Bagong Pilipinas

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

ENHANCING PUBLIC SAFETY IN ZAMBOANGA CITY:

ANALYZING POLICE RESPONSE AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN

ADDRESSING THEFT INCIDENTS

Public Safety Action Planning

PSOAC CLASS 2024-24

PCPT JOEY S CORDERO

PCPT PERLITO A ABBILANI
PCPT MANUEL S LEONOR, JR

March 2025

i
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

APPROVAL PAGE

The Public Safety and Security Area Study (P3S), prepared and submitted by
Group 1 of PSOAC CLASS 2024-24 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS ADVANCE COURSE (PSOAC), is hereby
recommended for approval and acceptance.

DR. ALVIN Q. ROMUALDO, MPSA

P3S Mentor/Adviser

Date Signed
Approved by the Action Research Advisory
Committee and Members of the Panel of Review

DR. NELLY Z. LIMBADAN DR. DE MAR M. BANGELIS

Member Member

Date signed Date signed

PLTCOL JERWIN P EMBOLODE, MPSA, PhD

Chairman

Date signed

DR. ROMEO S. MAGSALOS, MPSA, DPSSG, PDSML

Director II

Date Signed

BAGONG PILIPINAS
“PPSC: Bida at SIKLAB sa Pagbabago sa Bagong PILIPINAS”

ii
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

DISCLAIMER

This study is an official document of the Philippine Public Safety College and

that quotation from, counteraction or reproduction of all or any part of the document is

not permitted without the permission/approval of the Philippine Public Safety College.

All the views and opinions rendered in this study are solely with the author and

do not reflect the official position of the National Police College, Philippine Public

Safety College, its officials, staff, and personnel.

iii
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

Table of Contents

Page

TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................v

LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................v

LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................v

CHAPTER

I. The Executive Summary…………………………………………………...x

II. .............................................................................. The Situational Analysis

A. Basic Key Leaders Information ....................................................................6

B. Environment ..................................................................................................7

C. Socio-cultural ...............................................................................................9

D. Transportation ............................................................................................11

E. Legal, Law, and Order ................................................................................13

F. Economics....................................................................................................14

G. AFP.PNP, and other LEAS/ Allied Agencies .............................................18

H. Political ......................................................................................................19

I. Scientific and Technological .......................................................................20

iii
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

III. Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………..21

IV. Results, Discussion, and Analysis………………………………………….22

V. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..46

VI. Recommendations…………………………………………………………..47

VI. Action Plan………………………………………………………………….49

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................61

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................63

CURRICULUM VITAE ..............................................................................................79

iv
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

List of Tables

Page

Table 1 Age Dependency Ratios........................................................................5

Table 2 Theft Incidents by Location………………………………………….23

Table 3 Respondent Category…………………………………………….......25

Table 4 Most Affected Locations ....................................................................27

Table 5 Peak Hours of Theft ............................................................................29

Table 6 Most Common Types of Theft............................................................30

Table 7 Perception on Police and Barangay Efforts ........................................33

Table 8 Perceived Factors Contributing to Theft ............................................37

Table 9 Recommended Measures to Reduce Theft .........................................39

Table 10 Action Plans ......................................................................................50

List of Appendices

Courtesy Call Letters .......................................................................................63

Survey Forms ..................................................................................................65

Gannt Chart of Activities .................................................................................74

Summary of Responses ....................................................................................75

Photo Documentation.......................................................................................76

v
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

MESSAGE

Conducting this study on theft incidents in Zamboanga City has been both insightful

and meaningful. Engaging with residents, business owners, barangay officials, and police

officers gave me a deeper understanding of why theft remains a persistent issue and how

both law enforcement and the community play crucial roles in addressing it. Their

perspectives highlighted the importance of collaboration in crime prevention.

I am deeply grateful to everyone who contributed to this study, especially the

respondents who shared their experiences. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my mentors and

colleagues, whose guidance and support were instrumental in shaping this research. In

particular, I extend my sincere thanks to PLTCOL Jerwin P. Embolode, PEMS Erwin

Novida, Dr. Jinnifer D. Arroyo, MPSA, Dr. Alvin Q. Romualdo, MPSA, Ms. Leslie T.

Lendio, Jason Doroteo, Andrea Magno, Lovely Tejano, Joyce Martinez, Dexter Villamor,

Karen Ondoy, and Robilio Arayam.

It is my hope that this study will serve as a valuable resource for local authorities and

community members in their efforts to create a safer and more

secure Zamboanga City. Crime prevention is a shared

responsibility, and through stronger barangay security,

increased awareness, and trust between residents and law

enforcement, we can build safer communities together. PCPT JOEY S CORDERO

vi
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

MESSAGE

Being part of this research on theft incidents in Zamboanga City has been a

challenging yet rewarding journey. As a student researcher, I gained firsthand insight into

the real issues affecting our communities how theft impacts people's daily lives, the struggles

law enforcement faces, and the vital role that community engagement plays in crime

prevention.

Through surveys, interviews, and field observations, I listened to the concerns of

residents, business owners, barangay officials, and police officers. Their experiences and

perspectives helped me understand that preventing crime isn’t just the responsibility of law

enforcement; it requires the cooperation of the entire community. This study reinforced the

importance of stronger police-community partnerships, better security measures, and more

proactive crime prevention strategies.

I am deeply grateful to everyone who contributed to this research, the respondents

who shared their stories, the mentors who guided us, and

my fellow researchers who worked tirelessly to complete

this study. It is my hope that our findings will help create

meaningful changes in crime prevention efforts and inspire

future studies that further strengthen public safety in

PCPT PERLITO A ABBILANI
Zamboanga City.

vii
 Bagong Pilipinas
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Public Safety College
NATIONAL POLICE COLLEGE - DAVAO CAMPUS
San Francisco St., Mintal, Davao City
[email protected]

MESSAGE

Taking part in this research on theft incidents in Zamboanga City has been a truly

eye-opening experience. It allowed me to see beyond the numbers and statistics, giving me

a deeper understanding of how theft affects individuals, businesses, and entire communities.

More importantly, it highlighted the critical role of both law enforcement and the community

in addressing this issue.

Throughout the study, I engaged with residents, business owners, barangay officials,

and police officers, each offering valuable insights into the challenges of crime prevention.

I realized that while law enforcement plays a key role, real change happens when the

community actively participates in keeping their neighborhoods safe. Strengthening security

measures, improving police-community relationships, and promoting awareness are all

necessary steps in making our city safer.

I am incredibly grateful to our mentors, respondents, and fellow researchers who

contributed to this study. Their time, effort, and perspectives helped shape this research, and

I hope the findings will serve as a useful resource for future

crime prevention strategies. This study reinforced my belief

that safety is a shared responsibility. By working together,

staying vigilant, and supporting one another, we can create a

community where theft and other crimes are lessened,

PCPT MANUEL S LEONOR, JR
and people can live with greater peace of mind.
viii
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Theft remains a major public safety issue in Zamboanga City, with 201 recorded cases

affecting residents, businesses, and commuters. Public markets (47.1%) and transport

terminals (25.6%) are the most theft-prone areas, with incidents peaking during late evening

and early morning due to minimal security presence. The most common crimes include

pickpocketing (30.3%), snatching (27.4%), and robbery (24.4%). Key factors contributing to

theft include a lack of CCTV surveillance, poor street lighting, and unemployment.

The impact of theft extends beyond financial losses, creating fear among residents and

businesses. Some communities have organized neighborhood patrols due to inconsistent law

enforcement presence, while business owners have been forced to invest in private security

measures. Addressing these concerns requires a coordinated approach involving the PNP,

LGUs, barangay officials, businesses, and the community.

To combat theft, this study proposes intelligence-driven policing, increased police

patrols, and improved incident reporting systems. Establishing a Theft Crime Intelligence

Task Force and conducting regular intelligence-sharing meetings will enhance crime

prevention efforts. Increased police presence in high-theft areas, particularly during peak

hours, will deter criminal activities. Setting up dedicated theft hotlines, strengthening radio

communication, and conducting response drills will improve emergency responses.

Community engagement is essential in crime prevention. Forming a Barangay Theft

Prevention Task Force, conducting crime awareness campaigns, and implementing a “Know

Your Neighbor” program will encourage vigilance and reporting. Enhancing public space

x
safety through better street lighting, CCTV expansion, and regular barangay patrols will

further reduce crime risks.

Additional recommendations include improving coordination between police and

prosecutors to ensure swift legal action, strengthening engagement with businesses and

transport groups, and preventing youth involvement in theft through school-based anti-theft

education and livelihood programs. Leveraging technology, such as crime mapping software

and real-time crime alert systems, will modernize law enforcement strategies.

By implementing these measures, Zamboanga City can reduce theft incidents, restore

public confidence, and create a safer community through collaborative and intelligence-

driven crime prevention efforts.

xi
II. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Zamboanga City, a major

economic hub in Mindanao, has a

population of 977,234 (2020 census)

across 98 barangays. The city thrives

on industries such as fishing,

agriculture, and trade. Despite

economic progress, income disparity

Figure 1. Zamboanga Hermosa Festival
and unemployment remain

challenges, contributing to theft-related crimes. The Zamboanga City Police Office (ZCPO)

oversees 11 stations under Police Regional Office 9. Theft cases frequently occur in public

markets, transport hubs, and commercial centers. Key challenges include inadequate

lighting, limited patrols, and economic struggles, which exacerbate crime rates.

With a population of 977, 234 as of the 2020 census, Zamboanga City is a dynamic

urban center known for its diverse cultural heritage, blending influences from indigenous

groups, Spanish-era traditions, and modern Filipino society. The city comprises 98

barangays and has a population density of 691 people per square kilometer (1,789 per

square mile). Geographically, it is situated at coordinates 6° 54' North and 122° 5' East

(6.9046, 122.0763) and stands at an elevation of 9.1 meters (29.7 feet) above sea level.

As the economic center of the Zamboanga Peninsula, the city boasts a thriving

economy driven by agriculture, industry, commerce, and services. It is widely recognized

as the "Canned Sardine Capital of the Philippines" due to its booming sardine industry,

which supplies both domestic and international markets. Zamboanga's rich marine
1
resources support a robust fishing sector, providing livelihoods to thousands of local

families. Aside from fisheries, the city is also a major producer of coconut, rubber, rice,

and corn, making it a key player in the region’s agricultural trade.

Zamboanga City is home to the first Export Processing Zone (EPZ) in Mindanao,

attracting investors in manufacturing, agro-processing, and logistics industries. Its strategic

location near international shipping routes makes it an ideal hub for businesses looking to

expand their reach beyond the Philippines. The city's commercial sector is also rapidly

growing, with retail centers, business districts, and financial institutions strengthening its

position as a regional economic powerhouse.

Tourism has also become a significant contributor to the city’s economy. Known

for its pristine beaches and historical landmarks, Zamboanga City draws both local and

international visitors. Sta. Cruz Island, famous for its pink sand beach, is a top tourist

destination, while Fort Pilar, a Spanish-era fortress, remains a cultural and religious

landmark. Other attractions, such as the Paseo del Mar and the city’s annual Zamboanga

Hermosa Festival, highlight its rich heritage and vibrant traditions.

Despite its economic progress, Zamboanga City faces challenges such as income

inequality, unemployment, and informal sector activities. Many residents are engaged in

small-scale farming, street vending, and other unregulated livelihoods. In response, the

local government has implemented initiatives to promote entrepreneurship, provide access

to microfinancing programs, and support small businesses. These efforts aim to create

sustainable economic opportunities and improve the quality of life for residents.

Overall, Zamboanga City continues to evolve as a vital economic and cultural hub

2
in Mindanao. With its rich history, strategic location, and growing industries, it remains a

key player in the country’s development while preserving its unique identity as "Asia’s

Latin City."

Over the years, Zamboanga City has experienced significant population growth, as

reflected in various census data. In 1990, the city had a household population of 440,874,

spread across 81,321 households, with an average household size of 5.42 members. As the

years progressed, both the population and the number of households steadily increased,

while the average household size gradually declined.

By 1995, the household population had grown to 509,230, with 100,668 households,

bringing the average household size down to 5.06. The trend continued in 2000, where the

population reached 599,792, distributed among 117,152 households, with an average of

5.12 members per household. This period marked a time of rapid urban expansion and

economic activity, drawing more residents into the city.

In 2007, Zamboanga City saw a substantial increase in household population,

reaching 770,596, with 154,392 households. The average household size declined further

to 4.99, reflecting a shift towards smaller family units. This trend persisted in the following

years, with the 2010 census recording a household population of 803,282 across 175,050

households, reducing the average household size to 4.59.

By 2015, the city's household population had risen to 855,418, with a total of

193,970 households, and an average household size of 4.41. This steady decline in

household size suggests changing family dynamics, influenced by factors such as

urbanization, improved access to education, economic opportunities, and evolving lifestyle

3
preferences. The data highlights not only the city’s growing population but also shifts in

social structures, shaping the future of Zamboanga City as it continues to develop.

The demographic profile of Zamboanga City, based on the 2015 Census, highlights

a predominantly young population. The largest age groups fall within the 5 to 9 years

(10.82%), 10 to 14 years (10.50%), and 15 to 19 years (10.99%) brackets, showing a strong

presence of children and adolescents. This trend indicates a growing population that will

soon transition into the working-age sector, presenting both opportunities and challenges

for the city's education system, labor market, and economic planning.

A significant portion of the population also falls within the productive age group

(15 to 64 years old), with the highest concentrations in the 20 to 24 (10.05%) and 25 to 29

(8.21%) age brackets. This suggests a potential for economic growth if employment

opportunities and skill development programs align with the needs of this expanding

workforce. However, with a youth dependency ratio of 50.98, a large number of young

dependents still rely on the working-age population for support, emphasizing the need for

policies that strengthen job creation, entrepreneurship, and family welfare programs.

On the other hand, the elderly population, particularly those aged 65 and above,

remains a small segment, making up only 3.86% of the total population. The old-age

dependency ratio of 6.07 indicates that there are relatively few senior citizens relying on

the working-age group. While this means that social services for the elderly are not yet

heavily burdened, it also underscores the importance of early investments in healthcare and

retirement planning as life expectancy continues to rise.

The total dependency ratio of 57.05 reveals that for every 100 working-age

4
individuals, there are 57 dependents (both young and old). While this figure is relatively

manageable, it highlights the need for sustained economic growth and social programs to

ensure that the workforce can adequately support both dependents and their own economic

well-being.

With a median age of 23.26 years, Zamboanga City remains a young society. This presents

a window of opportunity for development, particularly in education, job creation, and

infrastructure. If the city can harness the potential of its young and growing population, it

stands to benefit from a demographic advantage that could drive long-term economic and

social progress.

Table 1

Age Dependency Ratios (https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/r09/zamboanga-city.html)

Age group Population (2015) Age group percentage

Under 1 19,903 2.31%

1 to 4 76,085 8.83%

5 to 9 93,276 10.82%

10 to 14 90,500 10.50%

15 to 19 94,716 10.99%

20 to 24 86,578 10.05%

25 to 29 70,718 8.21%

30 to 34 60,836 7.06%

35 to 39 57,067 6.62%

40 to 44 49,575 5.75%

45 to 49 43,039 4.99%

50 to 54 35,969 4.17%

5
 55 to 59 27,984 3.25%

60 to 64 22,262 2.58%

65 to 69 14,564 1.69%

70 to 74 8,542 0.99%

75 to 79 5,377 0.62%

80 and over 4,808 0.56%

Total 861,799 100.00%

a. Basic Key Leaders Information

The leadership of Zamboanga City plays an integral role in shaping its progress.

The city’s political landscape is guided by the local government, headed by Mayor John M.

Dalipe, who assumed office in 2022. Mayor Dalipe has been known for his work in

enhancing infrastructure, improving public safety, and promoting economic development.

His administration has focused on urban planning, bolstering the city’s image as a regional

hub, and improving governance through community engagement (Gonzalez, 2023).

Supporting Mayor Dalipe is Vice Mayor Josephine “Pinpin” Pareja, who has been

instrumental in legislative matters. As the city’s second-highest official, Vice Mayor Pareja

works closely with the City Council to ensure that policies and regulations align with the

needs of the city’s residents. The City Council is composed of elected members who

represent the various districts of Zamboanga and collaborate on developing and enacting

laws and ordinances that support the city’s growth.

Zamboanga City is divided into two legislative districts, each represented in the

House of Representatives. The First District is represented by Khymer A. Olaso, while the

Second District is represented by Manuel Jose Dalipe, who also serves as the mayor’s
6
sibling. Together, they advocate for Zamboanga’s interests at the national level, securing

funding for key development projects and pushing for policies that benefit the residents

(Santiago, 2023).

b. Environment

Geographical Location and Topography

Zamboanga City is located in the

western part of Mindanao, bordering the

Sulu Sea to the west and the Moro Gulf to

the east. It covers a land area of

approximately 1,414.7 square kilometers

making it one of the largest cities in the

Philippine by land area. The city’s terrain

is a mix of coastal areas, rolling hills, and Figure 2. DENR map of Zamboanga City

mountain ranges, with notable bodies of water such as the Tumaga River and Zamboanga

Peninsula’s coastline.

Climate

Zamboanga City experiences a tropical wet and dry climate, with a pronounced dry

season from December to May and a rainy season from June to November. While the city

is outside the typhoon belt, it is occasionally affected by monsoon rains and tropical

depressions, which can bring heavy rainfall. Flooding is common in low-lying areas, while

landslides may occur in mountainous regions, especially during prolonged periods of rain.

7
The southwest monsoon, locally known as Habagat, brings heavy rains from June to

September, while the northeast monsoon, or Amihan causes cooler temperatures and

occasional showers from November to February. The average temperature remains warm

throughout the year, typically around 27°C, with high humidity levels averaging 80%.

Despite the warm climate, temperatures can drop slightly during the cooler months,

particularly in elevated areas.

Natural Resources

The city is rich in natural resources, making agriculture and fishing vital industries

in the local economy. Widely recognized as the Sardine Capital of the Philippines, the city

thrives on its sardine fishing and canning industry, while its abundant marine resources also

support tuna fishing, seaweed farming, and shellfish harvesting. On land, vast agricultural

areas yield key crops such as coconut, rubber, and rice, along with corn, cacao, coffee,

bananas, and mangoes, sustaining both local consumption and export markets. Its forests

and mountainous regions are home to diverse wildlife, including Philippine deer, wild

boars, civet cats, and various bird species, with Pasonanca Natural Park playing a crucial

role in preserving biodiversity and maintaining the balance of the local ecosystem. Beyond

its natural abundance, Zamboanga is also rich in mineral deposits like gold, copper, and

limestone, which support small-scale mining and construction activities. The city's

freshwater supply primarily comes from the Tumaga River and several natural springs,

serving the needs of both residents and the agricultural sector. Additionally, the city's

coastal waters not only provide livelihood opportunities for thousands of fisherfolk but also

attract tourists who seek fresh seafood and vibrant marine life. With its rich natural

endowments, Zamboanga City continues to be a crucial contributor to Mindanao’s

8
economy, balancing development with environmental conservation efforts.

Socio-cultural

Ethnic Composition

Zamboanga’s population is remarkably diverse,

consisting of a rich mix of ethnic groups, each contributing

to the city's unique identity. The largest group in

Zamboanga is the Zamboangueños, who speak

Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole language that is a

Figure 3. Chavacanos
testament to the city’s colonial past. Zamboanga is

sometimes called the “Spanish-speaking city of the

Philippines” due to the widespread use of Chavacano,

which has evolved into the country’s only Spanish-based

creole language. While the Chavacano-speaking

Figure 4. Tausug
Zamboangueños make up the majority of the population, the

city is also home to several indigenous groups, including

the Tausug, Subanen, Yakan, and the Sama-Badjao.

Zamboanga's ethnic diversity is also reflected in its

religious practices, with a significant portion of the

population being Roman Catholic, alongside sizable

Figure 5. Subanen
Muslim and Protestant communities. This religious

diversity plays a crucial role in fostering a dynamic cultural landscape, where different traditions

and festivals are celebrated throughout the year.

9
 Religion

The city's cultural composition is further enriched

by its sizable Muslim community, mainly composed of

Tausugs, Yakans, and Sama-Badjaos, whose traditions

and way of life contribute significantly to Zamboanga’s

vibrant culture. Christianity, with a predominantly Roman

Catholic majority, coexists alongside Islam, creating a Figure 6. Zamboanga City

Metropolitan Cathedral
dynamic socio-religious environment. Christianity’s

stronghold in Zamboanga can be seen in the numerous

churches and religious institutions that pepper the

cityscape, such as the beautiful Fort Pilar Shrine, a revered

historical landmark. On the other hand, Islam's presence,

with over 20% of the city's population identifying as Muslim, Figure 7. Sadik Mosque

plays an equally vital role in shaping the city’s social and cultural activities.

Culture and Traditions

In terms of social events, Zamboanga City’s

calendar is filled with colorful festivals that celebrate its

diverse cultural heritage. The Fiesta Pilar, held every Figure 8. Fiesta Pilar
October 12th in honor of Our Lady of Pilar, is the city’s

grandest festival, drawing thousands of locals and tourists.

The Zamboanga Hermosa Festival, another cultural

highlight, showcases Zamboanga’s rich history, arts, and

traditions. The Regatta de Zamboanga, a colorful maritime Figure 9. Regatta de Zamboanga

10
festival, celebrates the city’s seafaring roots with boat races and cultural exhibitions (Moreno,

2022).

The cuisine of Zamboanga City reflects its

cultural diversity, blending Spanish, Malay, and

indigenous influences. The city is famous for its

seafood, particularly Curacha (a type of deep-sea crab),

which is typically cooked in Alavar sauce, a flavorful Figure 10. Curacha in Alavar
Sauce
concoction unique to the region. Other local delicacies

include Satti (grilled meat skewers served with a spicy

sauce) and Knickerbocker (a refreshing fruit dessert

similar to halo-halo). These dishes not only provide a

gastronomic experience for visitors but also reflect the Figure 11. Satti and Knickerbocker

city’s cultural fusion (Bautista, 2023).

D. Transportation

Over the past few years, Zamboanga City

has made notable strides in modernizing its

transportation network, reinforcing its status as a

regional hub. The city’s roadways, though busy and

sometimes prone to congestion especially in Figure 12. Zamboanga City

International Airport (ZIA)
commercial centers, continue to serve as vital

corridors for everyday commutes. Local residents primarily rely on Public Utility Jeepneys

(PUJs) for most of their travel needs, with tricycles and motorcycles filling in the gaps for

shorter trips within neighborhoods and nearby barangays. Efforts to introduce greener
11
alternatives, such as electric tricycles, have also gained momentum to reduce emissions.

A significant milestone in these

developments is the Zamboanga City Integrated Bus

Terminal, located in Divisoria. This facility is more

than just a stopover point; it is a bustling transit

center that connects the city with various destinations

across Mindanao. The terminal accommodates a

variety of bus and van operators, providing reliable

Figure 13. Integrated Bus Terminal
links to neighboring provinces like Zamboanga del

Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay. Travelers benefit from well-organized

ticketing services, comfortable waiting areas, and a range of food stalls, making the journey

as pleasant as possible.

In addition to its land transport system,

Zamboanga’s maritime and air infrastructure

further enhance its connectivity. The Zamboanga

Port remains a critical gateway for both cargo and

passenger traffic, linking the city to other parts of

Mindanao and even international destinations

Figure 14. Zamboanga City Port Area
such as Malaysia. Meanwhile, the Zamboanga

International Airport continues to be the primary air travel hub in the region, handling

numerous domestic flights daily with plans underway to welcome international routes in the

near future. Together, these developments not only support the local economy but also ensure

that residents, visitors, and businesses alike have convenient and diverse travel options.

12
E. Legal, Law, and Order

Law Enforcement Agencies

Zamboanga City has made notable strides

in strengthening its legal and law enforcement

frameworks. The city’s legal environment plays a

critical role in maintaining law and order, ensuring

public safety, and providing an effective system of

justice. The Zamboanga City Police Office (ZCPO), Figure 15. Police Regional Office 9

under the jurisdiction of the Police Regional Office 9, is responsible for the law and addressing

various criminal activities within the city. The ZCPO is a well-established force, equipped with

11 police stations distributed across the city. These stations not only manage routine law

enforcement but also serve as bases for community outreach programs, crime prevention

efforts, and public safety campaigns.

Judicial System

The city also benefits from a robust

judicial system, which includes a Regional Trial

Court that handles major criminal and civil cases.

Additionally, Zamboanga’s Barangay Justice

System, also known as the Katarungang

Pambarangay, addresses minor disputes within the Figure 16. Hall of Justice

community, helping decongest the formal judicial courts. The Department of Justice (DOJ) and

the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) further strengthen the legal framework by

conducting specialized investigations into high-profile or organized crime cases.

13
 Crime Trends and Challenges

Crime trends in Zamboanga, although generally moderate, have been affected by

certain persistent issues. Smuggling, particularly in relation to contraband goods such as

firearms and narcotics, remains a significant challenge. The city’s strategic position as a

gateway port to international and inter-island trade makes it susceptible to illicit activities. In

recent years, the threat of terrorism and extremist groups has also posed security concerns,

though the government has made strides in securing the city against these elements.

Despite these challenges, Zamboanga City has witnessed improvements in public

safety due to increased community policing, surveillance measures, and intelligence-gathering

operations. Local authorities have partnered with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and

grassroots community groups to raise awareness about safety and security, ensuring that the

residents play an active role in crime prevention and reporting. Programs focused on youth

engagement, job creation, and education have proven essential in diverting at-risk populations

from criminal activity (Alvarez, 2022).

F. Economy

Zamboanga City thrives on a diverse

economy shaped by agriculture, fisheries,

commerce, and services. Known as the "Sardine

Capital of the Philippines," the city is home to

numerous sardine processing plants that serve

both local and international markets. This thriving

industry not only bolsters the national economy but Figure 17. Mega Sardines Factory

14
also provides thousands of jobs, supporting many families through production, processing,

and distribution (Bautista, 2023).

Agriculture remains a dominant

industry in Zamboanga, with the city being an

important producer of coconut, rubber, rice,

and corn. These agricultural commodities are

not only essential to the local economy but

also serve as vital raw materials for various

Figure 18. Coconut Plantation in San
industries. Zamboanga is strategically Ramon, Zamboanga City

located along trade routes, which facilitates the distribution of these products both regionally

and globally. Despite the region's agricultural potential, challenges such as low

mechanization, inconsistent market prices, and occasional natural calamities continue to

affect the sector's productivity.

Meanwhile, the city's commercial sector has seen growth, with numerous shopping

centers, malls, and local markets serving as hubs for trade. The city’s retail industry caters to

both the local population and the growing number of tourists. Zamboanga also benefits from

a booming real estate sector, as increased

urbanization and demand for residential and

commercial properties drive the construction

industry.

The city’s tourism sector has been a

growing contributor to its economic

development. Attractions such as the pristine pink Figure 19. Fort Pilar
15
sand beaches of Sta. Cruz Island, historical landmarks like Fort Pilar, and eco-tourism

destinations like Pasonanca Park and the Zamboanga Ecozone have attracted both local and

international visitors. Tourism, when combined with the city’s thriving hospitality sector,

contributes significantly to employment and the local economy (Santiago, 2023).

However, despite these strengths,

economic inequality remains a challenge in

Zamboanga. Many residents remain in the

informal sector, engaged in subsistence farming,

street vending, and small-scale businesses.

Efforts to reduce this inequality focus on

Figure 20. Pink Beach, Santa Cruz Island
creating more formal employment

opportunities, promoting entrepreneurship, and improving access to microfinance. Local

government programs such as the establishment of business incubation centers, skills training

programs, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are crucial in

enhancing the economic mobility of the population (Gonzalez, 2023).

Over the years, Zamboanga City has demonstrated resilience and steady economic

growth, as reflected in its annual regular income trends. From 2009 to 2016, the city's

revenue showed a generally upward trajectory, fueled by local business activities, real

property taxes, and its share from national tax collections. However, like any economic

landscape, there were periods of both expansion and contraction, each telling a unique story

of the city's fiscal journey.

In 2009, the city's annual regular income stood at ₱1.75 billion, serving as the

baseline for the following years. The subsequent year, 2010, saw a significant 10.86%
16
increase, pushing revenues to ₱1.94 billion. This growth reflected an increase in local tax

collections and the city's ability to generate economic activity, likely due to business

expansion and improved revenue management.

The upward trend continued in 2011, with income reaching ₱2.11 billion, marking

a 9.15% increase from the previous year. The steady climb suggested that Zamboanga’s

economy was growing at a healthy pace, supported by robust business taxation and sustained

government allocations.

However, in 2012, the city faced a 7.55% decline, bringing its income down to

₱1.95 billion. This drop may have been influenced by external factors such as economic

slowdowns, changes in internal revenue allotment, or disruptions in local business activities.

Despite this setback, the city's financial resilience allowed it to recover the following year.

By 2013, Zamboanga's income rebounded to ₱2.02 billion, reflecting a 3.61%

increase. The slow but positive growth indicated efforts to stabilize the local economy,

possibly through stronger tax enforcement and economic revitalization projects.

The city witnessed a more substantial leap in 2014, with income surging to ₱2.25

billion, marking an 11.21% increase. This impressive growth suggested renewed confidence

in local governance, increased business activity, and enhanced tax collection efficiency. The

momentum continued in 2015, where income further expanded to ₱2.52 billion, representing

an 11.82% rise, the highest recorded growth rate in the observed period.

By 2016, Zamboanga City reached its highest recorded income in this data set at

₱2.75 billion, reflecting a 9.42% increase. This milestone indicated a strong and resilient

local economy, with both locally sourced revenues and national allocations contributing

17
 significantly to the city's fiscal health.

The revenue growth over the years highlights Zamboanga City's economic

resilience, governance efficiency, and the active participation of its business sector and

residents in fulfilling tax obligations. While fluctuations occurred, particularly in 2012, the

city's ability to bounce back underscores its adaptability in the face of economic challenges.

With continuous improvements in business regulations, tax collection strategies, and

economic investments, Zamboanga remains on a path of sustainable growth, reinforcing its

position as a key economic player in Mindanao.

G. AFP, PNP and other LEAs/Allied Agencies

Zamboanga City is strategically important to national security, and several key

security agencies operate within its jurisdiction. These include the Western Mindanao

Command (WESTMINCOM) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), which ensures

the safety and security of the region. WESTMINCOM is tasked with safeguarding

Zamboanga City and its surrounding areas from threats posed by insurgent groups, including

the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and other extremist factions that have been historically active

in the region.

In addition to the AFP, the Philippine National Police (PNP) plays an essential role

in law enforcement. The Police Regional Office 9 (PRO 9) oversees the Zamboanga City

Police Office (ZCPO) and coordinates with the military to address public safety concerns,

such as terrorism, smuggling, and organized crime. The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is also

crucial in maintaining the security of the city’s extensive coastline and monitoring maritime

traffic to prevent illegal activities such as human trafficking, piracy, and smuggling.

18
 The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) is another key agency operating in the

city, particularly in handling more complex and high-profile criminal cases. The

collaboration among these various security agencies has strengthened the overall security

situation in Zamboanga, leading to a more coordinated and effective approach to crime

prevention and response.

Zamboanga City’s security challenges are compounded by its proximity to conflict-

prone areas, particularly in the southern part of the Philippines. While the city has largely

remained peaceful, tensions persist due to political unrest, sporadic insurgency activities, and

ongoing threats from terrorist organizations. Local authorities, with the support of national

security agencies, have focused on counter-insurgency efforts, intelligence sharing, and

promoting peace and order initiatives to address these challenges.

H. Political Landscape

Zamboanga City's political landscape is governed by a robust framework that

ensures active participation from both local and national leaders. The city’s local

government, headed by Mayor John M. Dalipe, is at the forefront of decision-making and

implementation of policies aimed at sustainable development. The political structure in

Zamboanga is highly decentralized, with the City Council playing a pivotal role in drafting

and passing ordinances, approving budgets, and representing the needs of residents.

The political leadership has emphasized improving infrastructure, public services,

education, healthcare, and public safety, aiming to create a conducive environment for

business and urban living. The local government is also dedicated to addressing socio-

economic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Through partnerships

19
with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society groups, and other stakeholders,

the local government seeks to foster community involvement in governance, ensuring that

the voices of residents are heard and their needs are prioritized.

Zamboanga’s two legislative districts are represented by key officials in the House

of Representatives, namely Khymer A. Olaso and Manuel Jose Dalipe. These legislators

advocate for the city's interests at the national level, ensuring that key development projects

and social programs are properly funded and implemented.

I. Scientific and Technological Advancements and Innovations

Zamboanga City has been making significant strides in incorporating technology

into governance, economic activities, and public services. The local government has

heavily invested in digital infrastructure to enhance service delivery, transparency, and

communication with residents. Various government services, such as tax payments and

permit applications, are now accessible online, allowing for greater efficiency and reducing

bureaucratic delays.

In the business sector, digital transformation is evident in the growing adoption of

e-commerce. Local enterprises, particularly in the retail and food industries, are leveraging

online platforms to reach broader markets. This transition not only expands business

opportunities but also strengthens the city's economic resilience. The education sector has

also embraced technology, with schools and universities implementing online learning

platforms and digital classrooms to facilitate remote education.

One of the city’s significant technological initiatives is the Smart Village Project

on Sacol Island, spearheaded by the Department of Information and Communications

20
Technology (DICT). This project focuses on providing digital connectivity to remote

communities, ensuring access to essential services and opportunities for residents. It serves

as a model for inclusive development, demonstrating how technology can bridge gaps in

education, healthcare, and local governance (United Nations, 2024).

Zamboanga City has also been recognized on the global stage for its digital

transformation efforts. The DICT Digital Hub in Zamboanga City received international

recognition at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 2020, showcasing the

city’s commitment to fostering digital skills, innovation, and employment through

technology-driven initiatives (Inquirer.net, 2020).

Furthermore, the city is gradually adopting smart city technologies, with

initiatives aimed at improving traffic management, enhancing public safety through

surveillance systems, and implementing sustainable energy practices. The focus on

innovation extends to urban planning, waste management, and environmental conservation,

reinforcing Zamboanga’s commitment to sustainable development. As the city continues to

integrate technology into various sectors, these advancements contribute to more efficient

governance, economic growth, and an improved quality of life for its residents.

III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Theft remains one of the most persistent crimes in Zamboanga City, with 201 recorded

cases affecting residents, businesses, and commuters. Despite continuous law enforcement

efforts, theft continues to be a major concern, leading to financial losses and a growing sense

of insecurity among the public. This study aims to analyze theft incidents in high-theft

barangays of Zamboanga City, focusing on contributing factors, police response, and

community involvement. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

21
 1. What are the high-risk locations for theft in Zamboanga City, and what

environmental and socio-economic factors contribute to these incidents?

2. During what hours do theft incidents peak, and how do vulnerabilities related to law

enforcement presence and public awareness influence these occurrences?

3. How can theft incidents be categorized based on frequency and risk level, and how

effective are police and barangay interventions in addressing them?

4. What are the public perceptions regarding police responsiveness, barangay crime

prevention efforts, and security measures such as CCTV and street lighting?

RESULTS, DISCUSSION, AND ANALYSIS

This study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys

and qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of theft incidents in

Zamboanga City. By combining these methods, the research was able to analyze crime

patterns, victim experiences, and the effectiveness of existing crime prevention measures in

depth.

A total of 201 recorded theft cases affected residents, businesses, and commuters.

Survey results indicate that theft is most prevalent in public markets (47.1%), followed by

transport terminals (25.6%), commercial centers (18.7%), and residential areas (8.6%).

These locations are characterized by high foot traffic, frequent cash transactions, and limited

security measures, making them prime targets for criminals.

The most vulnerable hours for theft incidents occur during late evening (4.5 Likert

rating) and early morning (4.3 rating) when police visibility is reduced, and public activity
22
is minimal. The effectiveness of police and barangay efforts was rated at 3.68/5, indicating

the need for more consistent patrols, faster response times, and stronger coordination

between law enforcement agencies and the community.

These findings emphasize the importance of integrating technological solutions,

improving urban planning, and strengthening community engagement in crime prevention

strategies. While security initiatives exist, inconsistencies in their implementation and

monitoring limit their overall effectiveness.

To ensure a diverse and representative sample, the study employed a stratified

random sampling method, selecting 240 respondents from six barangays with high theft

rates: Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4, Calarian, and Tetuan. The following graph illustrates

the distribution of theft incidents across these areas:

TABLE 2

Theft Incidents by Location (CIRAS Data, 2024)

23
 As shown in the graph, Zone 3 recorded the highest number of theft incidents (28

cases), followed by Zone 4 (15 cases) and Calarian (15 cases). The lowest number of cases

was observed in Tetuan (11 cases).

These findings reinforce the need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas, such

as enhanced police patrols, improved surveillance, and stronger community-based crime

prevention programs. Addressing these challenges will require a collaborative effort

between law enforcement, local government units, and residents to create a safer urban

environment for all.

This study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys

and qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of theft incidents in

Zamboanga City. The combination of both data collection methods allowed for a deeper

analysis of crime patterns, victim experiences, and the effectiveness of existing crime

prevention measures. The survey results indicate that theft is most prevalent in public

markets (47.1%), transport terminals (25.6%), commercial centers (18.7%), and residential

areas (8.6%). These areas are characterized by high foot traffic, cash transactions, and

limited security measures, making them prime targets for criminals.

The most vulnerable hours for theft occur during late evening (4.5 Likert rating) and

early morning (4.3 rating), coinciding with reduced police visibility and minimal public

activity. The effectiveness of police and barangay efforts was rated at 3.68/5, highlighting

the need for more consistent patrols, faster response times, and enhanced coordination

between law enforcement agencies and local communities. Major contributing factors to

theft include a lack of CCTV surveillance (4.24/5), inadequate street lighting (4.19/5), and

24
unemployment (4.12/5). These findings emphasize the importance of integrating

technological solutions, urban planning improvements, and community engagement in

crime prevention efforts. While security initiatives exist, inconsistencies in their

implementation and monitoring limit their overall effectiveness.

To ensure a diverse and representative sample, the study employed a stratified

random sampling method, ensuring that key community sectors were well-represented. A

total of 240 respondents were selected from six barangays with high theft incidents: Zone

1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4, Calarian, and Tetuan. The respondents were categorized as

follows:

TABLE 3

Respondent Category

Category Number of Respondents Percentage

Residents 120 50%
Business Owners 48 20%
Students 24 10%
Working Individuals 24 10%
Barangay Officials/Tanods 12 5%
Police Officers 12 5%
Total 240 100%

Residents accounted for the largest portion of respondents, providing firsthand

accounts of safety concerns in their communities. Business owners highlighted issues

related to property crimes, such as shoplifting and burglary, while students and working

individuals shared insights into personal safety while commuting. Barangay officials and

police officers contributed expert perspectives on law enforcement challenges and

strategies for crime deterrence. The even distribution of respondents across all six

25
barangays ensured fairness in data representation, allowing for a more accurate assessment

of crime trends and community needs.

The survey results painted a clear picture of theft as a persistent issue in Zamboanga

City, affecting different groups in distinct ways. Many residents reported being victims of

theft over the past year, and the findings identified key factors such as common theft

locations, peak crime hours, and the most vulnerable groups. The study further explored

the psychological impact of theft incidents, with respondents expressing heightened

anxiety, loss of trust in public safety, and changes in behavior, such as avoiding certain

areas or carrying fewer valuables in public.

To measure public perceptions of safety and law enforcement effectiveness, the

study utilized a 5-point Likert scale, allowing respondents to express their level of

agreement with various statements based on their personal experiences. This method

provided valuable insights into police responsiveness, trust in barangay security measures,

and the general sense of safety within the community. The results suggested that while there

is moderate confidence in law enforcement, gaps remain in preventive measures,

emergency response efficiency, and the integration of community-led crime prevention

initiatives. Addressing these concerns requires a multi-faceted approach that includes

policy adjustments, enhanced resource allocation, and stronger partnerships

The Likert rating system was used to measure the perceived severity of theft

incidents, the effectiveness of law enforcement responses, and the impact of crime

prevention measures. Ratings ranged from 1.00 (Strongly Disagree) to 5.00 (Strongly

Agree). The interpretation of ratings is as follows:

26
 Value Rating Adjectival Interpretation/
Verbal Interpretation
5 4.21- 5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.41-4.20 Agree

3 2.61-3.40 Neutral

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree

1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

Table 4

Most Affected Locations

Percentage

of
Likert
Location Interpretation Analysis
Reported Rating

Theft

Public markets are

Public Very High crowded, making it easier

47.1% 4.5
Markets Risk for criminals to blend in

and escape.

Commuters often carry

Transport cash and valuables,

25.6% 4.2 High Risk
Terminals making them prime

targets.

27
 Shopping malls and

Commercial business centers attract

18.7% 3.9 Moderate Risk
Centers criminals due to frequent

transactions.

Theft cases usually

Residential
8.6% 3.2 Low Risk involved break-ins and
Areas
unattended homes.

Theft incidents were most frequently reported in areas with high foot traffic and

financial transactions, where criminals could operate with minimal detection. Public

markets emerged as the most high-risk locations, accounting for 47.1% of reported

incidents, with a Likert rating of 4.5 (Very High Risk). The dense crowding in these markets

provided cover for pickpockets and bag snatchers, allowing them to blend in and escape

unnoticed.

Transport terminals ranked second, with 25.6% of cases and a risk rating of 4.2

(High Risk). These areas, including bus stations, jeepney stops, and ports, attracted a high

volume of commuters carrying cash and valuables, making them prime targets for thieves.

Commercial centers, such as shopping malls, business hubs, and retail establishments,

accounted for 18.7% of incidents and were rated 3.9 (Moderate Risk). Large financial

transactions, distracted shoppers, and crowded store layouts contributed to the vulnerability

of these locations.

28
 Meanwhile, residential areas reported the lowest number of cases, comprising 8.6%

of incidents with a risk rating of 3.2 (Low Risk). These incidents primarily involved house

break-ins and theft from unattended properties, often occurring during working hours when

homeowners were away.

The findings underscored the need for targeted security measures in high-risk areas,

such as increased police visibility, surveillance systems, and community awareness

programs, to mitigate theft and enhance public safety.

Table 5

Peak Hours for Theft Incidents

Percentage
of
Likert
Type of Day Interpretation Analysis
Reported Rating

Thefts

People rushing to work

Early
30% 4.3 High Risk are distracted, making
Morning
them easy targets.

Reduced police patrols

and poor lighting create

Late Evening 35% 4.5 Very High Risk
opportunities for

criminals.

Markets and transport

Midday 20% 3.7 Moderate Risk
hubs experience high

29
 activity, increasing

crime risks.

Increased public

Afternoon 15% 3.2 Low Risk movement discourage

criminals.

The data suggested that criminals strategically chose time periods when victims

were most vulnerable and law enforcement presence was minimal. The high occurrence of

thefts during late evenings highlighted the urgent need for increased police patrols and

improved street lighting in key areas. Similarly, early morning incidents indicated a pattern

where commuters, often preoccupied with their routines, became prime targets. Midday

thefts, while lower in comparison, emphasized the need for heightened security measures

in crowded public spaces. The relatively lower risk in the afternoon suggested that natural

surveillance played a crucial role in deterring theft. Addressing these time-specific risks

through targeted interventions had the potential to significantly reduce theft incidents in

Zamboanga City.

Table 6

Most Common Types of Theft

Percentage Likert
Type of Theft Interpretation Analysis
of Cases Rating

This occurs mostly in

Pickpocketing 30.3% 4.6 Very High
crowded areas where

30
 Risk victims are unaware.

Criminals operate on foot

Snatching 27.4% 4.4 High Risk or motorcycles, making

escape easier.

Typically involves

intimidation or force,
Robbery 24.4% 4.2 High Risk
targeting businesses and

homes.

Break-ins usually happen

Burglaries 18% 3.8 Moderate Risk when homes are

unoccupied.

The analysis classified theft incidents based on their nature and execution, revealing

distinct patterns in criminal tactics and target selection. Among these, pickpocketing

emerged as the most prevalent form, accounting for 30.3% of reported cases, with a Likert

rating of 4.6 (Very High Risk). This type of theft frequently occurred in crowded public

areas such as markets, transport terminals, and commercial centers, where victims were often

distracted or unaware of their surroundings. Criminals capitalized on dense foot traffic to

discreetly steal wallets, mobile phones, and other valuables without immediate detection.

Snatching closely followed, making up 27.4% of cases, with a risk rating of 4.4 (High

Risk). This method typically involved perpetrators swiftly grabbing bags, jewelry, or mobile

phones before fleeing, often on foot or using motorcycles for a quick getaway. Snatching

31
incidents were commonly reported near transport terminals, busy streets, and commercial

districts where pedestrian activity was high, allowing criminals to blend into the crowd and

escape easily.

Robbery, which involved the use of force, threats, or intimidation, accounted for

24.4% of incidents and was rated 4.2 (High Risk). Businesses, financial establishments, and

residences were frequent targets, particularly during late-night hours or when security was

minimal. Armed or unarmed perpetrators often carried out these crimes in areas with limited

surveillance or police presence, making them more difficult to prevent and prosecute.

Burglaries made up 18% of cases, with a risk rating of 3.8 (Moderate Risk). These

incidents primarily occurred in residential areas when homes were unoccupied, especially

during working hours or late at night. Burglars often exploited weak security measures such

as unlocked doors, poorly lit surroundings, and the lack of security systems to gain entry.

In addition to statistical analysis, firsthand accounts from victims and community

members provided deeper insight into the nature of theft incidents. Snatching, burglary, and

shoplifting were among the most frequently reported crimes.

• A university student (Participant Coded 010) shared how their cellphone was stolen

while commuting, which made them more vigilant in public spaces:

"Before, I was not this careful, but since I was robbed, I always feel suspicious of

the people I ride with in the jeepney."

• A convenience store owner from Zone 4 (Participant Coded 008) highlighted

shoplifting as a recurring issue. After experiencing financial losses, they installed

surveillance cameras and trained their staff to be more observant:

32
 "There have been many times when we caught people stealing items. That's why now,

we closely monitor the movements of customers entering the store."

• A resident from Barangay Tetuan raised concerns about the increasing frequency and

boldness of burglaries, where criminals specifically targeted homes they knew were

unoccupied:

"Sometimes, there are houses that thieves break into when they know no one is

home."

By addressing these vulnerabilities through a combination of law enforcement

efforts, technological advancements, and community participation, Zamboanga City can

enhance its public safety measures and reduce theft-related crimes.

Table 6

Perception on Police and Barangay Efforts

Assessment Mean
Interpretation Analysis
Criteria Rating

Response times varied across

The police are
barangays, with quicker responses in
quick to respond 3.68 Agree
urban areas but delays in remote
to theft
communities.

Barangay Some barangays had active crime

Officials actively 3.85 Agree prevention programs, but others

participate in lacked coordination with law

33
 crime prevention enforcement.

Residents reported seeing police

Enough police
patrols during peak hours, but
patrols in high- 3.61 Agree
nighttime patrols were infrequent in
theft areas
some areas.

Areas with well-organized crime

Barangay Crime
watch programs reported fewer theft
Watch Programs 3.77 Agree
incidents. However, some programs
effectiveness
lacked consistent monitoring.

Malls, banks, and commercial areas

CCTV cameras
had extensive CCTV coverage, but
are widely used to 3.98 Agree
smaller businesses and residential
deter crime
areas lacked surveillance.

Overall, public perception of police and barangay efforts in crime prevention was

generally positive, but several areas for improvement were identified. Survey results

indicated mixed sentiments regarding law enforcement responsiveness, barangay

engagement, and the effectiveness of crime prevention initiatives. While police response

time received a 3.68 rating (Agree), the data showed that interventions in urban areas were

generally prompt, whereas response times in remote barangays were significantly slower.

This inconsistency in police responsiveness suggests the need for a more strategic and

balanced deployment plan to ensure that all communities, regardless of location, receive the

same level of security assistance.

34
 Barangay officials were perceived as actively engaged in crime prevention, receiving

a 3.85 rating (Agree), but the level of coordination with law enforcement varied across

different areas. Some barangays maintained strong communication and joint crime

prevention initiatives with the police, while others lacked structured collaboration, affecting

the efficiency of their security measures. Police patrols, which were rated 3.61 (Agree), were

reported to be visible during peak hours but inconsistent at night. Many residents expressed

concerns that inadequate nighttime patrolling allowed criminals to exploit weakly monitored

areas, leading to an increase in theft-related incidents.

Similarly, barangay crime watch programs were considered effective, receiving a

3.77 rating (Agree); however, inconsistencies in their implementation and monitoring

reduced their long-term impact. While some communities had well-organized crime

prevention groups that actively engaged with law enforcement, others struggled with

participation, resulting in varying levels of security across barangays. The use of CCTV

surveillance, which scored 3.98 (Agree), was widespread in commercial areas but was

notably lacking in residential zones, leaving homes and small businesses more vulnerable to

crime.

Community outreach programs led by both the police and barangay officials were

well-received, with a 3.82 rating (Agree), as they played a crucial role in fostering trust and

cooperation between law enforcement and the public. However, respondents noted that

crime prevention awareness campaigns should be conducted more frequently, particularly

in high-risk areas where theft incidents were most prevalent. A key recommendation that

emerged from the study was the integration of technology to improve crime reporting and

police-community engagement. Many respondents suggested developing mobile

35
applications that allow for real-time crime alerts, emergency reporting, and community

feedback. Such tools could streamline response efforts, improve communication between

law enforcement and residents, and promote a more proactive approach to crime prevention.

Despite the generally positive feedback, many residents expressed concerns about

inconsistencies in police response and barangay intervention. While some acknowledged

quick police action in certain areas, others reported delays and inefficiencies depending on

location and time of day. A restaurant owner (Participant Coded 005) shared their

experience, stating, "Sometimes, the response is fast, sometimes it's not. Maybe it depends

on the time and place. But I hope they have more presence, especially at night." This

statement highlighted the unpredictable nature of police visibility in certain districts and the

need for a more systematic and structured approach to patrolling theft-prone areas,

particularly during high-risk hours such as late evenings and early mornings.

Barangay officials played a crucial role in crime prevention, but some residents felt

that their presence and initiatives needed to be reinforced. A police officer (Participant

Coded 012) emphasized the importance of improving coordination between barangays and

law enforcement, stating, "Better coordination between the police and more barangay

watchmen assigned at night would be helpful." This feedback suggests that increasing the

number of barangay tanods and equipping them with proper training and communication

tools could significantly improve community security. Strengthening collaboration between

barangay officials and the police could also lead to more efficient crime prevention

measures, such as joint patrols, real-time intelligence sharing, and faster emergency response

times.

36
 Overall, the findings underscored the need for a multi-faceted approach to enhance

crime prevention efforts in Zamboanga City. While law enforcement and barangay officials

have implemented several crime deterrence measures, gaps remain in visibility,

responsiveness, and coordination. Addressing these issues requires a combination of

increased police patrols, improved barangay crime watch programs, enhanced technological

interventions, and greater community involvement in security initiatives. By adopting these

strategies, local authorities can create a safer environment and strengthen public trust in law

enforcement.

Table 7

Perceived Factors Contributing to Theft Incidents

Mean
Indicator Interpretation Analysis
Rating

Dimly lit streets created

opportunities for criminals

Lack of proper to operate unnoticed,

4.19 High
streetlighting especially in residential

areas and commercial

zones.

Residents felt that police

Lack of Police
4.07 High patrols were insufficient,
Visibility
particularly in theft-prone

37
 areas such as public

markets, terminals, and

alleys.

Economic hardship pushed

some individuals toward

Poverty/Unemployment 4.12 High theft as a means of survival,

particularly in informal

settlements.

Criminals targeted areas

without security cameras,

Lack of CCTV
4.24 Very High such as small businesses,
Surveillance
narrow streets, and remote

barangays.

Some barangays lacked

Lack of Community
active neighborhood watch
Engagement in Crime 3.91 High
programs, allowing theft
Prevention
incidents to go unchecked.

Stolen items, such as mobile

Easy Access to Stolen phones and motorcycles,
3.80 High
Goods in Markets were easily resold in flea

markets, making theft

38
 profitable.

Some barangays lacked

Ineffective Barangay trained personnel or had an

3.75 High
Security Measures insufficient number of

tanods to monitor crime.

Several environmental and socio-economic factors contributed to theft incidents.

The lack of CCTV surveillance (4.24, Very High), insufficient street lighting (4.19, High),

and inadequate police visibility (4.07, High) were major enablers of crime. Economic

conditions such as poverty and unemployment (4.12, High) played a significant role,

especially in informal settlements. Community engagement in crime prevention (3.91,

High) was found lacking in some barangays, increasing their vulnerability. Additionally,

easy access to stolen goods in markets (3.80, High) and ineffective barangay security

measures (3.75, High) contributed to the persistence of theft incidents.

Table 8

Recommended Measures to Reduce Theft

Number of
Respondents Likert
Cause of Theft Interpretation Analysis
Supporting Rating
It

Installation of 92 Surveillance helps

4.8 Very Effective
More CCTV respondents deter and solve crimes

39
 Cameras efficiently.

Greater police
Increased 85 Highly
4.6 visibility discourages
Police Patrols respondents Effective
criminal activities.

Well-lit areas reduce

Improved 56
4.3 Effective opportunities for
Streetlighting respondents
crime.

Active community
Community
48 involvement
Crime Watch 4.2 Effective
respondents strengthens crime
Programs
prevention efforts.

Street policies create

Stricter Law 43 Moderately
4.1 stronger deterrence
Enforcement respondents Effective
for offenders.

The study identified several critical interventions aimed at reducing theft incidents

in Zamboanga City. Among the most strongly supported measures was the installation of

additional CCTV cameras, which received a 4.8 rating (Very Effective). Participants

emphasized that expanding surveillance coverage, particularly in high-crime areas such as

public markets, transport terminals, and commercial centers, would significantly deter

criminal activities and aid in law enforcement investigations.

40
 Increasing police patrols was another highly recommended measure, with a 4.6

rating (Highly Effective). Many respondents stressed the importance of regular and visible

patrols, especially during peak theft hours at night and in areas with high pedestrian traffic.

Strengthening police presence was seen as a key deterrent that could improve public

confidence in security measures.

The improvement of street lighting was rated 4.3 (Effective), as poor lighting

conditions in certain barangays were identified as a major contributing factor to theft. Well-

lit streets, alleys, and public spaces would not only discourage criminal activity but also

enhance residents' sense of safety. A resident from Barangay Tetuan underscored the

importance of adequate lighting, stating, "It would be better if there were more streetlights

in dark areas, as well as regular police and barangay patrols."

Another recommended strategy was the strengthening of community crime watch

programs, which received a 4.2 rating (Effective). Participants noted that these programs

were valuable in crime prevention, but their success depended on proper structuring, active

monitoring, and sustained participation from community members. Respondents suggested

training barangay watch groups, enhancing coordination with law enforcement, and

encouraging citizen involvement in reporting suspicious activities.

Stricter law enforcement measures, such as intensified crackdowns on repeat

offenders and quicker response times to theft reports, received a 4.1 rating (Moderately

Effective). Some respondents expressed concerns about criminals returning to the streets

due to weak legal consequences, highlighting the need for stronger deterrence mechanisms.

41
Establishing stricter penalties for theft-related offenses and ensuring swift legal action were

among the recommendations proposed to curb repeat crimes.

A delivery rider (Participant Coded 015) echoed the call for improved public

surveillance, stating, "There should be more lights in dark areas, and CCTV cameras should

be installed in public places." Meanwhile, a restaurant owner from Zone 3 recommended

the creation of a dedicated crime hotline for businesses, allowing them to report theft

incidents promptly and receive immediate police assistance.

Beyond infrastructure improvements, the study emphasized the importance of

stronger collaboration between law enforcement, barangay officials, and the community.

Many respondents noted that while authorities have made strides in crime prevention, gaps

in coordination and response times remain a challenge. Strengthening partnerships through

joint patrols, real-time crime reporting mechanisms, and public awareness campaigns was

seen as a crucial step in creating a safer and more resilient community.

By implementing these targeted interventions, expanding CCTV surveillance,

increasing police visibility, improving street lighting, reinforcing community involvement,

and enforcing stricter penalties, Zamboanga City can develop a comprehensive and

proactive approach to reducing theft incidents and enhancing public safety.

The study identified several key interventions to mitigate theft incidents. The most

strongly supported measures included installing more CCTV cameras (4.8, Very Effective),

increasing police patrols (4.6, Highly Effective), and improving street lighting (4.3,

Effective). Community crime watch programs (4.2, Effective) were also seen as crucial,

provided they were well-structured and actively monitored. Stricter law enforcement (4.1,
42
Moderately Effective) was suggested, with respondents emphasizing the need for stronger

deterrence measures to curb criminal activities.

Participants suggested several measures to reduce theft, including better street

lighting, more frequent police patrols, and the installation of CCTV cameras in high-risk

areas. The resident from Barangay Tetuan stressed the importance of proper lighting, "Mas

okay era si manada luz na mga iskuro lugar pati si regular era tan ronda el maga pulis y de

barangay."(It would be better if there were more streetlights in dark areas, as well as regular

police and barangay patrols).

A delivery rider (Participant Coded 015) also pointed out the importance of

surveillance systems in public spaces. "Mas mataud ilaw ha mga tigidlum dan iban pataurun

in mga CCTV ha mga public places." (There should be more lights in dark areas, and

CCTV cameras should be installed in public places). Increased police patrols and a

dedicated hotline for business owners were additional recommendations provided by the

restaurant owner from

Summary of Findings

The study revealed critical insights into the patterns, locations, and perceptions

surrounding theft incidents in Zamboanga City. The data showed that theft was most

prevalent in areas with high foot traffic and financial transactions, particularly in public

markets, transport terminals, and commercial centers. Public markets, which accounted for

47.1% of reported cases, posed the highest risk due to their crowded nature, allowing

criminals to operate discreetly. Transport terminals followed with 25.6% of theft cases, as

commuters carrying cash and valuables became easy targets. Commercial centers, including
43
shopping malls and business hubs, experienced 18.7% of incidents, while residential areas

had the lowest reported cases at 8.6%, primarily involving break-ins and unattended homes.

Peak hours for theft incidents also followed a strategic pattern. Late evening emerged

as the most vulnerable time, with a 4.5 Likert rating (Very High Risk), primarily due to

reduced police patrols and poor street lighting, which provided opportunities for criminals.

Early mornings followed closely, rated at 4.3 (High Risk), when commuters, preoccupied

with their routines, were more susceptible. Midday incidents, though lower, emphasized the

need for increased security in bustling areas. The afternoons saw the least number of

incidents, as the increased public presence and natural surveillance deterred criminal

activities.

Regarding the nature of theft, pickpocketing (30.3%) was the most commonly

reported crime, rated at 4.6 (Very High Risk), occurring mostly in crowded spaces where

victims were less aware of their surroundings. Snatching (27.4%) was another prevalent

issue, often involving criminals on foot or motorcycles who could easily escape. Robberies

(24.4%) targeted businesses and homes, frequently involving intimidation or force.

Meanwhile, burglaries (18%) occurred when homes were unoccupied, highlighting

vulnerabilities in residential security.

Public perception of police and barangay efforts reflected a general sense of

agreement but also highlighted areas for improvement. While residents acknowledged police

responsiveness with a 3.68 rating (Agree), response times varied, with quicker interventions

in urban areas and delays in remote communities. Barangay officials were seen as engaged

in crime prevention efforts (3.85, Agree), but their coordination with law enforcement was

44
inconsistent. Police patrols, while visible during peak hours (3.61, Agree), were infrequent

at night, leaving key areas vulnerable. Barangay crime watch programs (3.77, Agree) were

effective where implemented but lacked consistent monitoring. CCTV surveillance was

widely used in commercial areas (3.98, Agree), but smaller businesses and residential zones

had minimal coverage, making them prime targets for criminals.

Several factors contributed to the persistence of theft incidents. The lack of CCTV

surveillance (4.24, Strongly Agree), poor street lighting (4.19, Agree), and limited police

visibility (4.07, Agree) were key enablers of crime. Economic struggles, including poverty

and unemployment (4.12, Agree), also played a role in driving individuals to commit theft.

Some barangays lacked active neighborhood watch programs (3.91, Agree), making them

more susceptible. Additionally, stolen goods were easily resold in flea markets (3.80,

Agree), while barangay security measures (3.75, Agree) were often deemed insufficient.

To combat these issues, respondents strongly supported installing more CCTV

cameras (4.8, Very Effective), increasing police patrols (4.6, Highly Effective), and

improving street lighting (4.3, Effective). Strengthening community crime watch programs

(4.2, Effective) and enforcing stricter laws (4.1, Moderately Effective) were also emphasized

as necessary measures.

Interviews with selected participants provided further depth to these findings.

Victims of theft, including students and business owners, recounted personal experiences

that made them more cautious in public spaces. A university student who had their cellphone

stolen on a commute admitted becoming more vigilant. A convenience store owner, after

suffering repeated shoplifting incidents, invested in surveillance cameras and trained staff

45
to monitor customers more closely. Residents in Barangay Tetuan raised concerns about

increasing burglaries and the boldness of criminals targeting unoccupied homes.

Feedback on police and barangay efforts was mixed. Some respondents appreciated

quick police responses, while others pointed out inconsistencies depending on the time and

location. A restaurant owner noted that responses varied, with faster action in certain areas

but delays in others, particularly at night. A police officer emphasized the need for better

coordination between barangays and law enforcement, suggesting that increasing the

number of barangay tanods and strengthening communication with the police would

enhance security.

To address theft incidents, community members proposed several key measures.

Residents called for improved street lighting, increased police patrols, and wider CCTV

coverage, especially in high-risk areas. A delivery rider stressed the importance of

surveillance systems in public spaces, while a business owner suggested establishing a

dedicated hotline for business-related crime reports. These recommendations, if properly

implemented, could significantly reduce theft incidents and enhance public safety in

Zamboanga City.

IV. CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that theft remains a significant public safety concern in

Zamboanga City, particularly in high-traffic areas such as public markets, transport

terminals, and commercial centers. The data revealed that peak crime hours occur during

late evenings and early mornings when security presence is low, and that pickpocketing and

snatching are the most frequent theft types. Public perception of police and barangay efforts
46
indicated a general agreement that law enforcement interventions are helpful but

inconsistent across different barangays.

Key factors contributing to theft include poor street lighting, inadequate CCTV

surveillance, and limited police visibility, alongside socio-economic issues such as

unemployment. Given these findings, addressing theft requires a holistic approach that

enhances security infrastructure, strengthens police-community engagement, and

implements strategic urban planning measures for crime prevention.

V. RECOMMENDATIONS

To effectively implement and sustain the Theft Prevention Action Plan, the following

recommendations should be considered:

1. Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration- establish regular coordination meetings

between the PNP, LGUs, barangay officials, business groups, transport sectors, and

community organizations to streamline crime prevention efforts. Partnerships should

be formalized through MOUs and joint security agreements to ensure long-term

cooperation.

2. Enhance Intelligence-Driven Policing- improve crime mapping, data analysis, and

predictive policing strategies to proactively identify high-theft areas and effectively

deploy resources where they are most needed. This includes leveraging technology

such as CCTV integration, crime alert systems, and digital reporting platforms.

3. Sustain Increased Police Visibility and Patrols- maintain consistent foot and mobile

patrols in theft-prone areas and deploy Police Assistance Desks (PADs) in busy

47
 commercial districts and transport hubs. PNP units should collaborate with barangay

tanods, security personnel, and volunteers to maximize coverage.

4. Improve Community Awareness and Public Engagement- conduct continuous theft

prevention seminars, safety training, and community outreach programs to educate

the public on crime prevention strategies. Encourage a "Know Your Neighbor"

program to foster community-based crime monitoring and reporting.

5. Enhance Incident Reporting and Rapid Response Systems- establish a dedicated theft

hotline that integrates PNP, LGU, barangay, and private security sectors to facilitate

real-time reporting and faster response times. Regular response drills should be

conducted to assess efficiency and effectiveness.

6. Implement Safe Public Spaces Initiatives - work with LGUs and barangay officials

to improve street lighting, maintain public CCTV surveillance, and deploy watch

groups in dimly lit areas. Infrastructure improvements should focus on crime-prone

locations such as markets, bus terminals, and parking areas.

7. Strengthen Case Monitoring and Prosecution- establish regular case monitoring and

review meetings between PNP, DOJ representatives, and barangay officials to ensure

swift case resolution and legal action against repeat offenders. Training programs on

evidence handling and documentation should be conducted for police investigators.

8. Engage Youth in Crime Prevention Programs- implement school-based anti-theft

campaigns, sports and livelihood programs, and mentorship initiatives to discourage

juvenile involvement in criminal activities. Schools, NGOs, and community leaders

should be involved in rehabilitation and skills training for at-risk youth.

9. Leverage Technology for Crime Prevention- utilize crime mapping software, digital

crime alert systems, and community-based surveillance apps to enhance public

48
 safety measures. LGUs should allocate funding to support modernized police

technologies and digital crime monitoring systems.

10. Conduct Periodic Assessment and Policy Reforms- regularly evaluate the

effectiveness of theft prevention strategies, making necessary adjustments based on

crime trends, public feedback, and law enforcement assessments. The PNP, in

coordination with LGUs and stakeholders, should review and enhance policies that

VI. ACTION PLAN

The growing concerns over theft incidents in urban and commercial areas necessitate

a strategic and collaborative approach to crime prevention. Recognizing that law

enforcement alone cannot fully address these challenges, the implementation of a

comprehensive theft prevention action plan that integrates intelligence-driven policing,

enhanced visibility, community engagement, and technological advancements. This

initiative highlights the importance of collaboration between PNP, Local Government Units

(LGUs), barangay officials, business sectors, transport groups, and community

organizations to create a safer environment for all.

A multi-sectoral approach is essential in deterring theft and improving public safety.

This action plan outlines key strategies such as increased patrols, intelligence-sharing, rapid

response mechanisms, crime prevention education, safe public spaces initiatives, and

stronger case monitoring. By leveraging partnerships with various stakeholders, PRO9 aims

to proactively combat theft, strengthen public trust, and foster a culture of vigilance and

cooperation.

49
 With realistic timelines and sustainable implementation, this action plan is designed

to produce long-term impact, ensuring that crime prevention efforts go beyond law

enforcement operations and are integrated into the daily lives of communities. The combined

efforts of the police and partner organizations will not only reduce theft incidents but also

promote a more secure and resilient society.

Table 8

Action Plans

Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

Intelligence-Driven ▪ Establish a Theft ▪ LGU- provide

0-3 months
Crime Prevention Crime Intelligence logistical support for
(initial setup),
Task Force to track crime mapping and
Ongoing
crime trends and real-time reporting.
intelligence
identify hotspots.
operations
▪ Conduct weekly ▪ Barangay Officials-

intelligence-sharing report incidents and

meetings with share intelligence on

barangay officials, criminal activities.

LGU representatives,

and business security ▪ Business Owners

officers. and Transport

Groups- provide

50
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Utilize predictive security footage and

policing by analyzing firsthand crime

theft patterns and reports.

trends.

Increased Police ▪ Increase mobile and Immediate (0-3

Visibility & Patrols foot patrols in high- ▪ LGU- provide fuel months),

theft zones, and maintenance for Continuous

particularly markets, patrol vehicles. - implementation

terminals, and Barangay Officials: checks quarterly

commercial areas. Assign tanods for

joint patrols.

▪ Deploy Police

Assistance Desks ▪ Business Owners and

(PADs) in Transport Groups-

coordination with assist in coordinating

barangay officials security efforts with

during peak hours to police.

deter criminals.

51
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Conduct joint patrols

with barangay tanods

and force multipliers.

▪ Implement "Adopt-a-

Community"

initiative, assigning

police units to

specific barangays

for better

engagement.

▪ Establish a dedicated ▪ LGU- provide call

Hotline setup (0-
theft hotline at police center support for
3 months),
stations, barangay theft hotline
Ongoing
halls, and LGU operations.
Rapid Response & efficiency
offices for real-time ▪ Barangay Officials:
Incident Reporting
reporting. Strengthen local

emergency response

▪ Improve radio mechanisms.

communication ▪

between police,

52
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

barangay officials, ▪ Community

and private security Organizations-

personnel for faster promote hotline

response. awareness and

reporting culture.

▪ Conduct quarterly

response drills to

assess efficiency and

refine response

strategies.

▪ Deploy quick-

reaction police teams

in crime-prone areas.

Community ▪ Launch a Barangay ▪ LGU- fund safety Task Force

Awareness & Crime Theft Prevention awareness materials formation (0-3

Prevention Task Force with and host community months),

Programs LGU, barangay, and forums. Ongoing

community leaders awareness

to educate residents ▪ Barangay Officials- programs

on crime prevention. organize local

53
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

seminars and

▪ Conduct crime workshops.

prevention seminars

and self-defense ▪ NGOs, Schools, and

workshops for at-risk Faith-Based Groups-

groups (vendors, assist in community

commuters, education and

students). training.

▪ Distribute IEC ▪

materials on theft

prevention through

barangays, schools,

and local businesses.

▪ Implement a "Know

Your Neighbor"

program to

encourage

community

surveillance.

54
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Improve street ▪ LGU- allocate

lighting in theft- resources for minor
prone areas in lighting
coordination with improvements and
Initial safety
Safe Public Spaces LGU and barangay approve additional
assessment (0-3
Initiative officials. CCTV installations.
months),

Monthly
▪ Deploy barangay ▪ Barangay Officials-
monitoring
watch groups to conduct regular

conduct regular checks on streetlights

night patrols in and patrol schedules.

dimly lit areas.

▪ Community

Volunteers and

▪ Conduct monthly Private Sector- assist

safety assessments in monitoring safety

with barangay measures and

officials, community reporting concerns.

leaders, and urban

planners.

55
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Recommend CCTV

camera placement in

high-risk areas.

▪ LGU- provide legal Ongoing,

▪ Improve
support for case Monthly
coordination with
documentation. monitoring and
prosecutors and
evaluation
Strengthened Case courts to ensure
▪ Barangay Officials-
Monitoring & swift legal action
assist in witness
Prosecution against theft
protection and
suspects.
community

reporting.
▪ Conduct monthly

case reviews with

▪ DOJ and Legal Aid
PNP, DOJ
Groups- expedite
representatives, and
case processing and
barangay officials to
ensure proper legal
track case progress
representation.
and identify

bottlenecks.

56
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Train police

investigators in

proper case

documentation and

evidence handling

for stronger

prosecution.

▪ Partner with ▪ LGU- provide

business owners, incentives for

market vendors, and businesses that

Engagement with transport groups to implement theft 0-6 months

Business & implement secure prevention measures. (Initial

Transport Sectors transaction zones. implementation),

▪ Encourage ▪ Business and Ongoing

establishments to Transport Groups- coordination

adopt "No Loose implement safety

Cash Policy" and protocols in

improve security terminals and

measures. marketplaces. -

▪ Set up Police- Barangay Officials-

Business Watch monitor business

57
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

programs to facilitate compliance with

direct coordination security initiatives.

between police and

commercial

establishments.

▪ Conduct random ▪ LGU- implement

police inspections in stricter transport

public utility security measures.

vehicles and Immediate (0-3

Public Transport
transport terminals ▪ Barangay Officials- months),
Theft Prevention
to deter pickpockets assist in monitoring Regular patrols

and snatchers. transport areas.

▪ Assign police

personnel to

strategic transport

hubs during peak ▪ Transport Groups-

hours. train drivers and

▪ Distribute theft conductors to report

prevention suspicious activities.

reminders to

58
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

commuters in

coordination with

transport operators.

▪ Identify at-risk ▪ LGU- fund youth

youth and provide engagement

rehabilitation programs.
3-6 months
Youth Crime programs for minor
(Initial rollout),
Prevention Program offenders. ▪ Schools and NGOs-
Ongoing
support anti-theft
implementation
▪ Strengthen anti-theft education and

awareness in schools mentorship

through police-led programs.

seminars.

▪ Implement sports ▪ Barangay Officials-

and livelihood assist in monitoring

programs to deter at-risk youth.

youth involvement

in theft.

59
 Collaborative Efforts
Program/Strategy Activity Timeline
and Coordination

▪ Utilize crime ▪ LGU- provide 6-12 months,

Technology
mapping and real- technical support and Continuous
Integration for
time tracking allocate budget for improvements
Crime Prevention
software to identify crime-mapping

and monitor theft software.

hotspots. ▪ Barangay Officials-

assist in data

▪ Develop a collection for crime

community crime reports.

alert system via ▪ Community

SMS or social media Organizations-

to update the public promote awareness

on crime trends. and public

participation in

reporting.

60
References

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2015). 2015 Census of Population: Zamboanga City. PSA.

Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph

PhilAtlas. (2023). Zamboanga City Population and Demographics. Retrieved from

https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/r09/zamboanga-city.html

Alvarez, M. (2022). Crime Trends and Challenges in Zamboanga City. Journal of Public

Safety and Security, 14(2), 45-60.

Bautista, R. (2023). Economic Drivers and Culinary Heritage of Zamboanga City.

Philippine Economic Review, 18(3), 78-95.

Gonzalez, P. (2023). Leadership and Governance in Zamboanga City: An Overview of

Political and Economic Initiatives. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 20(1),

23-40.

Moreno, L. (2022). Cultural Festivals and Traditions in Zamboanga City. Mindanao

Cultural Studies, 12(4), 102-118.

61
PhilAtlas. (2015). Age Dependency Ratios and Demographic Profile of Zamboanga City.

Retrieved from https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/r09/zamboanga-city.html

Santiago, J. (2023). Economic Growth and Tourism Development in Zamboanga City.

Southeast Asian Tourism and Economy Journal, 15(2), 58-74.

United Nations. (2024). Sacol Island: A Smart Village in Zamboanga City. Retrieved from

https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/Camba_Sacol%20Island.pdf

Inquirer.net. (2020). Zamboanga City digital hub recognized in int’l IT summit. Retrieved

from https://technology.inquirer.net/104092/zamboanga-city-digital-hub-recognized-

in-intl-it-summit

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). Urban Crime Prevention Strategies:

Best Practices for Law Enforcement and Community Engagement.

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). (2023). Barangay Crime

Prevention and Community Policing Handbook.

Local Government of Zamboanga City. (2024). Public Safety and Security Plan.

62
 APPENDIX A
COURTESY CALL LETTERS
January 31, 2025

PCOL KIMBERLY E MOLITAS

City Director
Zamboanga City Police Office (ZCPO)
Don Pablo Lorenzo Street, Zamboanga City

Dear PCOL MOLITAS:

Greetings of peace and public service!
I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. On behalf of my
group members, I am writing to formally request an interview with you as part of our
research for the Public Safety Officer’s Advance Course (PSOAC). Our study
focuses on the challenges of robbery prevention, police response, and community
engagement in Zamboanga City.
Given your leadership and extensive experience in law enforcement, we
believe your insights would be invaluable in understanding the police force’s role in
crime prevention, intervention, and public safety strategies. Additionally, we would
greatly appreciate any relevant data, reports, or recommendations from your office
that could contribute to a comprehensive analysis of this critical issue.
Should your schedule permit, we would be honored to meet with you at your
most convenient time to discuss this matter. We look forward to your guidance and
support in this endeavor.
Thank you for your time, consideration, and continuous efforts in ensuring
public safety and community development in Zamboanga City. Should you require
any further details, please feel free to contact me at 09554122971.Greetings of
peace and public service!
Sincerely yours,

PCPT JOEY S CORDERO

63
 January 31, 2025

PCPT MOHAMAR R MARIWA

Officer-in-Charge
ZCPS11
Gov. Lim Avenue, Zamboanga City

Dear PCPT MARIWA:

Best wishes for peace and public service!
I hope this letter brings you good health and good spirits. On behalf of my
team, I am writing to request an interview with you as part of our investigation into
the Public Safety Advisory Committee (PSOAC). Our research focuses on the
challenges of riot control, policing, and community engagement in Zamboanga City,
specifically within the jurisdiction of 11 police stations.
Given your leadership and experience, we believe that your feedback will be
valuable in understanding the strategies and challenges faced by law enforcement
agencies in combating robbery and burglary. We would also appreciate any
information, reports, or suggestions that your station may provide for further analysis
of this important issue. If your schedule permits, we would be honored to meet with
you to discuss this matter at a time that is most convenient for you. We look forward
to your guidance and assistance.
Thank you for your time, attention, and commitment to ensuring public safety
and community development in Zamboanga City. If you require further information,
please contact 09554122971.
Sincerely yours,

PCPT JOEY S CORDERO

64
 APPENDIX B
SURVEY FORM

Survey Questionnaire No.: ____

Public Safety Challenges in Addressing Theft Incidents in Zamboanga City:

A Focus on Police Response and Community Engagement

This survey aims to gather insights on theft incidents, public safety, and the
effectiveness of police response and community engagement in selected barangays in
Zamboanga City. Your responses will remain confidential and will be used solely for
research purposes. Please answer each question honestly based on your experiences and
observations.

I. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (Check or fill in as appropriate.)

Name (Optional): ______________________________________
1. Age

☐ 18-24 years old

☐ 24-34 years old

☐ 35-44 years old

☐ 45-54 years old

☐ 55-64 years old

☐ 65 and above

2. Gender

☐ Male

☐ Female

☐ Prefer not to say

65
3. Category

☐ Resident

☐ Business Owner

☐ Student

☐ Working Individual

☐ Barangay Official

☐ Police Officer/Force Multiplier/Watch

4. Barangay of residence

☐ Zone 1

☐ Zone 2

☐ Zone 3

☐ Zone 4

☐ Tetuan

☐ Calarian

5. Place of work: ________________________

6. Have you ever been a victim of theft in Zamboanga City?

☐ Yes

☐ No

7. If yes, how many times?

☐ Once

66
☐ 2-3 times

☐ More than 3 times

II. THEFT INCIDENTS IN THE COMMUNITY

A. Types and Frequency of Theft
1. Which types of theft are most common in your area? (Check all that apply.)

☐ Pickpocketing

☐ Burglary

☐ Robbery

☐ Snatching

☐ Car theft

☐ Others (Specify: ______)

2. Where do theft incidents most frequently occur in your area? (Check all that apply.)

☐ Public markets

☐ Transport terminals

☐ Residential areas

☐ Commercial establishments

☐ Other (Specify: ______)

3. At what time of the day are theft incidents most common?

☐ Morning

☐ Afternoon

☐ Evening

☐ Late night

67
☐ No specific pattern

B. Factors Contributing to Theft (Rate the following factors based on their

contribution to theft incidents in your area.)
Scale:
1 = Very Low
2 = Low
3 = Neutral
4 = High
5 = Very High

VH H N L VL
No. Indicators
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

1 Lack of proper street lighting

2 Lack of police visibility

3 Poverty/Unemployment

4 Lack of CCTV surveillance

Lack of community engagement in crime

5
prevention

6 Easy access to stolen goods in local markets

7 Ineffective barangay security measures

III. PERCEPTIONS OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND CRIME PREVENTION

A. Effectiveness of Police Response and Barangay Crime Prevention (Rate the
following statements.)
Scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neutral
4 = Agree
68
 5 = Strongly Agree

SA A N D SD
No. Indicators
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

The police are quick to respond to theft incidents

1
in my area.

Barangay Officials actively participate in crime

2
prevention efforts.

There are enough police patrols in areas with

3
high theft rates.

The barangay crime watch program is effective

4
in reducing theft incidents.

CCTV cameras are widely used in my area to

5
deter crime.

B. Community Perceptions of Safety (Rate the following statements.)

SA A N D SD
No. Indicators
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

I feel safe walking around my neighborhood

1
during the day.

I feel safe walking around my neighborhood at

2
night.

I believe theft incidents are underreported in my

3
area.

I trust the police to address theft incidents

4
effectively.

IV. Suggested Measures for Improving Public Safety

1. What measures do you think would be most effective in reducing theft in your
area? (Check all that apply.)

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☐ Increased police patrols

☐ More CCTV cameras

☐ Improved streetlighting

☐ Community crime watch programs

☐ Stricter law enforcement

☐ Others (Specify: ______)

What additional crime prevention strategies do you suggest for your barangay?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your responses will contribute
to a better understanding of theft incidents and public safety challenges in Zamboanga City.
The insights gathered will help improve police response and community engagement in
crime prevention.

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 INTERVIEW GUIDE

For Residents
1. How safe do you feel in your barangay, especially at night?
(Gaano mo nararamdaman ang kaligtasan sa iyong barangay, lalo na sa gabi?)

2. What are the most common areas where theft occurs in your community?
(Ano ang mga karaniwang lugar sa inyong komunidad kung saan madalas mangyari ang
pagnanakaw?

3. What measures should be implemented to reduce theft in your area?

(Anong mga hakbang ang dapat ipatupad upang mabawasan ang mga insidente ng
pagnanakaw sa inyong lugar?)

For Business Owners

1. Have you experienced theft in your business, and how did it impact your operations?
(Naranasan mo na bang manakawan sa iyong negosyo? Paano ito nakaapekto sa iyong
operasyon?)

2. How would you rate the police response to theft incidents in commercial areas?
(Paano mo ipapaliwanag ang tugon ng pulisya sa mga insidente ng pagnanakaw sa mga
komersyal na lugar?)

3. What security improvements do you suggest to better protect businesses?

(Anong mga hakbang sa seguridad ang maaari mong imungkahi upang mas
maprotektahan ang mga negosyo?)

For Students
1. Do you feel safe traveling to and from school? Why or why not?
(Pakiramdam mo ba ay ligtas ka habang bumabiyahe papunta at pauwi ng paaralan? Bakit
oo o bakit hindi?)
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2. Have you or your classmates experienced theft within or near your school?
(Ikaw o ang iyong mga kaklase ba ay nakaranas ng insidente ng pagnanakaw sa loob o
malapit sa paaralan?)

3. What additional safety measures should be implemented to protect students from theft?
(Anong mga karagdagang hakbang sa seguridad ang dapat ipatupad upang maprotektahan
ang mga mag-aaral laban sa pagnanakaw?)
For Working Individuals
1. Have you or your coworkers experienced theft incidents while commuting or at work?
(Ikaw o ang iyong mga katrabaho ba ay nakaranas ng insidente ng pagnanakaw habang
bumibiyahe o nasa trabaho?)

2. How do theft incidents affect your daily routine and sense of safety?
(Paano naaapektuhan ng mga insidente ng pagnanakaw ang iyong pang-araw-araw na
gawain at pakiramdam ng kaligtasan?)

3. What improvements do you think should be made to enhance public safety for workers?
(Anong mga pagpapabuti ang maaaring gawin upang mapabuti ang pampublikong
seguridad para sa mga manggagawa?)

For Barangay Officials

1. What are the most common types of theft reported in your barangay?
(Ano ang mga pinakakaraniwang uri ng pagnanakaw na naiuulat sa inyong barangay?)

2. What crime prevention programs does your barangay implement to address theft?
(Anong mga programa sa pag-iwas sa krimen ang ipinatutupad ng inyong barangay
upang labanan ang pagnanakaw?)

3. What additional measures do you think should be taken to strengthen public safety?
(Anong mga karagdagang hakbang ang dapat gawin upang mapalakas ang
pampublikong kaligtasan?)

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 For Police Officers

1. What are the biggest challenges in responding to and preventing theft in your area?
(Ano ang pinakamalalaking hamon sa pagtugon at pagpigil sa mga insidente ng
pagnanakaw sa inyong lugar?)

2. How effective are current police patrols and crime prevention strategies against theft?
(Gaano kaepektibo ang kasalukuyang mga pagpapatrolya ng pulisya at mga estratehiya
sa pagpigil sa krimen laban sa pagnanakaw?)

3. What improvements in law enforcement do you suggest to address theft incidents better?
(Anong mga pagpapabuti sa pagpapatupad ng batas ang iyong iminumungkahi upang
mas epektibong matugunan ang mga insidente ng pagnanakaw?

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APPENDIX C

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APPENDIX D

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 APPENDIX E

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Courtesy Call to PCOL KIMBERLY E MOLITAS, CD, ZCPO

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 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Courtesy Call to PCPT ARIEL S CABANLONG, OIC, PS11, ZCPO and

Barangay Chairpersons

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 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

DATA GATHERING

(Survey Distribution and Interviews)

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 PCPT JOEY SAN LUIS CORDERO is a dedicated

police officer with 21 years of service in the PNP.

Throughout his career, he has gained extensive experience

in law enforcement, crime prevention, investigations, and

community engagement. He has held key leadership roles,

including Deputy Station Commander at PS5, ZCPO, and

Deputy Station Commander for Administration. His expertise in tactical operations and

crime prevention has been instrumental in enhancing public safety in his assigned areas.

Guided by integrity and professionalism, he remains committed to upholding the law and

ensuring the security of the communities he serves.

He holds a Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Western Mindanao State

University and has undergone extensive professional training. His education includes the

Police Inspectors Field Training Program, Police Officers Basic Course, and specialized

training in investigations, SWAT, and aviation security. Additionally, he has attended

seminars on protective security, first responders, and police intelligence analysis, further

enhancing his operational capabilities. His continuous pursuit of knowledge and skill

development reflects his commitment to excellence in law enforcement.

His outstanding service has earned him numerous commendations, including the

Medalya ng Kagalingan, Medalya ng Paglilingkod sa Mindanao, and the Medalya ng

Pagtulong sa Nasalanta, among others. He has also received a Tsapa sa Natatanging Unit

and multiple Letters of Commendation for his contributions to law enforcement. His

dedication to public service and leadership continues to strengthen peace and security in

his community, making him a valuable asset to the PNP and the people he serves
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 PCPT PERLITO A ABBILANI is a highly

dedicated and results-oriented Police Captain with 27

years of service in the Philippine National Police,

specializing in law enforcement, crime prevention,

investigation, and community engagement. Proven

leadership and operational skills, with a track record of

excellence in maintaining public order and security. Most recently served as Deputy for

Operations at PS7, ZCPO, PRO 9, demonstrating strong management capabilities and

commitment to public safety. Throughout a distinguished career, held various key

positions, including Deputy Chief for Operations at PS7, ZCPO, Platoon Leader at the 1st

Zamboanga City Mobile Force Company, and Deputy Company Commander at the 2nd

Zamboanga Sibugay Provincial Mobile Force Company.

Earned a Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Universidad de Zamboanga

(formerly Zamboanga AE College). Attended Ateneo de Zamboanga University for high

school and Pilar College for elementary education. Committed to continuous professional

development, completing specialized training courses such as the Investigation Officer

Basic Course, PS Officers Basic Course, PS Senior Leadership Course, PS Junior

Leadership Course, and PNP SCOUT training. Recognized for exemplary service with

multiple awards, including the Medalya ng Paglilingkod sa Mindanao, Medalya ng

Paglaban sa Manliligalig, Medalya ng Pagtulong sa Nasalanta, Medalya ng Ugnayang

Pampulisya, Medalya ng Papuri, and Medalya ng Kasanayan, as well as numerous Letters

of Commendation. Known for integrity, professionalism, and dedication to law

enforcement excellence.

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 PCPT MANUEL S. LEONOR, JR. is a highly skilled

police officer with 19 years of service in the Philippine

National Police (PNP), specializing in counter-terrorism,

hostage rescue, and guerrilla warfare as a former Special

Action Force (SAF) operator. He has been deployed in

various conflict-affected areas across Luzon and Mindanao,

playing a vital role in high-profile operations such as the Marawi Siege and Oplan Exodus

(SAF 44). His expertise in combat tactics, target surveillance, and reconnaissance has earned

him commendations for excellence in internal security operations.

Throughout his career, he has led and participated in high-risk missions,

demonstrating exceptional leadership and tactical proficiency. He played a key role in the

capture of Teodorico Manzano (Ka Omar), a high-ranking rebel commander, and served as

Assistant Team Leader during the Marawi Siege. With his extensive operational experience,

he has contributed to police training and capability development, serving as an instructor for

SAF Commando Class 46, the Officers’ Tactical Commander Course (PRO12), SWAT

(Davao Sur PPO), and advanced marksmanship (North Cotabato PPO).

PCPT LEONOR holds a Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Capitol

University and has completed elite military training, including the Scout Ranger Course,

Basic Airborne Course, and Urban Counter-Revolutionary Warfare Course. In recognition

of his outstanding service, he has received numerous awards, including the Lapu-Lapu

Award for his role in the Marawi Siege and the Medalya ng Kadakilaan. He continues to

serve with dedication and professionalism, applying his vast experience and leadership to

safeguard peace and security in the country.

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