TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NÔNG LÂM TPHCM
BỘ MÔN CÔNG NGHỆ HÓA HỌC
CHƯƠNG 3:
TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH
CÔNG NGHỆ HÓA HỌC
(Phần 2)
3.4. General concepts
3.4.1. The anatomy of a chemical manufacturing process
Read the text below and choose the best word fits each gap.
The basic _______ of a typical chemical process are shown in Figure 1.3, in which
each _______ represents a stage in the overall process for producing a product
from the raw materials. Figure 1.3 represents a _______ process; not all the stages
will be needed for any particular process, and the _______ of each stage will
depend on the nature of the process. _______ is concerned with the selection and
arrangement of the stages, and the selection, _______ and design of the equipment
required to perform the stage functions.
Stage 1. Raw material storage
Unless the raw materials (also called essential materials, or _______) are supplied
as intermediate products (_______) from a neighbouring plant, some _______ will
have to be made to hold several days, or weeks, storage to smooth out fluctuations
and interruptions in supply. Even when the materials come from an adjacent plant
some provision is usually made to hold a few hours, or even days, supply to
_______ the processes. The storage required will depend on the nature of the raw
materials, the method of delivery, and what _______ can be placed on the
continuity of supply. If materials are delivered by ship (tanker or bulk carrier) several
weeks stocks may be necessary; whereas if they are received by road or rail, in
smaller lots, less storage will be needed.
Stage 2. Feed preparation
Some purification, and preparation, of the raw materials will usually be necessary
before they are sufficiently pure, or in the right form, to be fed to the _______ stage.
For example, acetylene generated by the carbide process contains arsenical and
sulphur _______, and other impurities, which must be removed by _______ with
concentrated sulphuric acid (or other processes) before it is sufficiently pure for
reaction with hydrochloric acid to produce dichloroethane.
Liquid feeds will need to be _______ before being fed to gas phase reactors, and
solids may need _______, grinding and screening.
Stage 3. Reactor
The reaction stage is the heart of a _______. In the reactor the raw materials are
brought together under conditions that promote the production of the _______;
invariably, by-products and unwanted compounds (_______) will also be formed.
Stage 4. Product separation
In this first stage after the reactor the products and by-products are separated from
any _______. If in sufficient quantity, the unreacted material will be _______ to the
reactor. They may be returned directly to the reactor, or to the feed purification and
preparation stage. The by-products may also be separated from the products at
this stage.
Stage 5. Purification
Before sale, the _______ will usually need purification to meet the product
_______. If produced in economic quantities, the by-products may also be purified
for sale.
Stage 6. Product storage
Some inventory of finished product must be held to match production with sales.
Provision for product _______ and transport will also be needed, depending on the
nature of the product. Liquids will normally be _______ in drums and in bulk tankers
(road, rail and sea), solids in sacks, cartons or bales. The stock held will depend on
the nature of the product and the market.
Ancillary processes
In _______ to the main process stages shown in Figure 1.3, provision will have to
be made for the supply of the services (_______) needed; such as, process water,
cooling water, compressed air, steam. _______ will also be needed for
maintenance, firefighting, offices and other accommodation, and laboratories.
(1) provision (12) feed stocks
(2) decouple (13) intermediates
(3) assurance (14) reaction
(4) compounds (15) crushing
(5) scrubbing (16) vaporized
(6) impurities (17) chemical manufacturing process
(7) main product (18) unreacted material
(8) desired product (19) specification
(9) recycled (20) packaging
(10) dispatched (21) utilities
(11) Facilities (22) addition
3.4.2. Structure and characteristics of the chemical industry
Read the below text and translate into Vietnamese.
The chemical industry is defined by Standard Industry Code (SIC) 28, Chemicals
and Allied Products. Chemicals, as defined by SIC 28, is a broad, complex industry
that produces over 70000 different products. These products range from the
chemicals first derived from the initial processing of organic or inorganic raw
materials — chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and chlorine that are vital to
other production — to finished consumer products such as medicines, soap, and
toothpaste that are seldom associated with the chemical industry. Production is
thus very diverse. In volume terms, however, most of the industry’s outputs are
basic chemicals little known to consumers. For the most part, its products are used
by other chemical producers to make other chemicals or by other industries to
make or grow things that serve society — products ranging from apples and autos
to zippers and zithers. Nevertheless, much of the public is unaware of the vital role
of the chemical industry in everyday life and modern products.
The production of basic industrial chemicals falls into two broad categories, organic
and inorganic chemicals. Organic chemicals production begins with raw materials
containing hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas, and coal. Inorganic chemicals do
not contain carbon but are made from the air and from minerals taken from the
earth, such as salt. The chemical industry’s manufacturing processes, however,
extend far beyond the making of basic industrial chemicals. One useful way to
describe the industry is vertically — by the layers or sequences of production it
embraces. As noted above, some chemical companies are involved in the initial
transformation of inorganic and organic raw materials into basic industrial or
building block chemicals (for example, chlorine, benzene, ethylene, propylene,
xylene, toluene, butadiene, methane, and butylene). Other chemical companies
use these basic or commodity chemicals to make more highly refined intermediate
chemicals that are essential inputs to everyday consumer products made by other
industries — products such as glass, paper, steel, etc. Another group of chemical
companies may take these intermediate chemicals and, through combinations and
further processing, make specialty chemicals — such as water treatment chemicals
— and other products, such as paints, fertilizers, plastics, artificial fibers, etc.
Read the text above again and decide if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE
(1) The chemical industry manufactures products initially processed from organic or
inorganic raw materials.
(2) Most of the industry’s outputs are basic chemicals well-known to consumers.
(3) Much of the public is aware of the vital role of the chemical industry in everyday
life and modern products.
(4) Inorganic chemicals production begins with raw materials containing
hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas, and coal.
(5) Organic chemicals do not contain carbon but are made from the air and from
minerals taken from the earth, such as salt.
(6) Basic industrial or building block chemicals are chlorine, benzene, ethylene,
propylene, xylene, toluene, butadiene, methane, and butylene.
(7) Specialty chemicals are made from basic or commodity chemicals through
combinations and further processing.
3.4.3. Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE)
Complete the sentences from the text with parts removed from them.
In Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE), _______. The chemist is successful in
establishing the conditions for a reaction on a small scale. He would be interested
in understanding the mechanism of the reaction-whether _______. The engineer is
usually not concerned with these details. He is interested only in using information
from thermodynamics (_______) and physical chemistry (reaction rates) to help
design reactors. He is interested in designing a reactor (determining the volume)
for a particular production rate or to predict the performance of the reactor for a
given design.
Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) is concerned with
(i) Determining the volume of a given reactor and predicting its performance.
(ii) Determining the operating conditions such as feed temperature, composition,
and flow rate for safe operation.
(iii) _______.
In several situations, multiple reactions occur with a set of reactants. Here, in
addition to the desired products being formed, undesired products are also
produced. For instance, _______. Chemical Reaction Engineering deals with
determining the operating conditions to maximize the production of desired
product. _______, i.e. composition or the feeding policy of different reactants. An
example of a series parallel network of reactions of industrial importance is the
formation of maleic anhydride from butane oxidation. This can be written as:
Butane + Oxygen Maleic anhydride
Butane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Maleic anhydride Carbon dioxide
_______.
(A) Gibbs free energy change and heats of reactions, for instance
(B) the product may form isomers and only one isomer may be of interest
(C) the concepts thermodynamics and physical chemistry are integrated to
(D) there is an electrophilic substitution or a nucleophilic substitution
(E) This could be achieved by changing the operating conditions
(F) Conditions in the reactor have to be chosen to ensure that the
production of maleic anhydride the desired product is maximized
(G) Determining if the reactor designed and being operated is ideal
3.4.4. Generation of steam
Read the following text and then answer the questions that follow.
Steam represents the vapor state of water and becomes a source of energy when
the change-of-state is realized. This energy can be used for increasing the
temperature of other substances, such as food products, and results in production
of a water condensate as the energy is released. The vapor state of water or steam
is produced by addition of energy from a more basic source, such as fuel oil or
natural gas, to convert water from a liquid to a vapor state. The systems for
generation of steam can be divided into two major classifications: fire-tube and
water-tube. Both systems are used in the food industry, but water-tube systems are
designed for the more modern applications. The steam generation system or boiler
is a vessel designed to bring water into contact with a hot surface, as required to
convert liquid to vapor. The hot surface is maintained by using hot gases, usually
combustion gases from natural gas or other petroleum products. The boiler vessel
is designed to contain the steam and to withstand the pressures resulting from the
change of state for water. Fire-tube steam generators (Fig. 3.1) utilize hot gases
within tubes surrounded by water to convert the water from liquid to vapor state.
Figure 3.1 The horizontal return tubular (HRT) fire-tube boiler. (From Farrall, 1979)
The resulting heat transfer causes the desired change of state, with the vapors
generated contained within the vessel holding the water. A water-tube steam
generator (Fig. 3.2) utilizes heat transfer from hot gas surrounding the tubes to the
water flowing through the tubes to produce steam. The heat transfer in the water-
tube system tends to be somewhat more rapid because of the ability to maintain
turbulent flow within the liquid flow tube. Water-tube boilers generally operate with
larger capacities and at higher pressures. These systems have greater flexibility
and are considered safer to operate than the counterpart fire-tube systems. The
safety feature is associated most closely with the change-of-phase occurring
within small tubes in a water-tube system rather than in a large vessel in a fire-
tube system. The latter system does have an advantage when the load on the
system varies considerably with time. Nearly all modern installations in the food
industry are of the water-tube design. One of the more recent developments is the
utilization of alternate fuels as a source of energy for steam generation. In
particular, combustible waste materials from processing operations have become
a viable alternative. In many situations, these materials are available in large
quantities and may present a disposal problem.
Figure 3.2 Water-tube steam generator. (Courtesy of Cherry-Burrell Corporation)
Steam generation systems do require modifications in design to accommodate
different combustion processes, as illustrated in Figure 3.3. The advantage of
these systems is the opportunity to establish cogeneration, as sketched in Figure
3.4. This arrangement utilizes steam generated by burning waste materials to
generate electric power, as well as to provide steam for processing operations.
Depending on the availability of waste materials, significant percentages of electric
power demand can be met in this way.
Figure 3.3 Steam generation system. (Courtesy of Johnson Boiler Company)
1. What is steam?
2. What can steam energy be used for?
3. What are classifications of steam generating systems?
4. How does fire-tube steam generator convert the water from liquid to vapor
state?
5. How does water-tube steam generator produce steam?
6. Which type of boilers operate with larger capacities and at higher
pressures?
7. What is safety feature of a water-tube system?
8. What is the advantage of a fire-tube system?
9. What is the recent development for steam generation?
10. What is the advantage of a steam cogeneration system?
