LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS 241

log, n loga n or log n

Formula
loga log b
4 log4 5 log, 6 log6 7 log, 8
log,3 log,.
log 3 log 4 log5 log 6 log 7 log 5
log 2 log 3^ log 4 log
log 8 log 2 3 log 2 5^ log 6 log 7
= log 2 log 2 =3.
t r a t i o6n
log 2
Simplifywithout use of log tables:
8 log 2-2log 4
log 2
wsatton
8 log 2- 2log 4
log 2
log 2 - log 4
log 2 By law of logarithm
log (2 +4'
log 2 By law of logarithm
= log (2 +(2') |
log 2
log(2-4_log
(2) 4log 2=4.
log 2 log 2 log 2
Mustration6
of:
Find the value16 25 81
log2 + 16
log 15 + 12 log 24 +7 log
80
olution
16 25 81
+ 16 log + 12 log +7 log
log 2 15 24 80
= log 2 + 16 log 16 - 16 log 15 + 12 log 25- 12 log 24
+7 log 81-7 log 80
= log 2 + 16 log 2*- 16 log 3-16 log 5 + 12 log 5
12 log (2 x3) +7 log 3 -7 log (2x 5)
= log 2 + 64 log 2-16 log 3- 16 log 5 +24 log 5 -36 log 2
- 12 log 3 +28 log 3- 28 log 2-7 log 5
= [1+ 64- 36 28] log 2 + -16 + 24-7]log 5
+[-16- 12 +28] log 3
= (1) log 2+ (1) log5 + (0) log 3
= log 2 + log 5
= log (2 x 5)= log 10= 1
If base is taken as 10, then log,,10 =1.
llustration 7
Prove that
65 133 11
(Undore, 2003)
log + log 143 + log =0.
19 35
Solution
(65 133 11
LH.S. log 19 X 143 ^35
X

13 x 5 19 x7 11
= log 19
X
11x13 ^ 7x5
242 BUSINESS MATIIEMATICS

(13 5 19 11 7
log 13519
-log l = 0R.H.S.
lMustration 8
Prove that
log (1 + 2+3) =log 1+log 2 + log 3
Is it true for any three numbers m, n, p?
Solution
log (1+2+3) =log 6
=log(1 x2x3) = log
(Jabalpur ,:
This relation is true only when m +n tp=m Xn 1+ xp.
log 2 +lop
Illustration 9
Prove that
2 log (1 + 2+4 +7+ 14) =log 1+ log 2 + log 4+ log 7 +
log 1A
Solution 2
log (1 +2 +4 +7.+ 14) = 2 log (28) (Jabalpur, 20 8, 09,1:
=log (28)
=log (4 x 7)
=log (4 x7x4x7)
=log (2 x 2 x7x4x7)
=log (1 x 2 x 4x7x 14)
- log 1 +log 2 + log 4 +log 7
Illustration 10 +log 14
Find the value of:
log, llog, {log, (log, 27°)
Solution
Given expression =log, log, {log, (log, (3')N
=log, log, {log, (log, (3'))
=log,log, {log, (9 log, 3)1]
=log,log, (log, 9)]
=log, log, (log, (: log, 3=1
=log, [log, (2 log, 3))
=log, log, 2]
=log, 1=0 (: log, 3=l)
Illustration 11
If a-6 =a*,
show that x = log a
Solution log (ba)

log (a6) =log

log a'*+ log b* = log (a**SB
a
(3-x) log a+5x log b = (x+ 5)+5log+log
a+
b
3*
3log a -x log a + 5x b = x log a log b
-x log a+ 5x log 6-x log + 5log a + 3* log b
- 2xlog a +2x log =5 log a-3 log a-3x log b
log b= 2 log a
2x (log b-log a) = 2 log a
log a 2
log b- log a 2
log a
log (ba)
 r0GARITHMS AND ANTILOGARTHMS 243
Fnd the value of x.
zkinglogaritham to the base 10 : (Rewa, 2008

x
xloglog2+2+ (2 +1) log 3 =
x 2x log 3 +log 3 =(4x +3)7log
3010x +2log 2 +2 log- 3- 4 log 4x log
7=3 log +3 log 7
x0.4771 0.8451]
(0.3010 + 4x 7- log 3
=33x 0.8451-0.4771
0.9542
x-3.3804] = 2.0582
=2 2.5353 -0.4771
(-2.1252)
2.0582 =-0.9685
EXEROCISE E 2.1252
AnswerType Questions
=3+n
log, *, prove that
log,
If y=b'
Provethat

,log,(log, 27) =1
log,
in
Write simplest form :
s
log, 729 Y927-7s
and 82. = 4c, prove that (Sagar, 2000) (Ans. 1]
2x2
y=

any three
Ifa,6,. c are consecutive integers, provethat
log(1 + ac) = 2 log b
&Provethat
log x+logx.+log +... +log nn +1)
log x
. Which one is greater?
log1o(.3) or log1o(.09)
(Ans. logo.3)]
&flog+log|log(p +q), find q+p. (Ans. q+p=1]
, flog (a-4a + 5)= 0, prove that a 2.
:
10. Prove that
log be +log ca +log 0.
lfa+6 =ab(8- 3a - 36), prove that:
1
log-log a+log b)
2 Prove that :

(loge a)' - (loge b =loge ab . loge

IR Show that :
100
> 100
if log 2=0.3010, log 3 =0.4771, log 7 =0.8451
4 flogalog b_ log c
y-2
prove that a..c=1.
S. Pind xif :
log10 x + log1o (x - 3) = 1 (Ans. x = 5)
6 Find the
value of a if :
(a +1j =0.02643 [Ans. a =-0,3649)
244 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
17. Using log tables fnd the value of x where:
20 0.0613.32
14.7 x
18, Using log tables find the value of x where :
(100 -x 15 = 0.6789
100
19, Find the value of x with the help of
logarithm :
1563(1 +x)'= 1624
Jabalpur, 2012,
20. If 2logs n=p, log (21) = q and Q-P =4, find n.
21. Find the value of x if
7 +7+- 250
(Vikram, 2005) |Ans. *= log, 5=
Without using logarithmic tables, prove that :
22. log 35 log 7+log 5- log 2- log 3- log 13.
log7
23. 7log 1615 +5log 24 81
+3 log an =log 2.
75 32
24. log 16-2 log a+log 243 =log 2.
25. 2 log 6 + 6 log 2
4 log 2 + log 27 - log 9 2

26. 1
6
3 log 1728
1
(Bhopal, '35,
1+ log 0.36 +log 8
27. Find the value of x if log1s * +
log4 x =2.
EXERCSE F
Theoretical Questions
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write the meaning and definition of
logarithm.
(Bhopal, 2004, 06, 13; Indore, 2007;
2. What do you Sagar, 2008, 10, 13; Vikram, 2009, 15: Retrn i
understand by characteristic?
3. Define common and
special
(Bhopal, 2007; Jabalpur, 2009; Vikram, 2)19
4. Define special logarithm. logarithm. (Rewa, 2008; Bhopal, 2013
5. Write the concept of
logarithm. Explain the term 'characteristics' in this (Bhopal. 20
connection.
6. Write the rules to find (Bhopal, 2%
characteristics in log.
7. Explain the method and rules(Jabalpur,
to find out
2009, 10; Jiwaj, 2014; Vikram, 2015; Reua,
N13
Mentissa in log.
8. Who introduced the (Jabalpur, 2010; Indore, 2012, 13; Vikram, N13
9. Find the value of : concept of logarithm? (Bhopal, 201
52415
10. What is (0.342)"
characteristic and mantissa (Indore, 2012) (Ans. 87
(Jeewaji, 2012
11. Obtain the value using log tables :
7.2 x 8.3x.94
(Rewa, 2015) (Ans. 56.1"4
12. Solve by using
logarithmic :
V72 x8.3
13. Find the value 9.4 + 16.5 (Jabalpu, 2015) [Ans. 1.52!
o.00007526. Undore, 2016) (Ans, 0.042
 LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS 245

Answer Type Questiong

efnecommonlagarithm. Explain the terms 'characteristic and'mantissa in this conneC-
terms logarithm and (Bhopal, 2005. 07. 15: Vikram, 2006)
do
the
Explain
you
antilogarithm.
nderstand by logarithm, Rewa, 2000: Jiwaji, 2016)
antilogarithm, characteristic and mantissa? 2009)
Bxplain,
fundamental laws of logarithm. 2009: Jabalpur
(Indore,
Jabalpur, 2009, 12, 14; 2007, 16; Indore, 2009;
the method of finding
Sagar, 2009; Vikram, 2010;(Rewa,
Jiwaji, 2016: Bhopal, 2015)
Explain Antilog with the help of Antilog
(Sagar with
what do0 you mean by common logarithm? Explain 2008,example.
09; Jabalpur,table.
2009;
Deescribe the Indore, 2009)
procedure to
then with help of logarithm table.
yctiveType Questions
Multiple Choice Type Questions
Characteristicof logarithm of 206.35 is :

(a)3 (b) 1
(d) none of these
Vikran, 2008: Sagar, 2010; Bhopal,
02

2006, 12, 15; Indore, 2013;

Characteristic of logarithm of 0.2063 is Rewa, 2015) [Ans. (c)]
(Bhopal, 2007)
(a)0 (b)1
(c)2 the (d) none of these (Ans. (d)]
Whatis
Characteristic of log 0.0023024?
&
(a)
2 (b) 2
()3 (d) 3
(Bhopal, 2008; Sagar, 2014) (Ans. (d))
log4(4 is :
4The value of (Rewa, 2008)
(a)0 (b)1
c)7 (d) 49 [Ans. (c)]
Logarithm of 0.0003 will be:
i (Rewa, 2007; Jabalpur Dec. 2009; Vikram, 2009)
(Ans. ta)]
(a)4.4771 (b) 3.90431
(c)2.9031 (d) 1.4771 (Ans. (a)]
. Characteristic of logarithm of 5.325 is :
(Rewa, 2007, 16; Vikram Dec., 2009)
(a)O (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 [Ans. (a)]
log 25-log 5 is equal to : (Bhopal, 2008, 13, 16; Jabalpur, 2012; Indore, 2012)
log 25
la (b) log 25 x log 5
log 5
(c) log 125 (d) log 5 [Ans. (d))
Antilog of 1.9820 is: (Rewa, 2008; Sagar, 2009; Jabalpur, 2012: Bhopal, 2015)
(a) 9594 (b) 959.4
(c) 95.94 (d) 9.594 [Ans. (c))
The value of 13.62 x 0.02453 will be :
(a) 0.3341 (Rewa, 2013)
(b) 0.3785
(c) 0.0345 (d) none of these
The value of log 36 + log 6 is: (Ans. (a)]
a) log 6 (b) log 216
( log 36 (d) none of these
log 6 [Ans. (b))
log 2= 0.30103, then the value of log
a) 4.09691 (0.05)" is : (Bhopal, 1990)
(o) 2.40961 (b) 2.40961
(d) 4.0699 [Ans. (a))
3456 = 3.5386 then the value of antilog (2.5386) is :
(a) 0.3456
(o) 0.003456 (b) 0.034456
(d) 34.56 LAns. (b)]
246 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
8. If log -0.8461, then log (7 is
(a)2.5353
(c) 0.5363
(b)0.2817
(d) 0.8271
(Jabalpur, 20 12, Bhopnl.
T Ifa +be1, logj0 =a and logoy =b, then the value of xy is :
(a) 10
(c) 3
(b) 5
(d) 1 Ana,
16. If logo &+logoy =z then the value of xis :
(a) /y
(c) y
(b) 10/y
(d) 10 y
\Ana
16. If log 4 =0.6021. then the value of log 256 is :
(a) 1.2042
(c) 0.4084
(b) 0.2042
(d) 2.4084 \Ana,
17, The value of log 2 -2 log4 is :
(a) 2
log 2
(b) 4
\Ana,
(c) 8 (d) 16
18. Jf 3 +3* 84. then the value of x is :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
19. If log) =-3, the value of xis :
(a) (b) 2
\An,
2
1
(c) (d) 3
20. log,N2 = 1/6, the value of a is
(a)8 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 2
21. The characteristic of log 302.056 is:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(Rewa, 2012) \Ans. ia
(c) 2 (d) 3
22. If log 2 = 0.30103, then value of log 20 is : Lndore, 2014) (Ans el
(a) 1.30103 (b) 1.30103
(c) 0.30103 (d) 3.0103
23. The value of log 5 +log 25 is : (Indore, 2014) (Ans b
(a) log 30 (b) log 5
(c) log 125 (d) log 15
(Sagar, 2014; Jabalpur, 2014; Indore, 2016) Ana. il
24. If log 2 = 0.3010 the value of log 0.02 is :
(a) 2.3010 (b) 1.3010
(c) 1.3010 (a) I3010
25. If log of 9985 is 3.9995 then log of 0.09989 will be (Rewa, 2015) (Ans. (d
(a) 1.0005 (b) 1.0005
(c) 1.9797 (d) 2.2015
26. What is the
(Bhopal, 2015) Ans. b
characteristics of log 0.0008?
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1 (Bhopal, 2016) Ans. (al
27. Substract:3.3729 - 1.6251:
(a) I.7478 (b) 2.7478
(c) 3.7478 (d) B.7478 (Undore, 2016) JAns (a
28. Jog solution ofm"
(a) log m/n (b) log m + n
(c) n log m (d) log m -n (lndore. 2016) (Ans. (e
To Write True and False
1. Logarithm and Antilogarithm are different. [Ans. True
(Undore, 2009)Ans,
2. The charactristicof the common logarithm of 0.18 is Thue
-1or 1.
3. The Characteristic of the logarithm of the number Falsoy
0.000068 is 4. 2013) An.
4. The base of log is ......
(Jabalpu, 2010; Bhopal, 2012)Ans.10
Undore,
5. Lug: by ohn Nepic:. (Ana.(al
(a) True (b) False (Bhopal, 2015)