SQL Server lab manual

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

Insert values
 Destination columns should match.
 if no value is given for a column, null will be taken by default, else if that column has “not null”
constraint, it returns error

The syntax to insert values within a table

Syntax: INSERT INTO TableName values(‘value1’,’value2’,’value3’) or

INSERT INTO TableName(column1, column2, column3) VALUES (‘value1’,’value2’,’value3’)
Example: insert into Coursetbl values('c005',’Database’, 3); Or
INSERT INTO Coursetbl(Ccode, CTitle, CCredit) VALUES(‘c005’,’Database’,’3’);

Update values in a table

To update a single field with in a table we can use the following syntax:

Syntax: Update TableName set ColumnName=’TheNewValue’ Where PrimaryKey=’TheValue Of

The Primary Key For That Column’;
Example: update Coursetbl set CTitle='computer organization and architecture' where Ccode='c001';
Delete a single row in a table

Example: delete from Coursetbl where Ccode='c001';

DRL (Data Retrieval Language)
Select statement
 The SELECT operator can be used, among other things, to display a value.
 Based on this, to use it, where it is needed, type SELECT followed by a number, a word, a string,
or an expression.

select * from Coursetbl;

select * from StudStatustbl;
select * from CourseRegistrationtbl;
select Studenttbl.Studname, Studenttbl.StudDepartment, Resulttbl.LetterGrade from
Studenttbl,Resulttbl where Resulttbl.Sid=Studenttbl.Sid;
SQL Server: Comparison Operators

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This SQL Server tutorial explores all of the comparison operators used to test for equality and
inequality, as well as the more advanced operators in SQL Server (Transact-SQL).
Comparison operators are used in the WHERE clause to determine which records to select. Here is a
list of the comparison operators that you can use in SQL Server.

Comparison Operator Description

= Equal
<> Not Equal
!= Not Equal
> Greater Than
>= Greater Than or Equal
< Less Than
<= Less Than or Equal

Equality Operator
In SQL Server, you can use the = operator to test for equality in a query.

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name = 'Jane';

In this example, the SELECT statement above would return all rows from the employees table where
the first_name is equal to Jane.
Inequality Operator
In SQL Server, you can use the <> or != operators to test for inequality in a query.
For example, we could test for inequality using the <> operator, as follows:

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name <> 'Jane';

In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the employees table where
the first_name is not equal to Jane.
Or you could also write this query using the != operator, as follows:

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name != 'Jane';

Both of these queries would return the same results.

Greater Than Operator
You can use the > operator in SQL Server to test for an expression greater than.

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id > 3000;

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In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the employees table where
the employee_id is greater than 3000. An employee_id equal to 3000 would not be included in the
result.
Greater Than or Equal Operator
In SQL Server, you can use the >= operator to test for an expression greater than or equal to.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id >= 3000;

In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the employees table where
the employee_id is greater than or equal to 3000. In this case, employee_id equal to 3000 would be
included in the result set.
Less Than Operator
You can use the < operator in SQL Server to test for an expression less than.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id < 500;

In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the employees table where
the employee_id is less than 500. An employee_id equal to 500 would not be included in the result set.
Less Than or Equal Operator
In SQL Server, you can use the <= operator to test for an expression less than or equal to.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id <= 500;

In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the employees table where
the employee_id is less than or equal to 500. In this case, employee_id equal to 500 would be included
in the result set.
How to assign our own name for the columns in the database?

Example: select Studname as "Full Name", StudCollege " as College", StudGender as "Sex" from
Studenttbl;

SQL: LIKE
The LIKE operator of SQL is used to specify a pattern to select one or more records from a table or a
view.
If you want to match any character, in any combination, for any length, use the % wildcard.
If you precede it with a letter, use letter%.
If you set the letter in between (% letter %) with a letter.
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Example:
select StudName,StudAge from Studenttbl where Studname like 'm%';
// display student name from student table where student name starts with ‘m’

select StudName, StudAge from Studenttbl where Studname like '%m';

// display sstudent name from student table where student name end with ‘m’

select StudName, StudAge from Studenttbl where Studname like '%m%';

// display sstudent name from student table where student name has ‘m’ letter in between.

select StudName, StudAge from Studenttbl where Studname like '_t%';

// displays student name from student table where second letter name is t.
select StudName, StudAge from Studenttbl where Studname not like '_t%';

Group by and Order By

Example: Select studCollege, count(*) as NumOfStud From Studenttbl Group by StudCollege;

Example: Select * from Studenttbl order by studAge desc;

Using AND in where condition

Example: SELECT * FROM emp WHERE lname = 'Elias' AND empid >= 3000;

In this case, this SELECT statement uses the AND condition to return all employees that have
a last_name of 'Elias' and the employee_id is greater than or equal to 3000.
Using OR in where condition

Example: SELECT empid, lname, fname FROM emp WHERE lname = 'alemu' OR fname = 'elias';

In this case, this SELECT statement would return all employee_id, last_name, and first_name values
from the employees table where the last_name is 'alemu' or the first_name is 'Elias'.
Combining AND & OR conditions

Example: SELECT * FROM emp WHERE (city = ‘AA’ AND lname = ‘Samuel’) OR (empid = 82);

This example would return all employees that reside in the city of 'Debre Markos' and
whose last_name is 'Samuel' as well as all employees whose employee_id is equal to 82.

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How to create view

Example: CREATE VIEW statusreport AS SELECT Sid AS Expr1 FROM Studenttbl;

Average, Maximum and Minimum

Example: Select avg(studstatustbl.SGPA) as averageGrade, MAX(studstatustbl.SPGA) as SemsterTop

Max(studstatus.CGPA) as YearTOP From studstatustbl;

DISTINCT

Select COUNT(DISTINCT studenttbl.studname) as ‘NO OF Students’ From studenttbl Where

studGender like ‘[m or M] %’;

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