCl aq 50 mL X OH X OH HY H Y
HZ H Z

c M NaOH aq 20 mL
a M X OH aq 10 mL A V mL

B 4V mL
a M X OH aq 10 mL A 4V mL
B V mL
mol
/ /
mol
1 1 3 4 5
15
=
c 28
X
a+b
a+V
X Y Z
/ / / / /

/ 9

245
05 06

AOH A OH HB H B HA aq H B aq
HC H C HA H A HB H B

a M AOH aq 20 mL b M H B aq 5 mL

NaOH aq HA aq H B aq
c M HC aq V mL NaOH aq 10 mL xM
c M HC aq 10 mL

NaOH aq 10 mL xM

mol
/ /
mol

c mL 0 V 2V 3V
\V
a+b
1 /
1 /
1
A B C
M 1 / a y

3 5 6 12 15
a</

6
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1

246
07 08 23

HA H A HB H B A B 0 4 M YOH aq a M Z OH aq

HX H X YOH Y OH
Z OH Z OH
x M NaOH aq y M H A aq y M HB aq

3 NaOH aq 20 mL 0 3 M H X aq V mL A 5 mL

3 H A aq V mL HB aq
V mL HB aq 30 mL ￣ B 15 mL
B x mL

M H2A(aq) M HB(aq) M HB(aq)

V mL V mL 30 mL

x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq)

20 mL 20 mL 20 mL

￣ M

W X Y Z
2a 0 2a 2a 8 5
2a 2a 0 0
M
a b 0 02 / /

b
x+y x
a \a
V
X Y Z
2 3 4 5 6

/
1 /
1

247
09 10
CH COOH M 3 A￣C CH COOH
A￣C

CH COOH aq
10 mL 100 mL

mL

02M
NaOH aq
x M CH COOH aq 20 mL
2￣3
0 5 M NaOH aq

NaOH aq V
NaOH aq

V 10 mL
CH COOH aq 10M NaOH aq 40 mL

25 *C

B
2 2 NaOH 0 02 mol
20 20 x=0 25
40

248
11 12 23
CH COOH aq

0 1 M NaOH aq

CH COOH aq 10 mL

NaOH aq

CH COOH aq

CH COOH aq 1M
8 3 mL
28 3 mL
CH COOH aq aM

25 *C

pH
09 09
a=0 05
11 11
15 HO 0 002 mol

249
13 14
A 25 C d g mL CH COOH
CH COOH A
CH COOH 60

CH COOH 60
25 C A d g mL A 100 mL 500 mL B
B 20 mL
2 3
25 C A 10 mL
100 mL
0 1 M NaOH aq
20 mL
NaOH aq
2 3

0 2 M KOH aq NaOH aq 10 mL
A 100 g CH COOH xg

25 C
KOH aq V

HO 0 001 mol
V 10 mL A 05M
A1g CH COOH wg 3
x=
d

25 C A
CH COOH KOH

CH COOH
2\10 mol
3
w=
50d

250
15 16 23
25 *C CH COOH aq

x M CH COOH aq 10 mL 100 mL a M CH COOH aq 10 mL 0 5 M CH COOH aq

15 mL 50 mL
40 mL 20 mL
2 3 2￣3
02 M 0 1 M NaOH aq
NaOH aq

NaOH aq

NaOH aq V

NaOH aq 38 mL

V 20 mL a 25 *C

/
1 / /
1
25 *C

x=0 1
200 mL
V=40 mL

17
CH COOH aq

CH COOH aq
x mL 50 mL
30 mL
2￣3
0 1 M NaOH aq

NaOH aq V

V y mL
CH COOH aq aM

a 25 *C

y y 2y y 5y
8x 6x 3x x 3x

251
18 19
NaOH 40

NaOH s w g NaOH aq 500 mL x M CH COOH aq

50 mL 200 mL
NaOH aq 40 mL
2￣3
a M CH COOH aq 20 mL 0 1 M NaOH aq
2￣3
NaOH aq NaOH aq V

V 20 mL

0 05 02 0 25 04 08

2 5 mL
17 5 mL

w w w /w 6w

20
25 *C CH COOH aq
M 25 *C x M
CH COOH aq d g mL

x M CH COOH aq 0 1 M NaOH aq
5 mL 10 mL
wg 20 mL

w
25 *C
x
1 1
5d 10d 50d
50d 20d

252
21 22 23
CH COOH aq CH COOH aq

CH COOH aq d g mL CH COOH aq
CH COOH aq 20 mL
CH COOH aq 2￣3
10 mL 100 mL
20 mL a M NaOH aq
2￣3 NaOH aq

0 2 M KOH aq NaOH aq V mL
KOH aq V
CH COOH aq 100 g CH COOH g
CH COOH 60

V x mL aV 3aV 5aV 5d 60d

5d 10d 3d 3aV aV
CH COOH aq aM

a a
x
x
10
x x
10 100
x

23
100

CH COOH

a M CH COOH aq V mL 100 mL

20 mL
2￣3

b M NaOH aq
NaOH aq

NaOH aq V mL

a 25 *C
bV bV 5bV V 5V
5V V V bV bV

253
24 25
25 *C 1g CH COOH

x M CH COOH aq 25 mL 100 mL
10 g
40 mL 25 *C d g mL
2￣3 100 g
0 2 M NaOH aq 40 mL
2 3
0 2 M NaOH aq
NaOH aq V

0 2 M NaOH aq y M NaOH aq NaOH aq V

￣ NaOH aq
V V x mL
1g CH COOH 0 06 g
V 40 mL
V 16 mL
x CH COOH 60 25 *C
CH COOH NaOH

x+y 25 *C
10d 20d 30d 40d 50d
1
1 1 /

254
26 27 23
25 *C 1g CH COOH

a M CH COOH aq 20 mL
x mL 10 g
b M 25 *C d g mL
CH COOH aq 25 mL 50 g
20 mL 2￣3
2￣3 x M NaOH aq
0 1 M NaOH aq
NaOH aq V
NaOH aq V
V 50 mL
NaOH aq V 1g CH COOH ag

V 25 mL x CH COOH 60 25 *C
CH COOH NaOH
V 75 mL

b ad 2ad 4ad 5ad

\x 25 *C ad
a 3 3 3 3

/
1 /
1 1 3 5

255
28 29
1 g 25 *C A 1 g CH COOH
CH COOH

25 *C d g mL 25 *C A d g mL
10 mL 100 mL CH COOH 60
20 mL
2￣3 A 10 mL 50 mL
0 25 M NaOH aq 20 mL 2￣3
a M KOH aq
KOH aq 30 mL
NaOH aq V A 1 g
CH COOH 0 05 g

V a mL a 25 *C A
1g CH COOH xg CH COOH KOH

d d 5d d 5d
x CH COOH 60 25 *C 9 6 18 3 9
CH COOH NaOH

3a 3a 3a 3a 3a
40d 80d 200d 400d 2000d

256
30 31 23
CH COOH A 100 g CH COOH 100 g
CH COOH CH COOH 60

A 100 g 500 mL B
B 10 mL 25 *C d g mL CH COOH aq
2 3 10 mL 50 mL
0 2 M NaOH aq 20 mL 2 3
0 1 M NaOH aq
NaOH aq V NaOH aq
V

V a mL
Na 0 08 M
100 g xg

x 25 *C

V 20 mL
A 100 g CH COOH x g
4 24d 24 12d 12
d 5 5d d
x CH COOH 60

/ / 6 12 15

257
32 33
25 *C CH COOH 25 *C A B 1 g
CH COOH

25 *C A B g mL d d CH COOH 60
25 *C A B g mL d d
A B
A 20 mL 100 mL A B
50 mL 2￣3 a M A B 10 mL 50 mL
NaOH aq
NaOH aq V x mL 2￣3 01M
B 20 mL 100 g NaOH aq
50 mL 50 g NaOH aq V
x mL y mL
V 10 mL
V 25 mL V 4a mL
A B 1g CH COOH V 5a mL
A B 1g CH COOH
CH COOH g 0 02 x A B
CH COOH g 16w 15w
x 25 *C A B
CH COOH NaOH x
25 *C A B
d d d d d y
20d 10d 50d 20d 10d CH COOH NaOH

4d 6d 5d 3d d
3d 5d 6d 4d 2d

258
34 35 23
25 C A B 1 g
CH COOH

HA H A
CH COOH 60
a M H A aq y M NaOH aq 25 C A B g mL d d
3 2
￣ A B
A 50 mL 100 mL
￣ 10 mL 2 3 02M
NaOH aq
￣ NaOH aq V

mL B 40 mL 100 g
x M H A aq y M NaOH aq M 10 mL I 20 g
V 10 2
V 20 2 V 10 mL
3V 40 V 30 mL
A B 1g CH COOH
x A B
y
CH COOH g 8w x

d
/ / 1 1 1 x\ 25 C
d
A B CH COOH NaOH

6w 9w 12w 15w 18w

259
24
2025 2024 2023

16
2 X aq Y aq
Zs

X￣Z X￣Z

a=3N
m=1
Zs

260
 2022~ 2019
01 03
X￣Z 3
X -1

Z Z Z Z H O Li O CaCO

Y X X Y Z X X Z
Y Y Y Y O -2
O O -2

X X￣Z 1 2
O
-2
-3 -1 0 +1 +3

HO OF CaO

04 05
2 2 X

4Al + 3O 2Al O
X
2Mg + CO 2MgO + C X + 2Y XY
XY -2
X + 3Z 2XZ
XZ +3

Al Mg O CO Al CO
X￣Z 1 2
O CO

XY Y +2
X
YZ Y 0

12 11 09 07
￣ ￣ 3 2

2H + O 2H O CuO + H Cu + H O 2Ca s + O g 2CaO s 3H S + 2HNO 3S + 2NO + 4H O

Fe O + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO CaCO s CaO s + CO g 2Li + 2H O 2LiOH + H
O +F OF
MnO + 4HCl MnCl + 2H O + Cl Mg s + H O l MgO s + H g
3
5H O + 2MnO + 6H 2Mn + 5O + 8H O
￣
3
H Li
CO Ca H
O Mn CaCO
Mn HO
￣ O +1

06 10
3 2

2C + O 2 2Mg s + O g 2MgO s
Fe O + 3 2Fe + 3CO 2CuO s + C s 2Cu s + CO g
4Al + 3O 2Al O

3
A C A B B C A B C

14
Cu

O
CuO Cu +2

261
24
01 03
X￣Z 3
X -1

Z Z Z Z H O Li O CaCO

Y X X Y Z X X Z
Y Y Y Y O -2
O O -2

X X￣Z 1 2
O
-2
-3 -1 0 +1 +3

HO OF CaO

02 04
X>Y>Z 2

4Al + 3O 2Al O
2Mg + CO 2MgO + C

Y a b

a+b X￣Z Al Mg O CO Al CO
-6 -2 0 +2 +6 O CO

262
05 07
2 X 2

3H S + 2HNO 3S + 2NO + 4H O
X
X + 2Y XY
XY -2
2Li + 2H O 2LiOH + H 24
X + 3Z 2XZ
XZ +3
3

X￣Z 1 2
Li
XY Y +2 H
X
YZ Y 0

06 08
3 3

2C + O 2 2Na + Cl 2NaCl
Fe O + 3 2Fe + 3CO Cl + H O HCl + HClO
4Al + 3O 2Al O 2NaCl + F 2NaF + Cl

C Cl
O
NaCl

263
09 11
3 ￣

2Ca s + O g 2CaO s CuO + H Cu + H O

CaCO s CaO s + CO g Fe O + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO
Mg s + H O l MgO s + H g MnO + 4HCl MnCl + 2H O + Cl

￣
3
H
Ca CO
CaCO Mn
HO

10 12
2 ￣

2Mg s + O g 2MgO s 2H + O 2H O
2CuO s + C s 2Cu s + CO g
O +F OF

5H O + 2MnO + 6H 2Mn + 5O + 8H O

O
Mn
￣ O +1
3
A C A B B C A B C

264
13 15
Cl X aq Ys

24
3

H
HO
HClO Cl -1
X Y X Y

X
Ys
Y +3

14 16
Cu 2 X aq Y aq
Zs

O
X￣Z X￣Z
CuO Cu +2

a=3N
m=1
Zs

265
25
2025 2024 2023
32 21 19
X Y 2 X Y X Y X
O -2 O -2

aXO + bY + cH aX +dY + eH O 3XO +BrO 3XO +Br aX O + bY + cH dX + bY + eH O

a e aX O + 4YO +bH aX O + 4Y +cH O a￣e
X O -2 a￣c Y 3 mol X 1 mol
X X
=3
X Y
XO 2N mol Y H
a
Y 3N mol
m+n X Y
m\n
m\
a
X Y Y X Y 6 8 10 12 14
c b

/ 6
/ 1 2 /
/
1 /
1 / /
1 /

18 13 16
X Y X Y M M M
O -2 O -2

aM + bNO + cH aM + bNO + dH O
aXO + bYO + cH O aXO + bYO + dOH MO + 4HCl MCl + 2H O+Cl a d
a d 2MO +aI +bOH 2MO +cH O+dI ￣ 2 1
X a￣d NO 1 mol HO y mol
=1
Y
M
=7 2
M x+y M
b+c
X Y
a+d b+d
M / 2 / 3 /
x
/ / 1 / /
4 / / / 1

04 02 11
X X M M X Y
O -2 O -2

aX + bNO + cH aXO + bNO + dH O aM +bClO +cH O dCl +eMO +fH

a d a￣f aX aq + bY s aX s + bY aq

b+d d+f a b
X M
a a+c
3 4 5 6 7 X N mol Ys
/ / / / /
Y 2N mol

X Y X Y

X
Ys
m=2

266
 2023 2022~ 2019
17 28 31
M ￣ ￣

CO + 2H CH OH SO + 2H O + Cl H SO + 2HCl
CO + H O CO + H 2F + 2H O O + 4HF
2MO + aH C O + bH 2M + cCO + dH O aMnO + bSO +H O aMnO + bH + cFe Mn + cFe + dH O
a￣d aMnO + bSO + cOH a￣d
MO 1 mol HO 2n mol a￣c

a+b M

11 12 13 14 15 S
CO HO
CO b
<1
a+b+c=4 a+c+d

26 08
aCuS + bNO + cH 3Cu + aSO + bNO + dH O
O + 2F 2OF a￣d
BrO + aI + bH Br + cI + dH O
a￣d

CuS
c+d>a+b

O
NO 2 mol SO 1 mol

I
a+b+c+d=12

29
￣

Fe O + 2Al 2Fe + Al O
Mg + 2HCl MgCl + H
Cu + aNO + bH O Cu + cNO + dH O
a￣d

Al
Mg
a+b+c+d=7

267
25
01 03
YO O
-2 aCu+bNO +cH aCu +bNO +dH O
aX +bYO +cH aX +bY +dH O a￣d
a￣d b+d
b+d a+c
X Y
a+c
1 1 /
/
1 / 1 1 /
1

02 04
M M X X
O -2 O -2

aM +bClO +cH O dCl +eMO +fH aX + bNO + cH aXO + bNO + dH O

a￣f a d
d+f b+d
M X
a+c a
3 4 5 6 7
/ / / / /

268
05 07 25
aCrO + bClO + cH O dCrO + eCl + fOH MnO + 2I + 4H Mn + I + 2H O
a f
f
a+b
I

/
1 /
1 / /
1 / n=3
MnO

06 08
ANO aq Bs
A a aCuS + bNO + cH 3Cu + aSO + bNO + dH O
2A aq +B s 2A s +B aq a￣d

A B
CuS
m=2 c+d>a+b
Bs NO 2 mol SO 1 mol
B s 1 mol As
1
ag
2

269
09 11
X Y

aMnO + bH S + cH aMn + bS + dH O
a￣d
aX aq + bY s aX s + bY aq
a b

HS
X N mol Ys
MnO 1 mol 5 mol
Y 2N mol
c+d
=5
a+b

X Y X Y

X
Ys
m=2

10 12
aCl O g + bH O aq + cOH aq
cClO aq + bO g + dH O l
a￣d aMnO + bCl + cH aMn + 5Cl + dH O
a￣d
Mn 5
HO
Cl 4
a+d=b+c
n 2
Cl 2
a+c=b+d

270
13 15 25
M M X Y Y
O -2 O -2

MO + 4HCl MCl + 2H O+Cl aX +bYO +cH aX +bY +dH O

2MO +aI +bOH 2MO +cH O+dI a d
a￣d Y n+1
M
=7 2
2 2m+1
M
m+n X Y
b+d
M 3 4 5 6 7
x

4 / / / 1

14 16
M M

aM +BrO +bH aM +Br +cH O aM + bNO + cH aM + bNO + dH O

a￣c a d
Br 6 ￣ 2 1
NO 1 mol HO y mol
a+b
M
c x+y M
1 2 3 4 5
/ 2 / 3 /

271
17 19
M X Y X
O -2

2MO + aH C O + bH 2M + cCO + dH O aX O + bY + cH dX + bY + eH O
a￣d a￣e
MO 1 mol HO 2n mol Y 3 mol X 1 mol
X
=3
a+b M Y

11 12 13 14 15
m+n X Y

6 8 10 12 14

18 20
X Y X Y M M
O -2 O -2

aXO + bYO + cH O aXO + bYO + dOH aM OH + bClO + cOH aMO + bCl + dH O

a d a d
X 3 2
=1
Y
M OH y mol HO 1 mol

b+c y
X Y M
a+d x

/ / 1 / / / / / 10

272
21 23 25
2 X Y
O -2
2CH OH + 3O 2CO + 4H O
aSn + bMnO + 16H
3XO +BrO 3XO +Br aSn + bMn + 8H O
aX O + 4YO +bH aX O + 4Y +cH O a b
a￣c
X
X
a O
Mn
m\n
X Y a+b=3
b

/ 6
/ 1 2 /

24

22 Cr O + 3Cl + 3C
aCr O + bFe + cH
2Cr + 6Cl + 3CO
dCr + bFe + eH O
XO YO a￣e
O -2

aX O + bYO + cH dXO + eY + fH O Cl
a f n=3
XO 1 mol Y 0 4 mol d+e 9
=
a+b+c 20
a
n X Y
f

/ / 1 / /

273
25 27
2

Cu + 2Ag Cu + 2Ag N + 3H 2NH

aH O + bI + cH dI + eH O 2H + 2NO 2H O + N
a￣e aHNO + bCO aNO + bCO + cH O
a￣c

Cu
HO N
d+e 4 H
=
a+b+c 7 b
=1
a+c

26 28
￣

O + 2F 2OF CO + 2H CH OH
BrO + aI + bH Br + cI + dH O CO + H O CO + H
a￣d aMnO + bSO +H O
aMnO + bSO + cOH
a￣c

O
I
a+b+c+d=12 CO
CO
a+b+c=4

274
29 31 25
￣ ￣

Fe O + 2Al 2Fe + Al O SO + 2H O + Cl H SO + 2HCl

Mg + 2HCl MgCl + H 2F + 2H O O + 4HF
Cu + aNO + bH O Cu + cNO + dH O aMnO + bH + cFe Mn + cFe + dH O
a￣d a￣d

Al S
Mg HO
a+b+c+d=7 b
<1
a+c+d

30 32
￣ X Y

2Na + 2H O 2NaOH + H
Fe O + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO
aSn + 2MnO + bH aXO + bY + cH aX +dY + eH O
cSn + 2Mn + dH O a e
a￣d X O -2

XO 2N mol Y H
Y 3N mol
Na
CO a
m\ X Y Y
c
c+d 2
>
a+b 3
/
1 /
1 / /
1 /

275
26
2025 2024
27 08 06 11
A C A C B C b c A￣C A￣C
3

01MA aq V mL A aq 15N mol V mL A 3N mol

Bs A V mL Bs V mL
01MC aq V mL Bs Cs Bs Cs
Cs
B B B C A A
B C C C A B C B C

A B B mol
mol 1 2 3 A A , B A , B , C A B B C
mol 16N 8N 7N mol 12N 6N mol

A C
A C A￣C
A￣C
Bs a￣c 3
b 2 A m=3
=
c 3 A A
b c=2 3
Bs mol B C =1 1 x=2N
=1 A N mol
As mol c>b

09 01
A B A 5N mol B 3N
mol
B B
A V mL A B
Bs wg
A
Bs 1
/w g mol 3 3 2

A A B A B
B B

A
B
A B A B
n=3

n A B

n n
2 3
1 2
3

276
 2023~ 2019
02
A￣C

A 3N mol
Bs
B 2N mol
Cs
C xN mol

A￣C A￣C

m=1
x=3
Cs

13 17 14 16
￣

CH4

B
A C

A B A C B C A B C
￣

B C A B A C B C

22 25
A CaCl

25 *C 100 g

25 *C 100 g 25 *C
25 *C
NaOH s 4g
CaCl s w g

35 *C

30 *C

A A
25 *C
NaOH B CaCl s
NaOH C
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
25 *C
A B A C B C A B C

277
26
01 03
A 5N mol B 3N A￣C
mol
B B
A B A n mol B n mol

A
Cs wg
mol 3 3 2
C s 2w g

A B A B

B C C
A
A A B
B
n=3
A￣C
A￣C

Cs
b=2
3
C n mol
2

02
A￣C

A 3N mol
Bs
B 2N mol
Cs
C xN mol

A￣C A￣C

m=1
x=3
Cs

278
04 05
A C A 6N mol Bs
Cs
m n
A 10N mol 3
26
Bs B
3N mol A s x mol
Cs
C 5N mol A B
As Bs

B B C
A C A C mol 9N 12N

A C

Bs
3
x=9N
m=2
A aq Bs A
m+n=4
B C mol

279
06 07
A￣C A C B C
B C m n 3

A aq 15N mol V mL
Bs A 10N mol Bs xg
Cs
Cs y g
B B B C
C C

B B C
A B B C mol 5N 4N
mol 12N 6N
A C

A￣C

Bs
m=3 m+n=5
A y
C
B C =1 1 2N

280
08 09
A C B C b c A B
3

A V mL
26
A V mL Bs wg
Bs
Bs 1
/w g
Cs

A
B C
B B

A A , B A , B , C
A B A B
mol 16N 8N 7N

A C

n A B
A
b c=2 3 n n
A N mol
2 3
1 2
3

281
10 11
A C A￣C

A 10 N mol A 3N mol
Cs wg V mL
Bs Cs

B 12N mol Cs
wg A A
A B C B C

Cs C mol

mol
A C C
mol 8N 4N

A￣C

A C
a￣c 3

A
B x=2N
A C =1 1 c>b

n>m

282
12 13
A￣C

A 3N mol 26
Bs

B 3N mol
Cs

mol

B C
mol 2N xN

A￣C A￣C

m=3
x=1
Bs

14
CH4

B
A C

A B A C B C A B C

283
15 17

CaO HO

B C A B A C B C

16 18
￣ 2

NaOH

NH NO

284
19 21
CaO HO

26
Fe
NH NO

20 22
A

NH CO

25 *C 100 g 25 *C
NaOH s 4g

35 *C

A
25 *C
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH

285
23 25
CaCl
A

100 g 25 *C 100 g
1g
25 *C
CaCl s w g
A

30 *C

B CaCl s
C

25 *C
A B A C B C A B C

24

100 g

10 g

pH

286
26 27
A C

48 g t 01MA aq V mL
26
Bs
As 2 g 01MC aq V mL

98 g ￣ A B B
mol 1 2 3

t t
48 g 22 *C 29 *C aJ
A C
98 g 22 *C x *C aJ

Bs
b 2
=
c 3
Bs mol
=1
As mol

As
x<29
a
J g·*C
350

287
01 38 % 02 37 %

7 A g ￣C g

A g￣ g xg
1g
B g 1g X g 1g Z

X Y 21 4 X Y=9 1
ZY 16 3
Y
m Z g
\ X￣Z
n X A g X 2 11
B g XY 3 12 2y
/ / / / /
g YZ 5 10 y

X￣Z 2

B g mol 8
=
A g mol 11
g 1 mol Y 1 mol
x 11
=
y 3

288
03 21 % 04 33 %

t *C 1
X 15
=
Y 16
X
Y X
g Z Y
XY X Y =1 2 9 1
XY YZ 55w 6 23
XY X Y =3 1 8 1
1
XY X Z 23w / 11
XY c
\ X Y
XY a
X￣Z
/ / 2 / 1

X
=
1
Y 2

=
3
7
X
=
4
Y +Z 17

289
05 37 % 06 33 %

XY 38w 19w
g
XY g 15w 22 5w XY 0 23w
g
XY g 16w 8w
Y 6 5 9
10N 9N xN
Y
L 4V 4V 5V 6 7
X
10N 11N
X Y
c Y
\ X Y
a X
a=b
X 7 1
1 1 / 1
=
Y 8
x=14

290
07 25 % 08 34 %

t *C 1
X Y=5 3

g
X g Y g g L
3w 0 5 d
w 4w 4 d

Y d
\
X d
Xg Yg 7
Y
8
/ 2 / 5 10 Z
6
X
Z 48g XY g
wg

X
w\ X￣Z
Z
12 18 24 30 36

291
09 41 % 10 19 %

A g B g C g

A g + 2B g 2C g
2A s + 6 aq 2 aq + 3H g
A g B g
B s +2 aq aq + H g
t <t <t <t
t
As 1g aq
H g 0 t t t t
B g
As Bs 1 / / /
1
A g
H g
mol x 7 67 61 y

B A y
\
A B C x

A / /
H
aq M

11 21 %

A g B g C g D g

A g + 4B g 3C g + 2D g
A g B g ￣
B g
21w g

A g B g mol
g g mol
15w 16w 3
10w xw 2
10w 48w y

x+y

11 12 13 14 15

292
12 45 % 13 39 %

Ag Bg Cs Dg Ag Bg Cg

A g + 3B g C s + 3D g aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg ￣ A g 5w g Bg
￣ Ag
A 2
Dg 27w g = Bg
C 5 mol
g g mol
w 4
A g B g B g mol
g g g mol 4w 1

14w 96w 6w x

7w xw 2 C
x\ 3
7w 36w y A

x\y / / / / /
42 36 30 24 18

293
14 33 % 15 27 %

Ag Bg Cg Dg As B g C g

2A g + 3B g 2C g + 2D g A s + bB g C g b

Ag Bg As B g mol
B 1
=
45 g C 16
Dg
8
mol
As B g
A g B g A g B g mol 2 7 1 7
L g g g mol
3 8 1 x
4V 6 17w 3
5V 25 40w x b×x 3

C 15 20 21 24 32
x\
B

/ 3 / 6 9

294
16 34 % 17 36 %

Ag Bg Cg A g B g C g

aA g + bB g cC g a c aA g + B g 2C g a
Ag Bg A g B g
￣

A A
A B
B g g L g L
g g
g 3w 5d 1 5 7d
1 w / 17 6 5w 9d 5 9 11d

3 w 1 17 12 B
a\
C
4 w+2 x 17

x C
\
c B /
1 / / 1 1
1 1

18 31 %

Ag Bg Cg Dg

2A g + bB g cC g + 6D g b c

Ag Bg Dg

D mol 2 3 A 7
mol 5 4 B 4

b\c
w

/ 1 / / 2

295
19 39 % 21 24 %

A g B g C g Ag Bg Cg Ds
C 8
=
A 27 A g + 2B g 2C g + 3D s
2A g bB g + C g b wg Ag Bg
A g wg
A C mol
2L 5L A 32
=11 10 =
B 17

C
x\
x A

w 1 w /w w w
w 6 w w w 6w

20 18 %

A g B g C g D g

A g + xB g C g + yD g x y

A g B g 9w g w g

B g 2w g
d 5
d d d =
d 7
d 14
= Cg D g 4 5
d 25

B(g) 2 g
C(g)
A(g) D(g)
A(g) 9 g C(g)
B(g) g D(g)

D x
A y
3

296
22 33 % 23 46 %

Ag Bg Cg A B C

A + bB cC b c
2A g + B g 2C g m B A
t C 1 Ag Bg mol
A mol
Ag C mol

3w (mol)
g L w 4
4 C (mol)

2
5
4x

0 1 2 8 12
A (mol)
A
V\ m\x 3
C
36 33 32 30 27
/ / 2 1 4

297
24 45 % 25 47 %

A aq Al
mol
mol
1 1 g mL 25 d g mL Al
1 2 g mL A l 10 mL
a A 40 100 mL
A l 10 mL
/ / 1 1 1
100 g

xM
d g mL y M

y
A a 25 *C
x
d d 10 10
d
d d d d

298
01 46 % 02 43 %

A￣D A￣D X Y XY
A￣D 76 X>Y
XY X Y
-
X X Y
A 0 m-1
n n+1
B 1 m-2
n+1 n n+3
2 m+1
3 m 4 5

XXY XXY XXY

X Y A B C D m-1
X 2
m-2 m+1 m =
X 3

B Y
X Y
1g 20
=
1g A 19
1 /
1 mol
<1
1 mol A

03 47 %

XY

XY X Y
X Y Y

5 5 4

X Y 2
X Y 1 mol 7
=
X Y 1 mol 8

Y
X Y
X

/ / / / /

299
04 29 % 05 41 %

H F
n+l+m
￣ n+l
H H H % a b c n
a+b+c=100 a>b>c n
F F l m

H H H F 1 2 3 19

a+2b+3c 3s
H
100
5 H %
>2 m
6 H %
1 mol H 3 H
1 mol HF 20 HF
b
=
500

300
06 43 % 07 44 %

￣ n A￣E 1 2
l m A￣E 3 4 11 12 13

n+l ￣ 3 >
n > =
m > ￣ m 0

1s
m >
A￣E 3
>

B>A
E
3
2

301
01 47 % 02 38 %

25 *C ￣ ￣ HCl aq 25 *C ￣
H O l NaOH aq HO mol
200 ￣

pH-pOH 4
HO
10 1 10
OH
mL 10 x pH 3
x y
pOH 25
L 0.2 0.4 0.5
25 *C K 1 10
OH mol a b c

aq
x=500
25 *C K 1\10
pOH
>1
pH

x+y=4
b\c
=100
a

302
03 48 % 04 35 %

25 *C OH mol 0 2 M H A aq x mL yM NaOH aq
pH =7 3 ￣

H A aq
x x x
mL

NaOH aq
20 30 60
mL
pH 1

25 *C K 1 10 M

M
pOH 11 5
HO mol HA H A
=1\10
OH mol

303
05 34 % 06 28 %

a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M KOH aq

￣

aq NaOH aq KOH aq
aq 10 x x
aq 10 mL
NaOH aq 10 20
mL NaOH aq 5 mL
KOH aq 10 30 y
KOH aq 10 mL

x
y
4N
2 / 1 /
1 /
1

0 5 10 15
(mL)

H
3

1N
/ 1N
/ /N N /N

304
07 38 % 08 17 %

a M HCl aq b M NaOH aq c M A aq x M H A aq y M NaOH aq

￣ A HBr KOH ￣

HBr H Br KOH K OH
H A aq 10 10 20 2V
mL NaOH aq 30 40 V 30
M 3 4 8
mL
NaOH A
aq aq aq M HA H
10 10 0 1 1 2 A
10 5 10 1 1 4 4
15 10 5 1 1 1 3

H M
5 mL 5 mL
Na M

/
1 /
1 / /
1 /

305
09 41 % 10 22 %

x M NaOH aq 0 1 M H A aq 0 1 M HB aq x M NaOH aq y M H A aq z M HCl aq

￣

HA H A

x M NaOH aq V 2V
x M NaOH aq a a a
0 1 M H A aq 40 20
mL y M H A aq 20 20 20
0 1 M HB aq V 0
mL zM aq 0 20 40
8N 19N
M / b
M
￣
V
x\
V
HA H A HB H B 0 02 mol
0 03 mol

/
1 /
1 /
1 a\b

10 20 30 40 50

306
11 19 % 12 41 %

x M H X aq 0 2 M YOH aq 0 3 M Z OH aq 5
a M HA aq b M H B aq a M NaOH aq
￣ 2
￣
HX H X YOH Y OH
Z OH Z OH HA H A HB H B

mL

xM 02M 03M mL
M M
H X aq YOH aq Z OH aq
HA aq H B aq NaOH aq
V 20 0 5
3V V 2V 5
2V 4a 2a 4
V xV 2x V 9
2V a 5a b
xV xV 3V y

mol
=
3
mol 2
y
100 mL x

x b
1 2 3 4 5
X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5

307
13 41 % 14 35 %

x M H A aq y M NaOH aq

A B 0 25 M HY aq 0 75 M H Z aq
x M H A aq 10 20 30
mL y M NaOH aq 30 20 10
X OH X OH HY H Y
HZ H Z

A mol 3 a 8
mol a M X OH aq 10 mL A V mL

y
a\ HA H A B 4V mL
x
a M X OH aq 10 mL A 4V mL
B V mL
6 2 1 12

3 4 5
15
=
28

a+V
X Y Z

/ 9

308
15 41 % 16 32 %

HA aq H B aq HA H A HB H B
HA H A HB H B

x M NaOH aq y M H A aq y M HB aq
NaOH aq HA aq H B aq
NaOH aq 10 mL xM 3 NaOH aq 20 mL
3 H A aq V mL HB aq
NaOH aq 10 mL xM V mL HB aq 30 mL ￣

M H2A(aq) M HB(aq) M HB(aq)

V mL V mL 30 mL

mL 0 V 2V 3V x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq) x M NaOH(aq)

20 mL 20 mL 20 mL
1 /
1 /
1

M 1 / a y
￣ M
a</ W X Y Z
2a 0 2a 2a
y 2a 2a 0 0
M
a b 0 02

6
/
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1
b
x+y
a

2 3 4 5 6

309
17 35 % 18 38 %

25 *C A 1 g CH COOH

A B 0 4 M YOH aq a M Z OH aq
25 A d g mL
HX H X YOH Y OH 60
Z OH Z OH
A 10 mL 50 mL
20 mL 2￣3
0 3 M H X aq V mL A 5 mL
a M KOH aq
KOH aq 30 mL
B 15 mL
A 1 g
B x mL
0 05 g

a 25 *C A
CH COOH KOH

d d 5d d 5d
9 6 18 3 9

8 5

/ /

x
\a
V
X Y Z

/
1 /
1

310
19 45 % 20 38 %

CH COOH 100 g
CH COOH 60

HA H A

25 d g mL aq a M H A aq y M NaOH aq
10 mL 50 mL 3 2
20 mL 2 3 ￣
0 1 M NaOH aq
NaOH aq ￣
V
￣
V a mL mL
Na 0 08 M x M H A aq y M NaOH aq M
100 g xg V 10 2
V 20 2
x 25 *C 3V 40

x
4 24d 24 12 y
12d
d 5 5d d

/ / 1 1 1

311
21 35 % 22 43 %

M X Y X
O -2

2MO + aH O + bH 2M +c + dH O aX O + bY + cH dX + bY + eH O
a￣d a￣e
MO 1 mol HO 2n mol Y 3 mol X 1 mol
X
=3
a+b M Y

11 12 13 14 15
m+n X Y

6 8 10 12 14

312