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 INTRODUCTION TO
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
Fifth Edition
 Instructor’s Manual for

INTRODUCTION TO
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS

Fifth Edition

Sheldon M. Ross
Department of Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research

University of California, Berkeley

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK

Fifth Edition 2014

Copyright  c 2014, 2009, 2004, 1999 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods or professional practices, may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
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otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
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ISBN 13: 978-0-12-802046-3

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 1

1. Method (c) is probably best, with (e) being the second best.
2. In 1936 only upper middle class and rich people had telephones. Almost all voters
have telephones today.
3. No, these people must have been prominent to have their obituaries in the Times;
as a result they were probably less likely to have died young than a randomly chosen
person.
4. Locations (i) and (ii) are clearly inappropriate; location (iii) is probably best.
5. No, unless it believed that whether a person returned the survey was independent of
that person’s salary; probably a dubious assumption.
6. No, not without additional information as to the percentages of pedestrians that wear
light and that wear dark clothing at night.
7. He is assuming that the death rates observed in the parishes mirror that of the entire
country.
8. 12,246/.02 = 612,300
9. Use them to estimate, for each present age x, the quantity A(x), equal to the average
additional lifetime of an individual presently aged x. Use this to calculate the average
amount that will be paid out in annuities to such a person and then charge that person
1 + a times that latter amount as a premium for the annuity. This will yield an average
profit rate of a per annuity.
10. 64 percent, 10 percent, and 48 percent.

1
Chapter 2

2. 360/r degrees.
6. (d) 3.18
(e) 3
(f ) 2√
(g) 5.39
7. (c) 119.14
(d) 44.5
(e) 144.785
8. Not necessarily. Suppose a town consists of n men and m women, and that a is the
average of the weights of the men and b is the average of the weights of the women.
Then na and mb are, respectively, the sums of the weights of the men and of the
women. Hence, the average weight of all members of the town is

na + mb
= a p + b (1 − p)
n+m
where p = n/(n + m) is the fraction of the town members that are men. Thus, in
comparing two towns the result would depend not only on the average of the weights
of the men and women in the towns but also their sex proportions. For instance, if
town A had 10 men with an average weight of 200 and 20 women with an average
weight of 120, while town B had 20 men with an average weight of 180 and 10
women with an average weight of 100, then the average weight of an adult in town
A is 200 13 + 120 23 = 440
3 whereas the average for town B is 180 3 + 100 3 = 3 .
2 1 460

10. It implies nothing about the median salaries but it does imply that the average of the
salaries at company A is greater than the average of the salaries at company B.
11. The sample mean is 110. The sample median is between 100 and 120. Nothing can
be said about the sample mode.
12. (a) 40.904
(d) 8, 48, 64
13. (a) 15.808
(b) 4.395

2
Instructor’s Manual 3

 
14. Since xi = nx̄ and (n−1)s2 = xi2 −nx̄ 2 , we see that if x and y are the unknown
values, then x + y = 213 and

x 2 + y2 = 5(104)2 + 64 − 1022 − 1002 − 1052 = 22,715

Therefore,
x 2 + (213 − x)2 = 22,715
Solve this equation for x and then let y = 213 − x.
15. No, since the average value for the whole country is a weighted average where the
average wage per state should be weighted by the proportion of all workers who
reside in that state.
19. (a) 44.8
(b) 70.45
20. 74, 85, 92
21. (a) 84.9167
(b) 928.6288
(c) 57.5, 95.5, 113.5
25. (a) .3496
(b) .35
(c) .1175
(d) no
(e) 3700/55 = 67.3 percent
26. (b) 3.72067
(c) .14567
28. Not if both sexes are represented. The weights of the women should be approxi-
mately normal as should be the weights of the men, but combined data is probably
bimodal.
30. Sample correlation coefficient is .4838
31. No, the association of good posture and back pain incidence does not by itself imply
that good posture causes back pain. Indeed, although it does not establish the reverse
(that back pain results in good posture) this seems a more likely possibility.
32. One possibility is that new immigrants are attracted to higher paying states because
of the higher pay.
33. Sample correlation coefficient is .7429
4 Instructor’s Manual

34. If yi = a + bxi then yi − ȳ = b(xi − x̄), implying that


(xi − x̄)(yi − ȳ) b b
  = √ =
(xi − x̄) 2 (yi − ȳ) 2 b2 |b|

35. If ui = a + bxi , vi = c + dyi then

 
(ui − ū)(vi − v̄) = bd (xi − x̄)(yi − ȳ)

and
   
(ui − ū)2 = b2 (xi − x̄)2 , (vi − v̄)2 = d 2 (yi − ȳ)2

Hence,
bd
ru,v = rx,y
|bd|
36. More likely, taller children tend to be older and that is why they had higher reading
scores.
37. Because there is a positive correlation does not mean that one is a cause of the other.
There are many other potential factors. For instance, mothers that breast feed might
be more likely to be members of higher income families than mothers that do not
breast feed.
Chapter 3

1. S = {rr, rb, rg, br, bb, bg, gr, gb, gg} when done with replacement and S =
{rb, rg, br, bg, gr, gb} when done without replacement, where rb means, for instance,
that the first marble is red and the second green.
2. S = {hhh, hht, hth, htt, thh, tht, tth, ttt}. The event {hhh, hht,hth, thh} corresponds
to more heads than tails.
3. (a) {7}, (b) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7}, (c) {3, 5, 7}, (d) {1, 3, 4, 5}, (e) {4, 6}, (f ) {1, 4}
4. EF = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6)}; E ∪ F = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), or
any of the 15 possibilities where the first die is not 1 and the second die is odd when
the first is even and even when the first is odd.}; FG = {(1, 4)}; EF c = {any of the
15 possible outcomes where the first die is not 1 and the two dice are not either both
even or both odd}; EFG = FG.
5. (a) 24 = 16
(b) {(1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1),
(1, 0, 1, 1)}
(c) 22 = 4
6. (a) EF c G c (b) EF c G (c) E ∪ F ∪ G (d) EF ∪ EG ∪ FG
(e) EFG (f ) E c F c G c (g) E c F c ∪ E c G c ∪ F c G c
(h) (EFG)c (i) EF G c ∪ EF c G ∪ E c FG (j) S
7. (a) S (b) 0 (c) E (d) EF (e) F ∪ EG
9. 1 = EF c G c 2 = EF G c 3 = E c F Gc 4 = EFG 5 = E c FG 6 = EcF cG
7 = EF c G
10. Since E ⊂ F it follows that F = E ∪E c F and since E and E c F are mutually exclusive
we have that
P(F ) = P(E) + P(E c F ) ≥ P(E)
11. Write ∪Ei as the union of mutually exclusive events as follows:

∪Ei = E1 ∪ E1c E2 ∪ E1c E2c E3 ∪ · · · ∪ E1c c

En−1 En

Now apply Axiom 3 and the results of Problem 10.

12. 1 ≥ P(E ∪ F ) = P(E) + P(F ) − P(EF )

5
6 Instructor’s Manual

13. (i) Write E = EF ∪ EF c and apply Axiom 3.

(ii) P(E c F c ) = P(E c ) − p(E c F ) from part (i)
= 1 − P(E) − [P(F ) − P(EF )]
14. P(EF c ∪ E c F ) = P(EF c ) + P(E c F )
= P(E) − P(EF ) + P(F ) − P(EF ) from Problem 13(i)
15. 84, 84, 21, 21, 120
16. To select r items from a set of n is equivalent to choosing the set of n − r unselected
elements.
   
n−1 n−1 (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
17. + = +
r−1 r (n − r)!(r − 1)! (n − 1 −r)!r! 
n! r n−r n
= + =
(n − r)!r! n n r
18. (a) 1/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/15
19. Because the 253 events that persons i and j have the same birthday are not mutually
exclusive.
20. P(smaller of (A, B) < C) = P(smallest of the 3 is either A or B)= 2/3
21. (a) P(A ∪ B) = P(A ∪ B|A)P(A) + P(A ∪ B|Ac )P(Ac )
= 1 · P(A) + P(B|Ac )P(Ac )
= .6 + .1(.4) = .64
(b) Assuming that the events A and B are independent, P(B|Ac ) = P(B) and

P(AB) = P(A)P(B) = .06

22. Chebyshev’s inequality yields that at least 1 − 1/4 of the accountants have salaries
between $90, 000 and $170, 000. Consequently, the probability that a randomly
chosen accountant will have a salary in this range is at least 3/4. Because a salary
above $160, 000 would exceed the sample mean by 1.5 sample standard deviation,
it follows from the one-sided Chebyshev inequality that at most 1+9/4 1
= 4/13
of accountants exceed this salary. Hence, the probability that a randomly chosen
accountant will have a salary that exceeds this amount is at most 4/13.
P(RR, red side up)
23. P(RR|red side up) =
P(red side up)
P(RR)P(red side up|RR)
=
P(red side up)
(1/3)(1)
= = 2/3
1/2
24. 1/2
Instructor’s Manual 7

P(FCS)
25. P(F |CS) =
P(CS)
.02
= = 2/5
.05
P(FCS)
P(CS|F ) =
P(F )
.02
= = 1/26
.52

248
26. (a)
500
54/500 54
(b) =
252/500 252
36/500 36
(c) =
248/500 248

27. Let Di be the event that ratio i is defective.

P(D1 D2 )
P(D2 |D1 ) =
P(D1 )
P(D1 D2 |A)P(A) + P(D1 D2 |B)P(B)
=
P(D1 |A)P(A) + P(D1 |B)(P(B)
.052 (1/2) + .012 (1/2)
= = 13/300
.05(1/2) + .01(1/2)
6·5·4
28. (a) = 5/9
63
(b) 1/6 because all orderings are equally likely.
(c) (5/9)(1/6) = 5/54
(d) 63 = 216
6·5·4
(e) = 20
3·2·1
(f ) 20/216 = 5/54

29. P(A) = P(A|W )P(W ) + P(A|W c )P(W c ) = (.85)(.9) + (.2)(.1) = .785

P(W c D) (.8)(.1)
P(W c |D) = = = 16/43
P(D) .215
8 Instructor’s Manual

30. Let Ni be the event that i balls are colored red.

P(N2 R1 R2 )
P(N2 |R1 R2 ) =
P(R1 R2 )
P(R1 R2 |N2 )P(N2 )
=
P(R1 R2 |N0 )P(N0 ) + P(R1 R2 |N1 )P(N1 ) + P(R1 R2 |N2 )P(N2 )
1(1/4)
= = 2/3
0 + (1/4)(1/2) + 1(1/4)
P(R1 R2 R3 )
P(R3 |R1 R2 ) =
P(R1 R2 )
0 + (1/8)(1/2) + 1(1/4)
= = 5/6
3/8
P(DVR) 50/1000
31. P(D|VR) = = = 5/59
P(VR) 590/1000
32. (a) 1/3 (b) 1/2
33. P{S in second|S in first drawer} = P{A}/P{S in first}
P{S in first} = P{S in first|A}1/2 + P{S in first|B}1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2 × 1/2 = 3/4
Thus probability is 1/2 ÷ 3/4 = 2/3.
P(E|C)P(C)
34. P(C|E) =
P(E|C)P(C) + P(E|C c )P(C c )
(.268)(.7)
= = .8118
(.268)(.7) + (.145)(.3)
P(E c |C)P(C)
P(C|E c ) =
P(E c |C)P(C) + P(E c |C c )P(C c )
(.732)(.7)
= = .6638
(.732)(.7) + (.865)(.3)
35. (a) P{good|O} = P{good, O}/P{O}
= .2P{O|good}/[P{O|good}.2 + P{O|average}.5 + P{O|bad}.3]
= .2 × .95/[.95 × .2 + .85 × .5 + .7 × .3] = 190/825
36. (a) P{sum is 7|first is 4} = P{(4, 3)}/P{first is 4} = 1/36
1/6 = 1/6 = P{sum is 7}.
(b) Same argument as in (a).
37. (a) p5 [1 − (1 − p1 p2 )(1 − p3 p4 )]
(b) Conditioning on whether or not circuit 3 closes yields the answer

p3 [(1−(1−p1)(1−p2)][1−(1−p4)(1−p5 )]+(1−p3)[1−(1−p1p4 )(1−p2p5 )]

38. 1−P(at most 1 works) = 1−Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 −P1 Q2 Q3 Q4 −Q1 P2 Q3 Q4 −Q1 Q2 P3 Q4 −

Q1 Q2 Q3 P4 ; where Q1 = 1 − P1 .
Instructor’s Manual 9

39. (a) 1/8 + 1/8 = 1/4

(b) P(F ∪ L) = P(F ) + P(L) − P(FL) = 1/4 + 1/4 − 2/32 = 7/16
(c) 6/32, since there are 6 outcomes that give the desired result.
40. Let Ni be the event that outcome i never occurs. Then

P(N1 ∪ N2 ) = .5n + .8n − .3n

Hence, the desired answer is 1 − .5n + .8n − .3n

41. Let W1 be the event that component 1 works. Then,
P(W1 F ) P(F |W1 )(1/2) 1/2
P(W1 |F ) = = =
P(F ) 1 − (1/2) n
1 − (1/2)n
42. 1: (a) 1/2 × 3/4 × 1/2 × 3/4 × 1/2 = 9/128
(b) 1/2 × 3/4 × 1/2 × 3/4 × 1/2 = 9/128
(c) 18/128
(d) 1 − P(resembles first or second) = 1 − [9/128 + 9/128 − P(resembles both)]
= 110/128
2: (a) 1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/32
(b) 1/32 (c) 1/16 (d) 1 − 2/32 = 15/16
43. Prisoner A’s probability of being executed remains equal to 1/3 provided the jailer is
equally likely to answer either B or C when A is the one to be executed. To see this
suppose that the jailer tells A that B is to be set free. Then

P A to be executed | jailer says B = P{A executed, B}/P{B}

P{B|A executed}1/3
=
P{B|A exec.}1/3 + P{B|C exec.}1/3
= 1/6 + (1/6 + 1/3) = 1/3

44. Since brown is dominant over blue the fact that you have blue eyes means that both
your parents have one brown and one blue gene. Thus the desired probability is 1/4.
p3
45. (a) Call the desired probability pA . Then pA = p3 +(1−p)3
(b) Conditioning on which team is ahead gives the result

pA (1 − (1 − p)4 ) + (1 − pA )(1 − p4 )

(c) Let W be the event that team that wins the first game also wins the series. Now,
imagine that the teams continue to play even after the series winner is decided.
Then the team that won the first game will be the winner of the series if and
only if that team wins at least 3 of the next 6 games played. (For if they do they
10 Instructor’s Manual

would get to 4 wins before the other team, and if they did not then the other
team would reach 4 wins first.) Hence,
6  
 6 20 + 15 + 6 + 1 21
P(W ) = (1/2)i (1/2)6−i = =
i 64 32
i=3

46. Let 1 be the card of lowest value, 2 be the card of next higher value, and 3 be the
card of highest value.
(a) 1/3, since the first card is equally likely to be any of the 3 cards.
(b) You will accept the highest value card if the cards appear in any of the orderings;

1, 3, 2 or 2, 3, 1 or 2, 1, 3

Thus, with probability 3/6 you will accept the highest valued card.
47. .2 + .3 = .5, .2 + .3 − (.2)(.3) = .44, .2(.3)(.4) = .024, 0
48. Let C be the event that the woman has breast cancer. Then
P(C, pos)
P(C|pos) =
P(pos)
P(pos|C)P(C)
=
P(pos|C)P(C) + P(pos|C c )P(C c )
.9(.02)
=
.9(.02) + .1(.98)
18
=
116
49. Let C be the event that the household is from California and let O be the event that
it earns over 250, 000. Then
P(CO)
P(C|O) =
P(O)
P(O|C)P(C)
=
P(O|C)P(C) + P(O|C c )P(C c )
.063(.12)
= = .2066
.063(.12) + .033(.88)
50. P(A ∪ B) = P(A ∪ B|A)P(A) + P(A ∪ B|Ac )P(Ac )
= P(A) + P(B|Ac )P(Ac ) = .6 + .1(.4) = .64

51. The only way in which it would not be smaller than the value on card C is for card
C to have the smallest of the 3 values, which is 1/3. Hence, the desired probability
is 2/3.
Chapter 4

1. P1 = 5/10, P2 = 5/10 × 5/9 = .2778, P3 = 5/10 × 4/9 × 5/8 = .1389.

P4 = 5/10×4/9×3/8×5/7 = .0595, P5 = 5/10×4/9×3/8×2/7×5/6 = .0198,

P6 = 5/10 × 4/9 × 3/8 × 2/7 × 1/6 = .0040, where Pi = P(X = i).

2. n − 2i, i = 0, 1, . . . , n
3. P{X = 3 − 2i} = P{i tails} = Pi , where P0 = 1/8, P1 = 3/8, P2 = 3/8, P3 = 1/8.
4. (b) 1 − F (1/2) = 3/4 (c) F (4) − F (2) = 1/12 (d) lim F (3 − h) = 11/12
h→0
(e) F (1) − lim F (1 − h) = 2/3 − 1/2 = 1/6
h→0
1 3
5. (a) c 0 x dx = 1 ⇒ c = 4
.8 3
.4 x dx = .8 − .4 =
(b) 4 4 4 .384
6. Note first that since f (x)dx = 1, it follows that λ = 1/100; therefore,
150 −1/2 − e −3/2 = .3834. Also, 100 f (x)dx = 1 − e −1 = .6321.
50 f (x)dx = e 0
150
7. The probability that a given radio tube will last less than 150 hours is 0 f (x)dx =
1 − 2/3 = 1/3. Therefore, the probability desired is 52 (1/3)2(2/3)3 = .3292
8. Since the density must integrate to 1: c = 2 and P{X > 2} = e −4 = .0183.
9. With p(i, j) = P(N1 = i, N2 = j)

p(1, 1) = (3/5)(2/4) = 3/10

p(1, 2) = (3/5)(2/4)(2/3) = 2/10
p(1, 3) = (3/5)(2/4)(1/3) = 1/10
p(2, 1) = (2/5)(3/4)(2/3) = 2/10
p(2, 2) = (2/5)(3/4)(1/3) = 1/10
p(3, 1) = (2/5)(1/4) = 1/10
p(i, j) = 0 otherwise

10. (a) Show that the multiple integral of the joint density equals 1.
2
0 f (x, y)dy = 12x /7 + 6x/7
(b) 2

1 x 1
0 0 f (x, y)dy dx = 0 (6x /7 + 3x 3 /14)dx = 15/56.
(c) 3

11
12 Instructor’s Manual


n
11. P{M ≤ x} = P{X1 ≤ x, X2 ≤ x, . . . , Xn ≤ x} = P{Xi ≤ x} = x n .
i=1
Differentiation yields that the probability density function is nx n−1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
12. (i) Integrate over all y to obtain fX (x) = xe −x
(ii) Integrate the joint density over all x to obtain fY (y) = e −y (since
xe −x dx = 1).
(iii) Yes since the joint density is equal to the product of the individual densities.
1
13. (i) x 2dy = 2(1 − x), 0 < x < 1.
y
(ii) 0 2dx = 2y, 0 < y < 1.
(iii) No, since the product of the individual densities is not equal to the joint density.
14. fX (x) = k(x) 1(y)dy, and fY (y) = 1(y) k(x)dx. Hence, since 1 =
f (x, y)dydx = 1(y)dy 1(x)dx. we can write f (x, y) = fX (x)fY (y) which
proves the result.
15. Yes because only in Problem 12 does the joint density factor.
16. (i) P(X + Y ≤ a) = f (x, y)dxdy
x+y≤a

= fX (x)fY ( y)dxdy = FX (a − y)fY ( y)dy

x≤a−y

(ii) P{X ≤ Y } = fX (x)dx fY ( y)dy = FX ( y)fY ( y)dy.

x<y

17. P{W ≤ a} = fI (x)fR (y)dydx

x 2 y≤a
√
a 1 1 a/x 2 1
= 0 0 + √a 0 = 3a − 2a2/3 + a2 √
a 6x(1 − x)/x 4dx
The density is now obtained upon differentiation:
 1
fW (a) = 3 − 3a + 2a √ 6(1 − x)/x 3dx − 3(1 − a1/2 )
1/2
a

1
19. (a) fY (y) = 0 f (x, y)dx = 2/7 + 3y/14, 0 < y < 2. Hence,

12x 2 + 6xy
fx|y (x|y) = , 0 < x < 1.
4 + 3y

20. PX |Y (x|y) = PX (x) is equivalent to PX ,Y (x, y)/PY (y) = PX (x) which is the condi-
tion (3.8). The verification in (b) is similar.
21. E[X ] = 5/10 + 5/9 + 5/12 + 5/21 + 25/252 + 1/42 = 1.833
22. E[X ] = 0 by symmetry.
Instructor’s Manual 13

23. The expected score of a meteorologist who says that it will rain with probability p is
E = p∗ [1 − (1 − p)2 ] + (1 − p∗ )[1 − p2 ]

Differentiation yields that

dE
= 2p∗ (1 − p) − 2p(1 − p∗ ).
dp

Setting the above equal to 0 yields that the maximal (since the second derivative is
negative) value is attained when p = p∗ .
24. If the company charges c, then

E[profit] = c − Ap

Therefore, E[profit] = .1A when c = A(p + .1).

25. (a) E[X ], because the randomly chosen student is more likely to have been on a
bus carrying a large number of students than on one with a small number of
students.
(b) E[X ] = 40(40/148) + 33(33/148) + 25(25/148) + 50(50/148) ≈ 39.28
E[Y ] = (40 + 33 + 25 + 50)/4 = 37
26. Let X denote the number of games played.

E[X ] = 2[p2 + (1 − p)2 ] + 3[2p(1 − p)] = 2 + 2p(1 − p)

Differentiating this and setting the result to 0 gives that the maximizing value of p is
such that
2 = 4p
27. Since f is a density it integrates to 1 and so a + b/3 = 1. In addition 3/5 = E[X ] =
1
0 x(a + bx )dx = a/2 + b/4. Hence, a = 3/5 and b = 6/5.
2

28. E[X ] = α 2 x 2 e −αx dx = y2 e −y dt/α = 2/α (upon integrating by parts twice).

1
29. E[Max] = 0 xnx n−1dx = n/(n + 1) where  we have used the result of Problem 11.
P{Min ≤ x} = 1 − P{Min > x} = 1 − P{Xi > x} = 1 − (1 − x)n , 0 < x < 1.
Hence, the density of Min is n(1 − x)n−1 , 0 < x < 1; and so
 1  1
n−1
E[Min] = nx(1 − x) dx = n(1 − y)yn−1 dy = 1/(n + 1).
0 0

30. P{X n ≤ x} = P{X ≤ x 1/n } = x 1/n . Hence, fX n (x) = x (1/n−1)/n, and so


1 1 1/n
E[X n ] = x dx = 1/(n + 1). Proposition 5.1 directly yields that E[X n ] =
n 0
1 n
0 x dx = 1/(n + 1).
14 Instructor’s Manual

1 2 √
31. E[cost] = 0 (40 + 30 x)dx = 40 + 10 × 23/2 = 68.284
2
32. (a) E[4 + 16X + 16X 2 ] = 164
(b) E[X 2 + X 2 + 2X + 1] = 21
1 if the ith ball chosen is white
33. Let Xi = .
0 otherwise
Now E[Xi ] = P{Xi = 1} = 17/40 and so E[X ] = 170/40.
Suppose the white balls are arbitrarily numbered before the selection and let

1 if white ball number i is selected,

Yi =
0 otherwise.

Now E[Yi ] = P{Yi = 1} = 10/40 and so E[X ] = 170/40.

34. (a) Since  x
F (x) = e −x dx = 1 − e −x
0
if follows that
1/2 = 1 − e −m or m = log(2)
(a) In this case, F (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; hence m = 1/2.
35. Using the expression given in the hint yields that

d
E[|X − c|] = cf (c) + F (c) − cf (c) − cf (c) − [1 − F (c)] + cf (c)
dc
= 2F (c) − 1

Setting equal to 0 and solving gives the result.

36. As F (x) = 1 − e −2x , we see that
1
p = 1 − e −2mp ormp = − log(1 − p)
2
198 200 
37. E[Xi ] = 50 / 50 = 150×149
200×199 . Hence E[ Xi ] = 75 × 149/199 = 56.156.

38. Let Xi equals 1 iftrial i is a success and let it equal
 0 otherwise. Then X = Xi
and so E[X ] = E[Xi ] = np. Also Var(X ) = Var(Xi ) = np(1 − p) since the
variance of Var(Xi ) = E[Xi2 ] − (E[Xi ])2 = p − p2 . Independence is needed for
the variance but not for the expectation (since the expected value of a sum is always
the sum of the expected values but the corresponding result for variances requires
independence).
39. E[X ] = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)/4 = 10/4. E[X 2 ] = (1 + 4 + 9 + 16)/4 = 30/4, and
Var(X ) = 1.25
Instructor’s Manual 15

40. p1 + p2 + P3 = 1 p1 + 2p2 + 3p3 = 2 and the problem is to minimize and maximize

p1 +4p2 +9p3 = P1 +4(1−2p1)+2p1 +4. Clearly, the maximum is obtained when
p1 = 1/2 — the largest possible value of p1 since p3 = p1 — (and p2 = 0, p3 = 1/2)
and the minimum when p1 = 0 (and p2 = 1, p3 = 0).
41. Let Xi denote the number that appear on the ith flip. Then E[Xi ] = 21/6. E[Xi2 ] =
91/6, and Var(Xi ) = 91/6 − 49/4 = 35/12. Therefore,
   
E Xi = 3 × 21/6 = 21/2; Var Xi = 35/4.

42. 0 ≤ Var(X ) = E[X ]2 − (E[X ])2 . Equality when the variance is 0 (that is, when X
is constant with probability 1).
 9  10
43. E[X ] = x(x − 8)dx + x(10 − x)dx
8 9 9 10
E[X 2 ] = x 2 (x − 8)dx + x 2 (10 − x)dx and Var(X ) = E[X 2 ]−(E[X ])2
8 9  10
8.25
E[Profit] = − (x/15 + .35)f (x)dx + (2 − x/15 − .35)f (x)dx
8 8.25
 1−x
44. (a) fX1 (x) = 3 (x + y)dy
0
= 3x(1 − x) + 3(1 − x)2 /2
3
= (1 − x 2 ), 0 < x < 1,
2
with the same density for X2 .
(b) E[Xi ] = 3/8, Var(Xi ) = 1/5 − (3/8)2 = 19/64
3/16, i =0
1/8, i =1 1/2 i = 1
45. PX1 (i) = PX2 (i) =
5/16, i =2 1/2 i = 2
3/8, i =3
E[X1 ] = 30/16 Var(X1 ) = 19/4 − (15/8)2 = 1.234, E[X2 ] = 3/2
Var(X2 ) = .25
 1  1−x
46. E[X1 X2 ] = 3 xy(x + y)dydx
0 0
 1  1−x
= 3 x (xy + y2 )dy
0 0
 1
= 3 x(x(1 − x)2 /2 + (1 − x)3 /3))dx
0
 Another Random Document on
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or benefactors of mankind, and who, after their death, were
worshipped as gods by the grateful people. This book, which
seems to have been written in a popular style, must have been
very attractive; for all the fables of mythology were dressed up in
it as so many true narratives; and many of the subsequent
historians adopted his mode of dealing with myths, or at least
followed in his track, as we find to be the case with Polybius and
Dionysius. Vide Smith.
667 Every one will observe, that this criticism of Strabo is entirely
gratuitous and captious. Polybius cites Dicæarchus as a most
credulous writer, but states that even he would not believe
Pytheas: how then could so distinguished a writer as Eratosthenes
put faith in his nonsense?
668 On the contrary, the distance in a right line from Cape
Tenarum, off the Peloponnesus, to the recess of the Adriatic Gulf,
is only about half the distance from the Peloponnesus to the
Pillars of Hercules. This mistake of Dicæarchus is a proof of the
very slight acquaintance the Greeks could have had with the
western portions of the Mediterranean in his time, about 320
years before the Christian era.
669 Literally, “He assigns 3000 to the interval which stretches
towards the Pillars as far as the Strait, and 7000 from the Strait to
the Pillars.” The distance from Cape Tenarum to the Strait of
Messina is in proportion to the distance from the Strait of Messina
to Gibraltar, about 3 to 10, not 3 to 7, as given by Dicæarchus.
670 That part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of
Italy, from the mouth of the Arno to Naples.
671 The sea which washes the western coast of Sardinia.
672 Viz. from the Peloponnesus to the Pillars of Hercules.
673 Santa Maura, an island in the Ionian Sea.
674 Corfu.
675 The mountains of Chimera, forming the Cape della Linguetta
on the coast of Albania.
676 The maritime portion of Liburnia, comprised between the
coasts of Dalmatia and Istria. It is now comprehended in the
district of Murlaka.
677 In all 8250 stadia.
678 Issus, now Aias, a town of Cilicia on the confines of Syria,
famous for the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius, in
consequence of which it was called Nicopolis.
679 Salamoni.
680 Cape Krio.
681 Cape Passaro.
682 Cape St. Vincent.
683 Total 28,500 stadia.
684 Spoken of by Polybius.
685 The Gulf of Genoa.
686 These measures are taken along the coast, in stadia of 700 to
a degree. Of these, from Marseilles to Gibraltar there are 9300,
and from the ancient promontory of Pyrenæum to Gibraltar 7380.
Consequently the corrections of Polybius were neither inaccurate
nor uncalled for.
687 These 6000 stadia, taken in a direct line, are just the distance
from Cape St. Vincent to the chain of the Pyrenees.
688 Kelts.
689 The rising of the sun in summer.
690 The east.
691 This is an error into which Strabo fell with most of the ancient
geographers. The course of the Don certainly begins from the
north, but afterwards it turns eastward, and then suddenly shifts
to the west. So that its entire course as known in the time of
Strabo, differed from the Palus Mæotis and Sea of Azof by about
9 degrees of longitude. Polybius is here more exact than Strabo.
692 Palus Mæotis.
693 This was the opinion of Theophanes of Mytilene, who
followed Pompey in his expeditions to the East. The Caucasus
here mentioned is that which bounds Georgia in the north, and
from whence the modern river Kuban (the Vardanus of Pompey)
takes its rise. This river does incline slightly to the north, and
afterwards turns westward in its course to the Palus Mæotis. It is
possible that some confusion between this river and the Don gave
occasion to the belief that the latter rose in the Caucasus.
694 Cape Malio, in the Morea. See also Humboldt’s Cosmos ii.
482.
695 Cape Malio. Gosselin is of opinion that some omission has
occurred in this passage, and proposes to substitute the
following: “The two former of these Polybius describes in the
same manner as Eratosthenes, but he subdivides the third. He
comprehends within Cape Malea all the Peloponnesus; within
Cape Sunium the whole of Greece, Illyria, and a part of Thrace.”
696 Cape Colonna.
697 The Strait of the Dardanelles.
698 The Rock of Gibraltar.
699 Cape St. Vincent.
700 Cadiz.
701 The Italian Promontory.
702 The Gulf of Venice.
703 Capo di Leuca.
704 ἡ δὲ φυσικὴ ἀρετή τις. We learn from the work entitled De
Placitis Philosophorum, commonly attributed to Plutarch, that the
Stoics dignified with the name of ἀρεταὶ, the three sciences of
Physics, Ethics, and Logic, Φυσικὴ, Ἠθικὴ, Λογικὴ. The exact
meaning of ἀρετὴ in these instances it is impossible to give, and
Strabo’s own explanation is perhaps the best that can be had; we
have here rendered it, “perfect science,” for want of a better
phrase.
705 Φυσικοὶ.
706 We have followed the suggestion of Gosselin in reading τῷ
ὅλῳ, the whole, instead of τῷ πόλῳ, the pole, as in the text.
Strabo having just previously stated that the axis of the earth was
stationary, it does not seem probable that he would immediately
after speak of the motion of the pole.
707 Odyssey xi. 156, 157.
708 From this point Strabo, strictly speaking, commences his
exposition of the principles of Geography.
709 Strabo supposed this circle at a distance of 38,100 stadia
from the equator, or 54° 25′ 42″ of latitude.
710 The whole of what follows to the end of the section is
extremely embarrassing in the original; we must therefore claim
the indulgence of the reader for any obscurity he may find in the
translation.
711 The Greeks, besides the division of the equator into 360
degrees, had also another method of dividing it into sixty portions
or degrees.
712 These 21,800 stadia would give to Alexandria a latitude of
31° 8′ 34″; according to modern calculation it is 31° 11′ 20″ of
latitude. The following presents Strabo’s calculations of the
latitude of the preceding places in a tabular form.
Particular Total
Names of places. Latitudes.
Distance. Distance.
Stadia. Stadia.
Equator 0 0 0° 0′ 0″
Limits of the habitable earth 8800 8800 12° 34′ 17″
Meroe 3000 11800 16° 51′ 25″
Syene and the Tropic 5000 16800 24° 0′ 0″
Alexandria 5000 21800 31° 8′ 34″

713 Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Strabo, all believed that the

longitude of Rhodes was the same as that of Alexandria, although
actually it is 2° 22′ 45″ west of that place. The coasts of Caria,
Ionia, and the Troad incline considerably to the west, while
Byzantium is about 3° east of the Troad, and the mouth of the
Dnieper is above 3° 46′ east of Byzantium.
714 The Roxolani inhabited the Ukraine. It has been thought that
from these people the Russians derived their name.
715 Strabo here alludes to Ireland, which he placed north of
England, and believed to be the most northerly region fitted for
the habitation of man. He gave it a latitude of 36,700 stadia,
equivalent to 52° 25′ 42″, which answers to the southern portions
of that island.
716 The Sauromatæ, or Sarmatians, occupied the lands north of
the sea of Azof on either side of the Don.
717 The Scythians here spoken of dwelt between the Don and the
Wolga; east of this last river were the Eastern Scythians, who
were thought to occupy the whole north of Asia.
718 The tropic being placed at 24° from the equator by Strabo,
and most probably by Pytheas also, the latitude of Thule,
according to the observation of this traveller, would be fixed at
66°, which corresponds with the north of Iceland.
719 Hipparchus.
720 Hipparchus placed Marseilles and Byzantium at 30,142 stadia,
or 43° 3′ 38″ of latitude, and estimated the parallel for the centre
of Britain at 33,942 stadia, or 48° 29′ 19″. Whereas Strabo only
allowed for this latter 32,700 stadia, or 46° 42′ 51″.
721 Viz. the 36° of latitude. The actual latitudes are as follow:
The Pillars of Hercules, or Strait of Gibraltar, 36°.
The Strait of Messina, 38° 12´.
Athens, 38° 5´.
The middle of the Isle of Rhodes, 36° 18´; and the city, 36° 28′
30″.
722 This mistake of Strabo caused the derangement in his chart
of the whole contour of this portion of the Mediterranean, and
falsifies the position of the surrounding districts.
723 Strabo having allowed 25,400 stadia, or 36° 17′ 8″, for the
latitude of Rhodes and the Strait of Messina, determined the
latitude of Marseilles at 27,700 stadia, or 39° 34′ 17″; its real
latitude being 43° 17′ 45″, as exactly stated by Pytheas.
724 Or about 7°. The actual difference in latitude between
Rhodes and Byzantium is 4° 32′ 54″.
725 On the contrary, Marseilles is 2° 16′ 21″ north of Byzantium.
726 3800 stadia, or 5° 25′ 43″.
727 The following is a tabular form of the latitudes as stated by
Strabo:
Stadia. Latitude.
From the equator to Alexandria 21,800 31° 8′ 34″
From Alexandria to Rhodes, he computes
in this instance 3600 stadia 25,400 36° 17′ 8″
From the parallel of Rhodes to Marseilles,
about 2300 stadia 27,700 39° 34′ 17″
From the parallel of Rhodes to the bottom
of the Galatic Gulf, 2500 stadia 27,700 39° 51′ 25″
From Marseilles to the northern extremity
of Gaul, or the southern extremity of
Britain, 3800 stadia 31,500 45° 0′ 0″
From Marseilles to the middle of Britain,
5000 stadia 32,700 46° 42′ 51″
From the northern extremity of Gaul to
the parallel of the northern extremity
of Britain, 2500 stadia 34,000 48° 34′ 17″
From the northern extremity of Gaul to
Ierne, 5000 stadia 36,500 52° 8′ 34″
From the northern extremity of Britain to
the limits of the habitable earth, 4000
stadia 38,000 54° 17′ 9″
728 Namely, 29,300.

Stadia.
From Rhodes to Byzantium Strabo estimated 4900
From Byzantium to the Dnieper 3800
——
8700
From the Dnieper to the northern limits of the
habitable earth 4000
——
12,700
From Rhodes to the southern limits of the
habitable earth 16,600
——
Total 29,300
729 The artificial globe of 10 ft. diameter.
730 Tuscany.
731 Strabo was of Amasea, a city of Pontus, close to the Euxine.
He travelled through Egypt and reached Philæ, which is about 100
stadia above Syene, the commencement of Ethiopia.
732 The Getæ occupied a portion of present Moldavia; the
Tyrigetæ were those of the Getæ who dwelt along the banks of
the Tyras or Dniester.
733 The Bastarnæ occupied the south and eastern portions of
Poland.
734 The Georgians of the present day.
735 Corcan.
736 The precise time when this writer lived is unknown. The work
here referred to is also mentioned by Athenæus, xv. p. 682.
737 Prefect of Egypt in the reign of Augustus. This expedition into
Arabia completely failed, through the treachery of the guide, a
Roman named Syllæus. A long account of it is given by Strabo in
the 16th book. “It would be extremely interesting,” says Professor
Schmitz, “to trace this expedition of Ælius Gallus into Arabia, but
our knowledge of that country is as yet too scanty to enable us to
identify the route as described by Strabo, who derived most of his
information about Arabia from his friend Ælius Gallus.”
738 Red Sea.
739 Myos-hormos, Mouse’s Harbour, a sea-port of Egypt on the
coast of the Red Sea. Arrian says that it was one of the most
celebrated ports on this sea. It was chosen by Ptolemy
Philadelphus for the convenience of commerce, in preference to
Arsinoe or Suez, on account of the difficulty of navigating the
western extremity of the gulf. It was called also Aphroditis Portus,
or the Port of Venus. Its modern name is Suffange-el-Bahri, or
“Sponge of the Sea.” Lemprière.
740 Humboldt commends Strabo’s zeal in prosecuting his gigantic
work, Cosmos ii. 557.
741 The Gulf of Aïas.
742 The Bay of Bengal.
743 Strabo seems here to confound the parallel of Ierna with that
of the northern limits of the habitable earth, although a little
above, as we have seen, he determines these limits at 15,000
stadia north of Ierna.
744 These narrowed extremities of the continent are, Spain on
the west, terminated by Cape St. Vincent, and on the east the
peninsula of India, terminated by Cape Comorin. This cape Strabo
supposed was continued in an easterly direction, and thus formed
the most eastern portion of Asia.
745 The island of Ceylon.
746 Strabo supposed the Hyrcanian or Caspian Sea
communicated with the northern ocean.
747 Cape St. Vincent.
748 Cape St. Vincent is north of Cadiz by 30′ 30″, north of the
Strait of Gibraltar, or Pillars of Hercules, by 1° 2′, south of the
Strait of Messina by 1° 10′, and north of Rhodes by 33′ 30″.
749 Casaubon conjectures that the words τὸν Κάνωβον originally
occupied the space of the lacuna. The passage would then stand
thus—From the coast of Cadiz and Iberia the star Canopus is said
to have been formerly observed. Groskurd rejects this, and
proposes to read τοὺς πλησιαιτάτους τοῦ Κανώβου ἀστέρας, “the
stars nearest to Canopus.” But this too is not certain, and the
passage is otherwise evidently corrupt.
750 The most southern.
751 Cape St. Vincent.
752 The Artabri inhabited the country around Cape Finisterre.
753 Principally contained in the modern kingdom of Portugal.
754 The Scilly Islands off the Cornwall coast.
755 We have long had the custom of tracing on every map the
parallels of latitude and longitude at every degree, or every five or
ten degrees, as the case may be. By means of these lines drawn
at equal distances, the eye at once recognises the relative
position of any place in the map. This method was not in use
when Strabo wrote: at that time it was customary to draw a
meridian or longitude, and a parallel of latitude, for every
important place of which the position was considered as
determined. This was certainly an obscure way of dividing the
globe; nevertheless it is requisite to keep it in mind, in order that
we may the more readily understand the general language of our
geographer, who instead of simply stating the latitude and
longitude of places, says such a place is situated under the same
latitude, or about the same latitude, as such another place, &c.
Ptolemy seems to have been the first who freed the study of
geography from the confusion inseparable from the ancient
method. He substituted tables easy of construction and
amendment; where the position of each place was marked by
isolated numbers, which denoted the exact latitude and longitude.
756 Demosthenes, Philipp. III. edit. Reisk. t. i. p. 117, l. 22.—
Demosthenes is here alluding to the cities which different Grecian
colonies had founded in the maritime districts of Thrace. The
principal of these was the opulent and populous city of Olynthus,
which, together with others, was taken, and razed to its
foundations, by Philip of Macedon. Olynthus has become famous
through the three orations of Demosthenes, urging the Athenians
to its succour.
757 The Mediterranean.
758 The entrance to the Arabian Gulf is about six or seven marine
leagues, that of the Mediterranean two and three-fourths. The
entrance to the Persian Gulf is seven or eight leagues in extent;
while the Caspian, being a lake, has of course no outlet whatever.
759 Mediterranean.
760 Strabo here means the countries bordering the
Mediterranean.
761 Viz. the Mediterranean.
762 The state of Genoa.
763 The Gulf of Genoa.
764 Vide Humboldt’s Cosmos, ii. 480.
765 Corsica.
766 Vento Tiene.
767 Ponza.
768 Elba.
769 Saint Honorat.
770 Ischia.
771 Procida.
772 Capri.
773 A small island off the Capo della Licosa.
774 The western side.
775 Majorca and Minorca.
776 Iviça.
777 The island of Pantalaria.
778 Al Djamur, at the entrance of the Gulf of Tunis.
779 The Strait of Messina, and the strait separating Sicily and
Cape Bona on the African coast.
780 Of which Cyrene, now Curen, was the capital.
781 The Gulf of Cabes.
782 The Island of Gerbi.
783 The Island of Kerkeni.
784 Sidra, or Zalscho.
785 Hesperides is the same city which the sovereigns of
Alexandria afterwards called Berenice. It is the modern Bernic or
Bengazi.
786 Automala appears to have been situated on the most
northern point of the Greater Syrtes, on the confines of a small
gulf, near to a place called Tine, or the Marsh.
787 Now Reggio, on the Strait of Messina, which was also
sometimes called the Strait of Rhegium.
788 These were the Epizephyrian Locrians, or dwellers near the
promontory of Zephyrium. They were situated towards the
extremity of Italy, near Rhegium. Traces of their city are seen at
Motta di Bourzano on the eastern coast of Ulterior Calabria.
789 Messina.
790 Syragusa.
791 Cape Passaro.
792 The Gulf of Lepanto.
793 Cape Leuca or Finisterre.
794 The lower part of the Adriatic was designated the Ionian Gulf.
795 The portion of Greece opposite Corfu.
796 The Gulf of Arta.
797 The Gulf of Venice.
798 The Islands of Cherso and Ossero.
799 Apparently the Curicta of Pliny and Ptolemy, corresponding to
the island of Veglia.
800 The Libyrnides are the islands of Arbo, Pago, Isola Longa,
Coronata, &c., which border the coasts of ancient Liburnia, now
Murlaka.
801 Lissa.
802 The Island of Traw.
803 Curzola.
804 Lesina.
805 The Islands of Tremiti.
806 From Cape Pachynus or Passaro to Cape Krio, the ancient
Criu-metopon, on the western extremity of the Island of Crete,
measures 4516 stadia of 700 to a degree.
807 Corfu.
808 Sibota, Sajades; certain small islands between Epirus and
Corcyra.
809 Cefalonia.
810 Zante.
811 The Curzolari Islands at the mouth of the Aspro-Potamo.
812 The Gulf of Engia.
813 A district of the Peloponnesus.
814 A part of the modern Livadia.
815 Cerigo.
816 Poro, or Poros, near the little Island of Damala, and
connected to it by a sand-bank.
817 Egina or Engia.
818 Koluri.
819 Islands surrounding Delos.
820 Egio-Pelago.
821 The Gulf of Saros.
822 The Dardanelles.
823 The sea surrounding the Islands of Icaria and Carpathos, now
Nikaria and Scarpanto.
824 Stanko.
825 Samo.
826 Skio.
827 Mytileni.
828 Tenedo.
829 Egripo, or Negropont.
830 Skyro.
831 Probably Piperi; others suppose it to be Skopelo or
Pelagonesi.
832 Stalimene.
833 Thaso.
834 Imbro.
835 Samothraki.
836 The distance from the southern coast of Crete to the
northern shores of the Ægæan is just 4200 stadia, or 120 marine
leagues.
837 This is just the distance from Cape Colonna to Rhodes.
838 Cape Colonna.
839 The Gulf of Saloniki.
840 Those of Kassandra, Monte-Santo, and Contessa.
841 The peninsula of Gallipoli.
842 Semenik, or according to others, Jalowa.
843 Maïto, or according to others, Avido.
844 Sea of Marmora.
845 Karadje-Burun, the southern point of the Crimea.
846 Kerempi-Burun.
847 We should here read 1500 stadia. See French Translation, vol.
i. p. 344, n. 3.
848 The Euxine.
849 Also called the Island of Achilles, and the Island of the
Blessed, now Ilan-Adassi.
850 The Strait of Zabache.
851 The Sea of Marmora.
852 The Island of Cyzicus was joined to the mainland by
Alexander, and thus formed a peninsula, notwithstanding Strabo
describes it as an island. Its present name is Artaki.
853 The extent of the Ægæan amongst the ancients was the
same as the Egio-Pelago, or Archipelago, with us. It was
comprehended between the southern coasts of Crete, the western
coasts of Peloponnesus, the southern coasts of Macedonia and
Thrace, and the western borders of Asia Minor. Strabo however, in
his description, seems to comprise under the name of the Ægæan
not only those parts of the Mediterranean south of the meridian
of Cape Matapan, but also the Propontis and the Euxine, as far as
the mouth of the river Halys, now Kizil-Irmak. In this however he
seems to be unique.
854 This is just the distance, says Gosselin, from the northern
part of Rhodes to Alexandria, but the route, instead of being from
north to south, as supposed by the ancients, is S. S. W.
855 Tarsous.
856 Samsoun.
857 Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia at the mouth of the
Thermodon, (now the Termeh,) belonging to the kingdom of the
Amazons. The territories around it bore the same name. The plain
is now comprehended in the modern Djanik.
858 Kizil-Irmak.
859 Lit. the before-mentioned parts of the sea on either side.
860 Asia Minor, or Anadoli.
861 The Sidra of the moderns.
862 Iskouriah.
863 The Gulf of Aïas.
864 Samsoun.
865 The ruins of this city are said to be called by the modern
Greeks Φερνάκη or Πλατένα indiscriminately.
866 Dwellers in waggons, or huts fixed on wheels for the purpose
of transportation from one pasturage to another, as necessity
might require.
867 From Cape Gata in Granada to the borders of Asturias the
distance is about 5000 stadia. But the greatest breadth of Spain is
from Cape Gata to Cape Belem in Gallicia, which equals 5890
stadia of 700 to a degree.
868 The Gulf of Lyon.
869 The Gulf of Aquitaine or Gascony.
870 The Cevennes.
871 This ridge commences at the eastern part of the Pyrenees.
Its ramifications extend to about Dijon.
872 Genoa.
873 The Romans gave to the whole of this country, which was
peopled by a race of Keltic extraction, the name of Cisalpine Gaul,
because situated on this side the Alps, with respect to them.
France was designated Transalpine Gaul.
874 The Tyrrhenian or Tuscan Sea commenced about the mouth
of the Arno, and extended as far as Naples. The Ligurian Sea is
the Gulf of Genoa. The Ausonian Sea, afterwards called the Sea of
Sicily, washes the southern parts of Italy. The Adriatic Gulf, is the
Gulf of Venice.
875 The Getæ inhabited Moldavia. The Tyrigetæ, or Getæ of
Tyras or the Dniester, dwelt on the banks of that river. The
Bastarnæ inhabited the Ukraine. The Sarmatians, or
Sauromatians, extended along either bank of the Don and the
environs of the Sea of Azof, the ancient Palus Mæotis.
876 Thrace and Macedonia form part of the modern Roumelia:
Illyria comprehended Dalmatia, Bosnia, Croatia, &c.
877 Cadiz.
878 The Scilly Isles.
879 Majorca and Minorca.
880 Iviça, Formentera, Spalmador, &c. They were called
Phœnician Islands, because the Carthaginians had sent out a
colony thither 160 years after the founding of their city.
881 Namely all the islands of the Ionian and Ægæan Seas, from
Corfu to the Dardanelles.
882 The Sea of Azof.
883 The Bay of Bengal.
884 The North.
885 The Northern Ocean.
886 The south.
887 The Bay of Bengal.
888 Sarmatian Mæotæ in the Greek text, but apparently incorrect.
889 Inhabitants of Georgia.
890 Inhabitants of Shirvan.
891 The Scythians here alluded to are the Tartars of Kuban; the
Achæans and Zygi are the modern Ziketi; the Heniochi are the
Abkazeti.
892 East of the Caspian.
893 These Scythians are the Tartars of the Kharasm. The
Hyrcanians are the inhabitants of Daghistan and the Corcan. The
Parthians occupied the north of Khorasan; the Bactrians the
country of Balk. The Sogdians inhabited Bukaria, where are
Samarcand and the valley of Al-Sogd.
894 Mingrelia.
895 Cappadocia comprehended a portion of the modern Roum
and Karamania between the Euphrates and the river Halys.
896 Under this name Strabo included a portion of the kingdom of
Pontus and other small tribes as far as Colchis.
897 Now the Kizil-Irmak.
898 The northern and western portions of Phrygia.
899 Probably an interpolation.
900 The mountaineers of Paropamisus were those who inhabited
the mountains which separate Bactriana from India. The Parthians
occupied the mountains north of the modern Khorasan. Under the
name of Medians Strabo comprehends the various nations who
inhabited the mountainous country between Parthia and Armenia.
The Cilicians inhabited Aladeuli; the Lycaonian mountaineers the
mountains which separate Karaman from Itch-iili; and the
Pisidians the country of Hamid.
901 The Bay of Bengal.
902 Ceylon.
903 The Arians inhabited Sigistan and a part of modern Persia.
Strabo gave the name of Arians to all the people who occupied
the portions of Asia comprised between the Indus and Persia, and
between the chain of the Taurus and Gedrosia and Carmania. In
after-times the designation of Arians was restricted to the
inhabitants of the modern Khorasan. Gedrosia is Mekran;
Carmania yet preserves the name of Kerman.
904 Ancient Persia is the modern province of Fars, Pars, or Paras;
our Persia being much more extensive than the ancient country
designated by the same name.
905 The Susians inhabited the modern Khosistan.
906 The Babylonians occupied the present Irak-Arabi.
907 Now al-Djezira.
908 Viz. the Ethiopians occupying the territory from Syene to
Abyssinia.
909 The Troglodyte Arabians.
910 The Cilicians occupied the modern Itch-iili and Aladeuli; the
Trachiotæ or mountaineers, the former of these countries.
911 Pamphylia is the modern Tekieh.
912 Or Oases, according to the common spelling.
913 That is to say, from Tunis to Gibraltar. The Maurusians, called
by the Latins Mauritanians, occupied the present Algiers and Fez.
914 Probably asa-fœtida.
915 The Troglodytic extended along the western coast of the
Arabian Gulf.
916 The Ichthyophagi of Gedrosia inhabited the barren coasts of
Mekran.
917 The term of Ethiopians was a generic name given by the
Greeks and Romans to the most southern inhabitants of Africa
they at any time happened to be acquainted with; consequently
the position of this country frequently shifted.
918 The Garamantæ inhabited the Kawan; Garama, their capital,
is now named Gherma. The Pharusians and Nigritæ dwelt south
of the present kingdom of Morocco.
919 The Marmaridæ extended west from Egypt, as far as
Catabathmus, near the present Cape Luco.
920 Viz. to the south and west.
921 The Gulfs of Sydra and Cabes.
922 The Psylli and Nasamones inhabited the eastern parts of the
present kingdom of Tripoli, above the Greater Syrtes and the
desert of Barca.
923 The Asbystæ were a people of Libya above Cyrene, where
the temple of Ammon stood; Jupiter is sometimes called on that
account Asbysteus.
924 The Byzacii occupied the southern parts of the kingdom of
Tunis.
925 Greek, Nomades, or wandering shepherds, from which the
Latins formed the name Numidæ. These people inhabited Algiers.
926 Carthage extended as far west as the promontory of Tretum,
now Sebta-Ras or the Seven Heads. From thence the Masylies
inhabited as far as Cape Carbon; and from thence the Masæsylii
possessed the country as far as the river Molochath, now the
Maluia, beyond which were the Maurusians extending to the
Atlantic.
927 Numidae.
928 The climata are zones parallel to the equator. The ancients
generally reckoned seven climata, which in the time of Hipparchus
terminated at 48° 30′ 35″, where the longest day consisted of
sixteen hours. He however multiplied these divisions and
extended them farther towards the poles. It is a great pity that
Strabo has not noted all of them.
929 According to Strabo, 12° 34′ 17″.
930 According to Strabo, 52° 25′ 42″.
931 Now Gherri, on the banks of the Nile.
932 i. e. they are the most southern of those for whom, &c.
933 Bab-el-Mandeb, The Gate of Tears.
934 The east.
935 The west.
936 This passage proves that in Strabo’s opinion the continent of
Africa did not extend so far south as the equator.
937 This town was sometimes called Ptolemais Epitheras, having
been built by Eumedes in the reign of Philadelphus for the chase
of elephants and other wild animals.
938 On the west.
939 The east.
940 About Cape Comorin.
941 The east.
942 The west.
943 Kramer follows Gosselin in proposing to substitute τρία in
place of ἑπτά.
944 The west side.
945 Algiers and Fez.
946 The eastern side.
947 Lower Egypt is intended.
948 Khosistan.
949 The modern province of Fars.
950 Kerman.
951 Upper Mekran.
952 S. Jean d’Acre.
953 Seide.
954 Tsur.
955 Eksenide.
956 Siragusa.
957 Caria occupied the southern and western parts of Anadoli,
near the Island of Rhodes. Lycaonia formed a part of the modern
Karaman. Cataonia was comprised in Aladeuli. Media is now Irak-
Adjami. The Caspian Gates are the defiles of Firouz-Koh.
958 Eski-Stambul.
959 Emboli or Jamboli.
960 Polina.
961 Isnik.
962 Eksemil.
963 Karasi in Anadoli.
964 Sinoub.
965 Corcan and Daghistan.
966 Balk.
967 To the north.
968 Or 17° 30´. This would indicate a latitude of 48° 38′ 40″.
969 The astronomical cubit was equal to two degrees.
970 Read 23,100.
971 The northern extremity of the Hellespont.
972 Κόσμος, the universe.
973 The pole of the ecliptic.
974 The neck, &c.
975 The Pyrenees, on the contrary, range from east to west, with
a slight inclination towards the north. This error gives occasion to
several of the mistakes made by Strabo respecting the course of
certain of the rivers in France.
976 France.
977 The Gulfs of Lyons and Gascony.
978 Gosselin remarks that the distance between S. Jean de Luz
and Tarragona, is rather less than that between Bayonne and
Narbonne.
979 The Atlantic.
980 Cape St. Vincent.
981 Cape Finisterre.
982 Africa.
983 The Mauritanians.
984 Cape St. Vincent.
985 Cape St. Vincent is about 1600 stadia west of Cape Spartel in
Africa. Strabo imagined that beyond this cape the African coast
inclined to the south-east. In reality it advances eleven degrees
and a half farther west to Cape Verd, which is 8° 29′ west of Cape
St. Vincent.
986 Herodotus is the first who speaks of a people of Iberia, to
whom he gives the name of Κυνήσιοι or Κύνητες: he describes
them as inhabiting the most western part of Europe, beyond the
Pillars of Hercules.
987 This passage of Strabo relative to the rocking-stones has
occasioned much perplexity to the critics. We have attempted to
render the Greek words as near as possible. Many curious facts
relative to rocking and amber stones have been collected, by
Jabez Allies, F. S. A., in his work on the Antiquities of
Worcestershire, now in the press.
988 We extract the following notice on this passage from
Humboldt (Cosmos, vol. iii. 54, Bohn’s edition). “This passage has
recently been pronounced corrupt, (Kramer i. 211,) and δι’ ὑάλων
(through glass spheres) substituted for δι’ αὐλῶν (Schneider,
Eclog. Phys. ii. 273). The magnifying power of hollow glass
spheres, filled with water, (Seneca i. 6,) was, indeed, as familiar
to the ancients as the action of burning glasses or crystals,
(Aristoph. Nub. v. 765,) and that of Nero’s emerald (Plin. xxxvii.
5); but these spheres most assuredly could not have been
employed as astronomical measuring instruments. (Compare
Cosmos i. p. 619.) Solar altitudes taken through thin light clouds,
or through volcanic vapours, exhibit no trace of the influence of
refraction.”
989 Cadiz.
990 Cape St. Vincent.
991 Ἄνας.
992 The Tagus, the Guadiana, and the Guadalquiver, pursue a
course nearly parallel to each other, and all incline towards the
south before discharging themselves into the sea; the inclination
of the Tagus is not equal to that of the other rivers.
993 Lusitania occupied the greater part of the present kingdom of
Portugal. It was from the countries north of the Tagus that the
Romans caused certain of the inhabitants to emigrate to the south
side of that river.
994 The Carpetani occupied a portion of New Castile, where the
cities of Madrid, Toledo, &c. are now situated.
995 These people inhabited the southern portions of New Castile,
now occupied by the cities of Calatrava, Ciudad-real, Alcaraz, &c.
They also possessed a part of the Sierra-Morena.
996 The Vettones inhabited that part of Estremadura, where the
cities of Alcantara, Truxillo, &c. are now situated.
997 Bætis.
998 Anas.
999 The course of the Guadiana is longer than that of the
Guadalquiver.
1000 Viz. Turdetania.
1001 The mountainous country in which the Guadalquiver takes
its source.
1002 The rock of Gibraltar.
1003 This Timosthenes was the admiral of Ptolemy II. Strabo
mentions him repeatedly.
1004 The place on which this town formerly stood is now
designated Val de Vacca.
1005 Rio Barbate.
1006 Now Azzila.
1007 Called by Pliny and Ptolemy Julia Transducta. It appears to
have been situated at the western entrance of the Bay of
Gibraltar, at the place now called Al-Gesira.
1008 Cadiz.
1009 An Athenian king, who led the Athenians against Troy. The
port of Menestheus is now Puerto Sta. Maria.
1010 Hodie Lebrixa.
1011 Bætis.
1012 At or near the port of Menestheus, just mentioned.
1013 Quintus Servilius Cæpio, a famous Roman general. Vide lib.
iv. c. i. § 13.
1014 This city is not to be confounded with others of the same
name in Spain.
1015 Strabo is the only writer who speaks of this temple of
Phosphorus. It was no doubt a temple to Diana, who was named
Ἄρτεμις Φωσφόρος. This temple, according to the Spanish
authors quoted by Lopez in his translation of Strabo, corresponds
to the present San-Lucar de Barrameda.
1016 Strabo here gives the Latin Lucem dubiam in Greek
characters, Λοῦκεμ δουβίαν.
1017 The Guadiana at the present day has but one mouth.
1018 Cape St. Vincent.
1019 Cadiz.
1020 Anas.
1021 Bætis.
1022 Cordova, situated on the Guadalquiver in Andalusia. We do
not know whether it were founded by the Marcellus who was
prætor in Thither Iberia, and created consul in the year of Rome
601, or Marcellus who joined Pompey’s party against Cæsar. This
city served for the winter quarters of the Romans, who during
summer made war on the inhabitants of the western and
northern parts of Spain. It was the native place of the two
Senecas and Lucan, and the chief emporium of Iberia. We may
form some idea of the amount of its population from the number
of those who perished when taken by Cæsar, as narrated by
Hirtius, Spanish War, § 34. But the period in which Cordova’s glory
was at its zenith was during the empire of the Moors, in the
eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, when it numbered 300,000
inhabitants.
1023 Cadiz.
1024 Seville. This city was surnamed Julia Romulensis. It was
founded by Cæsar, and regarded as the second city of the
province, although, as we see, in the time of Strabo it was only
third-rate.
1025 Strabo is the only writer who mentions this city of Bætis.
Casaubon and others are inclined to the opinion that the MSS. are
corrupted, and that formerly another name stood here.
1026 This city, the native place of the emperors Trajan and
Adrian, and the poet Silius Italicus, was founded by Publius Scipio
in the second Punic war, who placed here the soldiers
incapacitated from the performance of military service. It is
supposed to correspond to Sevilla la Vieja, about a league distant
from Seville.
1027 The Ilipa Ilia of Pliny and Illipula Magna of Ptolemy. Its
exact position is not determined.
1028 Hodie Ecija on the Xenil.
1029 Carmona.
1030 Monda, seven leagues west of Malaga.
1031 Osuna.
1032 Hodie Martos, Pliny gave it the surname of Augusta
Gemella.
1033 The Itucci of Pliny, to which he gives the surname Virtus
Julia.
1034 We should probably read 430.
1035 Kramer, using the criticism of Lachmann, observes that this
is a misreading for Midaium, and that a like mistake occurs in
Appian.
1036 Furnius and Titius.
1037 In Lusitania.
1038 About the spot where this city is supposed to have stood,
between Xerez and Tribugena, there is still a place called Mesa de
Asta.
1039 Strabo uses ὁλκάσιν ἀξιολόγοις, but the English hulk would
not bear the same import in this place as the Greek.
1040 Bætis.
1041 Cotillas, or perhaps Constantina near Almaden.
1042 Anas.
1043 Experience does not seem to warrant this conclusion.
1044 Cape St. Vincent.
1045 Of Gibraltar.
1046 Cape St. Vincent.
1047 The text here is evidently corrupt, but it is not easy to
determine to what extent the overflow reached at the time Strabo
wrote.
1048 Lebrixa.
1049 Gibraleon.
1050 Spain.
1051 οἱ Εὖροι.
1052 Majorca and Minorca.
1053 In his third book, Strabo, speaking of Campania, regards the
oil of Venafrum as superior to any other. In this he agrees with
Pliny, who places in the second class the oils of Bætica and Istria.
Pausanias considers these two oils, both for beauty of colour and
excellence of flavour, inferior to that produced at Tithorea in
Phocis, and which was sent to Rome for the service of the
emperor’s table.
1054 Coccus tinctorius, used to dye scarlet.
1055 Sinoub, still a Turkish city of importance.
1056 A people inhabiting the western parts of the Caucasus.
1057 This name occurs only in Strabo: of the various conjectures
which have been hazarded on the subject, one of the most
probable seems to be that we should read Saltigetæ, a people of
Bastetania, mentioned by Ptolemy.
1058 These were evidently rabbits.
1059 Spain.
1060 Majorca and Minorca.
1061 According to Pliny, (lib. viii. c. 55,) this deputation was sent
to Augustus to demand of him a military force, apparently for the
purpose of assisting the inhabitants in destroying the rabbits. The
same writer has brought together a variety of instances in which
cities have been abandoned or destroyed through similar causes.
Vide lib. viii. c. 29. The inhabitants of Abdera in Thrace were
forced to quit their city on account of the rats and frogs, and
settled on the frontiers of Macedonia. (Justin. lib. xv. c. 2.)
1062 Ferrets.
1063 Pozzuolo.
1064 We have here followed Gosselin’s suggestion of λιμνασίαν
instead of γυμνασίαν, the reading of MSS.
1065 A kind of whale, mentioned also by Aristotle, but which does
not seem to have been identified.
1066 The Mediterranean.
1067 A kind of shell-fish with a wreathed shell, which might be
used as a sort of trumpet. It is mentioned by Aristotle.
1068 The cotyla held about three-fourths of a pint.
1069 This weight equalled 15 oz. 83-3/4 grs.
1070 The Euboic or Attic talent, which is here meant, equalled
almost 57 lb.
1071 A kind of cuttle-fish or squid.
1072 Sardinia.
1073 Turdetania.
1074 The mineral riches of Spain are lauded in equal terms by
Herodotus, Aristotle, Pliny, and many other writers. We can only
remark, that at the present day the mineral wealth of that country
scarcely justifies such descriptions.
1075 The Cevennes.
1076 Pliny, (lib. xxxiii. c. 4,) writing on the same subject, says,
“Inveniuntur ita massæ; necnon in puteis etiam denas excedentes
libras. Palacras Hispani, alii palacranas, iidem quod minutum est
balucem vocant.”
1077 This passage is evidently corrupt, nor do any of the readings
which have been proposed seem to clear up the difficulties which
it presents.
1078 Archimedes’ Screw. It was called the Egyptian screw
because invented by Archimedes when in Egypt, and also because
it was much employed by the Egyptians in raising water from the
Nile for the irrigation of their lands.
1079 We read τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν, according to Kramer’s suggestion.
1080 The following is the enigma alluded to. We have extracted it
from Mackenzie’s Translation of the Life of Homer, attributed to
Herodotus of Halicarnassius. While the sailors and the towns-
people of the Isle of Ios (Nio) were speaking with Homer, some
fishermen’s children ran their vessel on shore, and descending to
the sands, addressed these words to the assembled persons:
“Hear us, strangers, explain our riddle if ye can.” Then some of
those who were present ordered them to speak. “We leave,” say
they, “what we take, and we carry with us that we cannot take.”
No one being able to solve the enigma, they thus expounded it.
“Having had an unproductive fishery,” say they in explanation,
“we sat down on the sand, and being annoyed by the vermin, left
the fish we had taken on the shore, taking with us the vermin we
could not catch.”
1081 These people inhabited the province of Gallicia in Spain.
1082 Carthagena.
1083 Caslona.
1084 Bætis.
1085 The Sierra Cazorla.
1086 Anas.
1087 These 900 stadia are equal to from 25 to 26 leagues, which
is exactly the distance from the sources of the Guadalquiver near
to Cazorla to the lagoons named Ojos de Guadiana, adjacent to
Villa-Harta.
1088 Cadiz.
1089 A Greek poet born at Himera in Sicily, and who flourished
about b. c.570: he lived in the time of Phalaris, and was
contemporary with Sappho, Alcæus, and Pittacus.
1090 The rock of Gibraltar.
1091 Cape St. Vincent.
1092 Cadiz.
1093 This is exactly the distance from Cadiz to Cape St. Vincent,
following the coasts. It is from 48 to 49 leagues.
1094 Gaul.
1095 The bright light of the sun fell into the ocean, drawing dark
night over the fruitful earth. Iliad viii. 485.
1096 Wandering rocks.
1097 Entwining or conflicting rocks. Euripides, Medea, verse 2,
gives them the title of Symplegades.
1098 Gibraltar.
1099 The Strait of Messina.
1100 Ulisipo or Lisbon.
1101 A proverbial expression by which the Greeks described a
victory equally prejudicial to the victors and the vanquished.
1102 But still it would be disgraceful to remain here so long, and
to return home without fitting booty. Iliad ii. 298.
1103 We should probably here read Menestheus.
1104 But the immortals will send you to the Elysian plain, and the
boundaries of the earth, where is auburn-haired Rhadamanthus;
there of a truth is the most easy life for men. There is nor snow
nor long winter, nor ever a shower, but ever does the ocean send
forth the gently blowing breezes of the west wind to refresh men.
Odyssey iv. 563.
1105 There then I beheld Minos, the illustrious son of Jove,
having a golden sceptre, giving laws to the dead. Odyssey xi. 567.
Bohn’s edition.
1106 The Canary Islands.
1107 Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal.
1108 We have preferred, in common with the French translation,
and the manuscript cited by Xylander, to read φιάλαις, instead of
φάτναις, thinking it probable that Strabo referred in the first
instance to the drinking vessels, and afterwards to the wine
barrels, as being made of silver.
1109 Herodotus, who wrote about a century after the time of
Anacreon, expressly tells us that Arganthonius reigned during
eighty years, and lived one hundred and twenty (l. i. c. 163).
Cicero, Valerius Maximus, and Pliny report the same, apparently
on the testimony of Herodotus. Lucian, Phlegon, and Appian
however state the life of Arganthonius at one hundred and fifty
years; and what is remarkable, the two former, Lucian and
Phlegon, cite as their authority Anacreon and Herodotus. Pliny,
citing Anacreon, has taken the reign of one hundred and fifty
years, mentioned by the poet, as a life of that duration. The
passage of Strabo is evidently changed from its original form.
1110 Of the number are Pomponius Mela and Pliny.
1111 Bætis.
1112 That is, been admitted to all the privileges of Roman
citizenship. Pliny tells us that in Bætica alone there were thirty
cities enjoying this distinction.
1113 Beja in Alentejo: others, with less show of probability, say
Badajoz the capital of Estremadura.
1114 Merida.
1115 Saragossa.
1116 Cape St. Vincent.
1117 Cape Espichel.
1118 Coray reads two hundred and ten stadia, Groskurd and the
French translators adopt 200; but the whole passage is so
manifestly corrupt, that it scarcely seemed safe to hazard the
correction.
1119 The text is here very corrupt, and the explanations of the
editors and translators unsatisfactory.
1120 A city of Lusitania, hod. Al-Merim.
1121 Literally towards the sunset at the equinox.
1122 Anas.
1123 Bætis.
1124 Durius.
1125 This city is not mentioned elsewhere in Strabo.
1126 Caslona.
1127 Oreto.
1128 μυρίων καὶ τρισχιλίων, in text, but plainly the result of some
error.
1129 We have followed the suggestion of Kramer in the rendering
of this passage, the Greek text being evidently corrupt.
1130 Munda.
1131 Vacua.
1132 Durius.
1133 A city situated near Soria in Old Castile.
1134 Now the Lima.
1135 Xylander and many of the commentators propose to read
Ὀβλιουιῶνα, or Oblivion, in place of Βελιῶνα. The conjecture
seems extremely probable.
1136 The Minho of the present day.
1137 The Minho is far surpassed in size, both by the Duero and
the Tagus.
1138 The text here is evidently incorrect. In the first place, the
καὶ αὐτὸν, which we have rendered this too, evidently sustained
some relation, no longer subsisting, to what preceded; and in the
second, the sources of the Minho were not in Cantabria, but
Gallicia.
1139 Strabo here appears to confound the mouth of the Minho
with a small bay about five leagues distant, near to the city of
Bayona in Gallicia, and before which there is still the small island
of Bayona.
1140 Cape Finisterre.
1141 Anas.
1142 Limæa.
1143 Or the river of Oblivion, apparently because they forgot to
return to their own country.
1144 A few of the MSS. read fifty, which number seems to be
countenanced by the statement of Pliny, that forty-six nations
inhabited Lusitania: but then the limits he set to the country were
more extended than those allowed by Strabo.
1145 The κούφος of the text signifies also a volatile disposition.
1146 Some part of the sentence seems here to be wanting. It
probably contained a description of the kind of sword made use
of.
1147 Durius.
1148 This reminds one of the glibs the Irish used to wear down to
a recent period.
1149 This passage is not found in any of the odes of Pindar now
remaining.
1150 The French translators observe, that we should probably
understand this passage as follows, They exercise themselves as
light-armed infantry, heavy-armed infantry, cavalry, &c.
1151 Xenophon describes this, or one very similar, as the Persian
dance: Τέλος δὲ τὸ Περσικὸν ὠρχεῖτο, κροτῶν τὰς πέλτας· καὶ
ὤκλαζε, καὶ ἐξανίστατο. “Last of all he danced the Persian dance,
clashing his bucklers, and in dancing fell on his knees, then
sprang up again.” Xen. Anab. b. vi. c. 1, 10.
1152 This is said to distinguish them from their neighbours, the
inhabitants of Majorca and Minorca, whose peculiar marriage
ceremonies are thus described by Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 18:
Παράδοξον δέ τι καὶ κατὰ τοὺς γάμους νόμιμον παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν·
ἐν γὰρ ταῖς κατὰ τοὺς γάμους εὐωχίαις, οἰκείων τε καὶ φίλων κατὰ
τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ πρῶτος ἀεὶ καὶ ὁ δεύτερος, καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ κατὰ τὸ
ἑξῆς, μίσγονται ταῖς νύμφαις ἀνὰ μέρος, ἐσχάτου τοῦ νυμφίου
τυγχάνοντος ταύτης τῆς τιμῆς.
1153 The mention of Egyptians here seems surprising, inasmuch
as no writer appears to have recorded this as one of their
customs. Of the Assyrians it is stated, both by Herodotus, i. 197,
and also by Strabo himself, xvi. cap. i. 746. It seems therefore
most probable that Assyrians are intended, Egyptians being
merely an error of the transcriber.
1154 Inhabitants of Biscay.
1155 People of Navarre.
1156 Who the Pleutauri were, we do not know. The Bardyetæ
appear to be the same people whom Strabo afterwards speaks of
as Bardyiti, or Bardyali, who occupied a narrow slip of land
between the east of Alava and the west of Navarre. The Allotriges
Casaubon supposes to be the same as the Autrigones, who
occupied the coast from Laredo to the Gulf of Bilboa.
1157 Inhabitants of Biscay.
1158 Iberus.
1159 πλὴν Τουίσοι: these words are manifestly corrupt, but none
of the various conjectural readings seem at all probable.
1160 From the Pillars to the Sacred Promontory, or Cape St.
Vincent.
1161 The rock of Gibraltar.
1162 Carthagena.
1163 Viz. from Carthagena.
1164 Malaga.
1165 Cadiz.
1166 Pomponius Mela gives this city the name of Hexi, or Ex,
according to another reading; Pliny names it Sexi, with the
surname of Firmum Julium; and Ptolemy, Sex. This is merely a
difference relative to the aspiration of the word, which was
sometimes omitted, at other times expressed by the letters H or S
indifferently.
1167 Mentioned by Pliny, Athenæus, Galen, and also by Martial,
lib. vii. Epigramm. 78,
Cum Saxetani ponatur cauda lacerti;
Et bene si cœnas, conchis inuncta tibi est;
Sumen, aprum, leporem, boletos, ostrea, mullos,
Mittis: habes nec cor, Papile, nec genium.
1168 Adra.
1169 Lisbon.
1170 Asclepiades of Myrlea, a city of Bithynia, was a grammarian,
and disciple of the celebrated grammarian, Apollonius. According
to Suidas he taught literature at Rome, under Pompey the Great.
And it is probable that it was with Pompey he afterwards passed
into Spain.
1171 Teucer, the son of Telamon, king of the island of Salamis,
being driven out of the country by his father, founded in Cyprus
the city of Salamis. Justin adds, that after the death of his father
he returned to the island of Salamis; but being prevented by the
son of Ajax, his brother, from debarking, he went into Iberia, and
took up his abode on the spot where Carthagena was afterwards
built: that subsequently he removed into the country of the
Gallicians, and settled amongst them.
1172 The Hellenes derived their name from Hellen the son of
Deucalion and Pyrrha. This name, which at first designated only a
small people of Thessaly, became afterwards the general
appellation of the inhabitants of the whole of Greece.
1173 Amphilochus, on his return from Troy, founded with Mopsus
the city of Mallos in Cilicia. He afterwards retired to Argos, but not
being contented there he rejoined Mopsus, who however would
no longer divide with him the government of their common
colony. This dispute resulted in a remarkable combat, which cost
the life of both. (Compare Strabo. l. xiv. c. 4.) Sophocles and
other tragic poets have taken advantage of this tradition.
Herodotus likewise speaks of the voyages of Amphilochus into
Cilicia, and of the city of Posideium which he founded there, but
he tells us nothing of his death. Thucydides merely says that
Amphilochus on his return home after the Trojan war, being
discontented with his compatriots, founded in the Gulf of
Ambracia a city which he named after his fatherland, Argos. None
of these traditions mention a voyage to Iberia.
1174 Siebenkees suspects that this name should be read Ocella.
The Ocelenses in Lusitania are commended by Pliny.
1175 Some MSS. read Opsicella.
1176 Strabo, or rather Artemidorus, seems to have confused the
two kinds of lotus mentioned by the ancients. That whereof they
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