TEST CODE 02107020

FORM TP 2019156 MAY/JUNE 2019

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

BIOLOGY

UNIT 1 – Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of THREE questions. Answer ALL questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

5. You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your
answers.

6. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so
on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the
back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original
answer.

7. If you use the extra page(s), you MUST write the question number
clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where
relevant, include the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2018 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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Module 1 — Cell and Molecular Biology

1. (a) Figure 1 shows a light micrograph of the transverse section through the primary stem of
a Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) plant, a typical dicotyledon.

Figure 1. A light micrograph of a transverse section of a Dahlia plant stem

Source: https://www.sciencephoto.com/image/572998/large/C0197068
-Dahlia_stem,_light_micrograph-SPL.jpg

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(i) In the space below, construct a tissue diagram from the light micrograph of the
plant section in Figure 1.

[3 marks]

(ii) Provide annotations to describe EACH labelled structure, A–E.

A ............................................................................................................................

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B ............................................................................................................................

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C ...........................................................................................................................

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D ............................................................................................................................

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E ............................................................................................................................

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[5 marks]

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(b) The graph in Figure 2 shows the change in the rate of uptake of two substances,
Substance A and Substance B, as the concentration of each substance increases across a
lipid bilayer.

Figure 2. Graph of change in the rate of substance uptake

(i) Describe the changes in the rate of uptake of Substance A and Substance B as the
concentration of solute increases as depicted in Figure 2.

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[2 marks]

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(ii) Identify the types of diffusion illustrated for Substance A and Substance B in
Figure 2.

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[2 marks]

(iii) Compare and contrast the two types of diffusion identified in (b) (ii).

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[4 marks]

(iv) Arrange the following molecules according to their ability to diffuse through the
lipid bilayer: CO2, glucose, water, RNA. Begin with the molecule that diffuses
the easiest. Explain the order of your arrangement.

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[6 marks]

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(c) Phospholipids are major components of all cell membranes.

With the aid of an annotated diagram, explain the organization of membrane lipids.

Discuss the structure of a cell membrane specifying the organization of membrane lipids
and the various ways in which proteins can associate with the membrane.

Draw diagram here.

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[8 marks]

Total 30 marks
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Module 2 — Genetics, Variation and Natural Selection

2. (a) Table 1 shows the relative growth rate data for sensitive strains and resistant strains of S.
typhimurium bacteria, exposed to varying concentrations of tetracycline antibiotic.

TABLE 1: RELATIVE GROWTH RATE DATA FOR SENSITIVE STRAINS

OF BACTERIA

Relative Relative Growth

Tetracycline
Growth Rate of Rate of Resistant
Conc. (μg/ml)
Sensitive Strain Strain
0.00 1.00 1.00
0.10 0.67 1.02
0.20 0.47 1.04
0.30 0.31 1.01
0.40 0.23 0.99
0.50 0.16 1.01
0.60 0.13 1.01
0.70 0.08 1.01
0.80 0.08 1.01

(i) On the grid provided on page 11, plot a line graph showing the relative growth
rate (y-axis) vs tetracycline concentration (x-axis) for the sensitive and resistant
strain of bacteria. [6 marks]

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(ii) Outline the effect of EACH of the following antibiotic concentrations on BOTH
bacterial populations at 0.1 ug/ml and 0.7 ug/ml antibiotic concentrations.

0.1 ug/ml ................................................................................................................

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[4 marks]

(iii) Explain how the differences between the growth rates of the bacteria could lead
to natural selection.

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[4 marks]

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(b) Figure 3 below illustrates how mutation brings about genetic variation.

Figure 3. Mutation and genetic variation

(i) Complete the missing codons in the boxes labelled A and B in Figure 3.

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B ............................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(ii) With reference to the mutation in Figure 3, explain how mutation brings about
genetic variation at the DNA, protein and cellular level.

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[6 marks]

(c) Natural selection was proposed by Darwin to be the mechanism of evolutionary change.
Discuss the process of natural selection.

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[8 marks]

Total 30 marks

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Module 3 — Reproductive Biology

3. (a) Gametogenesis is the development and production of the male and female germ cells
required to form a new individual.

(i) Draw a well-labelled flow diagram of the process of oogenesis starting from the
primary oocyte.

[5 marks]
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(ii) State the role of ONE named hormone in oogenesis.

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[2 marks]

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(iii) Figure 4 shows a diagram of a sperm cell.

Figure 4. Diagram of a sperm cell

Provide annotations on ONE function of EACH of the structures labelled A–D in

the diagram of a sperm cell shown in Figure 4.

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B ............................................................................................................................

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D .............................................................................................................................

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[4 marks]

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(iv) Relate any ONE structural feature of a sperm cell to its functions.

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[2 marks]

(b) (i) Self-incompatibility is determined by multiple alleles at the S locus. Complete the
following table, using the key given below, to show the extent to which fertilization
is possible between the genotypes of the parents.

Key: (−) no fertilization possible

(+) fertilization possible by all pollen grains

(− +) fertilization only possible by half pollen grains

Genotype of Male Parent Genotype of Female Parent

S 1S 2 S1S3 S 3S 4

S1S2

[3 marks]

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(ii) Differentiate between EACH of the following pairs of terms:

Self-incompatibility and male sterility

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[2 marks]

Monoecy and dioecy

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Protandry and protogyny

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(c) Explain TWO major genetic consequences of EACH of the following methods of
pollination:

(i) Self-pollination

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(ii) Cross pollination

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[8 marks]

Total 30 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

The Council has made every effort to trace copyright holders. However, if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, or any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, CXC will be pleased to correct this at
the earliest opportunity.

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