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FOR HARDWOOD AND DECORATI

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For 2022 EPA TSCA Title VI CFR 770 Revision Public Review
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 ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020
Supersedes ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2016

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

For Hardwood and Decorative Plywood

ABSTRACT

This voluntary American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood establishes nationally recognized marketing
classifications, quality criteria, test methods, definitions, and product marking and designation practices for plywood produced
primarily from hardwoods. It is intended for voluntary use for reference in trade literature, catalogs, sales contracts, building codes,
government regulations and standards of performance, and procurement specifications to describe the quality aspects of the product
and the means to determine conformance.
Requirements are given for wood species, veneer face grades, back grades, inner ply grades, medium density fiberboard (MDF) core,
lumber core, particleboard core, hardboard core, bond line performance, updated and revised formaldehyde emissions, panel
constructions, dimensions, moisture content, sanding, and finishing. Sampling and testing provisions cover dry and cyclic-boil shear,
and cyclic cold soak test methods for bond line performance determinations, and field and laboratory moisture content measuring
methods. A glossary of trade terms is provided for better communication and understanding, and provisions are made for panel
marking to indicate compliance with this Standard. Any “Note” appearing in this Standard is explanatory in nature and not mandatory.
Key words: Decorative plywood; hardwood plywood; plywood, hardwood and decorative; veneer grades; decorative softwood and
hardwood; and formaldehyde emission requirements.

THE METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

The 1975 Metric Conversion Act, as amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, sets forth that the metric (SI)
is the preferred system of measurement in the U.S. The publication of this Standard provides a unique opportunity to examine the
metric system for a product that is predominately used in North America (less than 10% U.S. production is exported). This document
contains metric units first with English (inch-pound) units in parentheses. The metric number in almost all cases is the “soft”
conversion number for the accepted inch-pound system requirement. In order to make the metric number more conceptually coherent
and for consistency, most conversions for less than 76 mm (3 inches) in dimension are “soft” converted to the nearest 0.1 mm. For
measurements above 76 mm (3 inches), the “soft” value is converted to the nearest 1 mm.
Tables have presented a special challenge in presenting both metric and inch-pound numbers. In those cases where a limited number
of conversions are necessary, both metric and inch-pound numbers appear. In other cases, two full and separate tables are provided,
arranged to face each other on adjacent pages. In such cases, these tables are designated “Metric” or “Inch-Pound” and are designated
as the same page number, but with a “M” or “I” suffix (5 M and 5 I, for example).
It is assumed that future “hard” conversion editions of this Standard will result in the change in length and width dimensions for some
hardwood plywood products with panel thicknesses remaining virtually unchanged. For example, it is likely that the standard 4’ x 8’
or 48” x 96” panel will become 1200 mm x 2400 mm (47.2” x 94.4”). The timing of “hard” conversion for some products will depend,
to a large extent, on the coordination among various sectors of the home building and home remodeling industries. Timing for “hard”
conversion is less relevant for certain other hardwood plywood products. For example, cut-to-size panel products for furniture,
cabinet, and similar applications are cut to the dimensions required by the purchaser. These dimensions can be designated in either the
metric or the inch-pound systems as nominal or actual dimensions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD .............................................................................. iv TABLE 3.1b – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Ash, Beech b,
1. PURPOSE AND INTENDED USE ........................................ 1 Birch, Maple and Poplar ....................................... 13
1.1 PURPOSE ................................................................... 1 TABLE 3.2b – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
1.2 INTENDED USE ........................................................ 1 GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Mahogany,
Anegre, Makore, Sapele and other veneers with
2. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION ......................................... 1 similar characteristics ............................................ 14
2.1 SCOPE ........................................................................ 1 TABLE 3.3b – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
2.2 CLASSIFICATION .................................................... 1 GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Red and White
2.2.1 COMMERCIAL SPECIES AND Oak ........................................................................ 15
COMMERCIAL SPECIES GROUPS .................... 1 TABLE 3.4b – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
2.2.2 GRADES OF VENEERS ....................................... 1 GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Pecan and
2.2.3 TYPES OF PLYWOOD ......................................... 2 Hickory ................................................................. 16
2.2.4 CONSTRUCTIONS ............................................... 2 TABLE 3.5b – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
2.2.5 SIZES AND THICKNESSES ................................ 2 GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Walnut and
2.2.6 PANEL PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES ............ 2 Cherry ................................................................... 17
TABLE 4 – HARDWOOD DOOR FACE GRADE
TABLE 1 – A COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS .......................................... 18
PROPERTIES OF SOME POPULAR SPECIES ... 3 TABLE 5 – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE AND
BACK GRADE CHARACTERISTICS –
3. REQUIREMENTS .................................................................. 5 Western Red Alder ................................................ 19
3.1 GENERAL .................................................................. 5 TABLE 6 – SUMMARY OF DECORATIVE SOFTWOOD
3.1.1 LEGALLY LOGGED WOOD ............................... 5 GRADE CHARACTERISTICS ........................... 20
3.2 SPECIES FOR FACES, BACKS, AND INNER
PLIES .......................................................................... 5 3.3.6 GRADE D ............................................................. 21
3.3 FACE GRADE DESCRIPTIONS ............................... 5 3.3.7 GRADE E ............................................................. 21
3.3.8 RUSTIC GRADE (R) ........................................... 21
FIGURE 1 – FACE MATCHING ........................................... 5 3.3.9 SPECIALTY GRADE (SP) .................................. 21
3.3.10 SOFTWOOD GRADES ....................................... 21
3.3.1 FACE APPEARANCE – GENERAL ....................... 5 3.4 BACK GRADES ....................................................... 21
3.5 INNER PLY GRADES .............................................. 21
TABLE 2 – COMMON FACE VENEER PATTERNS FOR 3.6 THICKNESS OF VENEERS .................................... 21
SELECTED COMMERCIAL SPECIES ................ 6 3.7 LUMBER CORES ..................................................... 21
3.7.1 CLEAR GRADE ................................................... 21
3.3.2 GRADE AA ........................................................... 7 3.7.2 SOUND GRADE .................................................. 21
3.3.3 GRADE A .............................................................. 7 3.7.3 REGULAR GRADE ............................................. 21
3.3.4 GRADE B............................................................... 7 3.7.4 CLEAR EDGE ...................................................... 22
3.3.5 GRADE C............................................................... 7 3.7.5 BANDED CORE .................................................. 22
3.8 PARTICLEBOARD, FIBERBOARD AND
TABLE 3.1a – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE HARDBOARD CORES (PB, MDF, HDF) ............... 22
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Ash, Beechb,
Birch, Maple and Poplar ......................................... 8 TABLE 7 – SUMMARY OF ALLOWABLE NATURAL
TABLE 3.2a – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BACK GRADES..... 23
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Mahogany, TABLE 8 – SUMMARY OF ALLOWABLE OPENINGS
Anegre, Makore, Sapele and other veneers with FOR INNER PLY GRADES OF CORE
similar characteristics ............................................. 9 VENEER a ............................................................. 24
TABLE 3.3a – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Red and White FIGURE 2 – TYPICAL PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTIONS* 25
Oak ....................................................................... 10
TABLE 3.4a – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE TABLE 9a – LIMITING CRITERIA FOR PLYWOOD....... 26
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Pecan and TABLE 9b – PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR
Hickory ................................................................. 11 PLYWOOD .......................................................... 27
TABLE 3.5a – SUMMARY OF HARDWOOD FACE
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS – Walnut and 3.9 SPECIAL CORES ..................................................... 22
Cherry ................................................................... 12 3.10 CONSTRUCTION .................................................... 22
3.10.1 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION ............................... 22
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TABLE 10 – WOOD FAILURE REQUIREMENTS FOR
TECHNICAL AND TYPE I PLYWOOD BOND
LINES................................................................... 28

3.11 BOND LINE AND RELATED REQUIREMENTS . 28

3.11.1 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS................ 28
3.11.2 TECHNICAL & TYPE I PLYWOOD ................. 28
3.11.3 TYPE II PLYWOOD ........................................... 28
3.12 FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS ............................ 28
3.13 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES ...................... 28
3.13.1 SQUARENESS .................................................... 29
3.13.2 STRAIGHTNESS ................................................ 29
3.14 SANDING ................................................................. 29
3.15 MOISTURE CONTENT ........................................... 29
3.16 FINISHED PANELS................................................. 29
3.16.1 GENERAL ........................................................... 29
3.16.2 FINISH PERFORMANCE ................................... 29
3.17 PRODUCT MARKING AND DESIGNATION ....... 29
3.17.1 GENERAL ........................................................... 29
3.17.1.1 TOLERANCES ............................................... 29
3.17.2 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE ............. 29
3.17.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THIRD PARTY
CERTIFICATION ................................................ 30
3.17.3.1 CERTIFIED MARK – ............................................ 30

4. INSPECTION AND TEST PROCEDURES ........................ 30

4.1 GENERAL ................................................................ 30
4.2 SPECIMENS FOR BOND LINE TESTS ................. 30
4.2.1 TECHNICAL AND TYPE I PLYWOOD .............. 30

TABLE 13 – TEST SPECIMEN SIZES ............................... 31

4.2.2 TYPE II PLYWOOD ........................................... 30

4.3 DRY SHEAR TEST .................................................. 31
4.4 CYCLIC-BOIL SHEAR TEST ................................. 31
4.5 TWO-CYCLE BOIL TEST ...................................... 31
4.6 THREE-CYCLE SOAK TEST ................................. 32
4.7 MOISTURE CONTENT TEST ................................ 32

FIGURE 3 – PLYWOOD BOND SHEAR SPECIMENS .... 33

5. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................... 34

6. IDENTIFICATION ............................................................... 38

APPENDIX A ............................................................................ 39
APPENDIX B ............................................................................ 41
APPENDIX C ............................................................................ 42
APPENDIX D ............................................................................ 43

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FOREWORD

(This Foreword is not part of the American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood, ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020.)
This Voluntary Standard supersedes the American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood, ANSI/HPVA HP-1-
2009, a standard sponsored by the Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association (HPVA®), DBA Decorative Hardwoods Association
(DHA), and developed under the HPVA Policy for the Development and Maintenance of Voluntary American National Standards.
In April 1931, the commercial standard for hardwood plywood was established and published as Commercial Standard CS35-31 by
the Commodity Standards Division, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. The standard was revised in 1942,
1947, 1961, and 1971 which was designated PS-52-71. In 1983, the standard became an ANSI standard which was subsequently
revised in 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2016, and the current ANSI/HPVA-HP-1-2020.
Suggestions for improvement gained in the use of this Standard are welcome. They should be sent to the American National Standards
Institute.
Consensus for this Standard was achieved by use of the “ANSI Essential Requirements: Due process requirements for American
National Standards” and the ANSI accredited “Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association Policy for the Development and
Maintenance of Voluntary American National Standards”. The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in hardwood
and decorative plywood, were contacted prior to the approval of this Standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the
organization concurred with the proposed Standard as submitted to ANSI.

Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI) Hexion, Inc.

Bill Groah, Independent Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association (KCMA)
Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association
(BIFMA) Murphy Plywood
Columbia Forest Products National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA)
Canadian Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (CHPVA) Roddis Lumber & Veneer Co. LP
Composite Panel Association (CPA) Solenis LLC
Franklin International States Industries LLC
Gail Overgard, Independent Timber Products Company

Published by: Publication

Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association, DBA Decorative Hardwoods Association Printing History:
42777 Trade West Drive 2020: PDF Only
Sterling, VA 20166
Telephone: (703) 435-2900 Fax: (703) 435-2537
Web site: www.decorativehardwoods.org

Copyright© 2020 by the Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association®

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior permission of
the publisher.
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American National Standard for

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood
(Including formaldehyde emission requirements for certain reconstituted wood wall panels)

1. PURPOSE AND INTENDED USE

1.1 PURPOSE – The purpose of this Standard is to establish an internationally recognized national standard covering the
aesthetic and performance criteria for the principal types, grades, and sizes of hardwood and decorative plywood. The principal wood
species used for hardwood and decorative plywood are hardwoods; however, certain softwood species and woody grasses are also
used.1

1.2 INTENDED USE – This Standard is to apply to panels as originally manufactured. The products covered by this Standard
are intended for use as: decorative wall panels; industrial panels; cut-to-size panels; made to size panels; stock panels; door skins and
other applications.2 The Standard is also intended to provide producers, distributors, architects, contractors, builders, and users with a
common basis for understanding the characteristics of these products.

2. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION

2.1 SCOPE – This Standard covers the principal types, face grades, back grades, inner ply grades and constructions of plywood
made primarily with hardwood faces. Included are requirements for wood veneer grading; cores of veneer, lumber, particleboard,
fiberboard (MDF/HDF (hardboard)), and combinations thereof, i.e., bond line performance, panel construction, moisture content;
formaldehyde emissions requirements; and panel dimensional tolerances. Test procedures are provided or referenced for determining
conformance with various requirements in this Standard. Definitions of trade terms, methods of ordering, and methods for identifying
products that conform to this Standard are included.
Formaldehyde emission requirements are also set forth for industrial cut-to-size and stock panel plywood, and for hardwood plywood
and certain reconstituted wood wall panels.3, 4

2.2 CLASSIFICATION – Plywood covered by this Standard is classified as follows:

2.2.1 COMMERCIAL SPECIES AND COMMERCIAL SPECIES GROUPS – The more commonly used species for
plywood faces are listed in Table 1.

2.2.2 GRADES OF VENEERS – The grades of veneers are listed below with the identification symbol for each grade:

Face Grades AA, A, B, C, D, and E

Rustic Grade R
Specialty Grade SP
Back Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4
Inner Ply Grades J, K, L, and M
The veneer face thickness will vary according to the design and intended use as specified by the manufacturer. See Appendix C for
more information on veneer face thicknesses.

1
This Standard also includes certain softwood species for decorative uses. Construction grades of plywood (predominately softwood species) are covered in the U.S.
Product Standard PS 1-19 for Construction and Industrial Plywood, or the latest edition.
2
Additional product information is available from the Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (DBA Decorative Hardwoods Association) 42777 Trade West
Drive, Sterling VA 20166
3
The formaldehyde emission requirements set forth in this Standard for hardwood plywood and industrial panels are consistent with those established by
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (40 CFR Part 770) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Air Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) CCR Title 17,
section 93120 et seq. Formaldehyde emission requirements for reconstituted wood wall panels are consistent with those established by EPA and CARB for
hardwood plywood; however, the chamber test loading rates applied to reconstituted wood wall panels in this voluntary product standard relate more to particleboard
decking and underlayment than to wall panel applications in manufactured homes.
4
This Standard also includes formaldehyde emission requirements for reconstituted wood wall panel products made with binders and used for decorative hardwood
plywood. More extensive requirements for some reconstituted wood panel products are covered in other standards such as the latest edition of American National
Standard ANSI A208.1-2016 for Particleboard, ANSI A208.2-2016 for MDF.
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2.2.3 TYPES OF PLYWOOD – The types of plywood are listed below in descending order of water-resistance of the bond
line (see Table 9b).
Technical (Exterior bond line)
Type I (Exterior bond line)
Type II (Interior bond line)

2.2.4 CONSTRUCTIONS –The constructions, based on the kinds of cores, commonly in 2-ply, 3-ply, 5-ply, and other odd or
even configurations are listed below:
1. Veneer core
2. Lumber core
3. Particleboard core
4. Fiberboard (MDF & HDF (hardboard)) core
5. Combination core (multiple plies of VC and composite core)
6. Special core

2.2.5 SIZES AND THICKNESSES – Hardwood Plywood may be manufactured in any specified length, width, and thickness
depending on the capabilities of the manufacturer. Panel sizes such as 1219 x 1829 mm (48 by 72 inches), 1219 x 2438 mm (48 by 96
inches), and 1219 x 3048 mm (48 by 120 inches) with thicknesses ranging from 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) to 38 mm (1.5 inches) are common.

2.2.6 PANEL PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES – Hardwood Plywood is manufactured for non-structural decorative
applications consisting of faces and backs applied to a variety of cores and core types, including veneer cores, composite cores,
combination cores, and other specialty cores. Each core, species, thickness, and final construction has its own range of physical
performance properties and natural characteristics. A variety of adhesives are also used in manufacturing. Due to the variability
inherent in the final product, an agreement between buyer and seller shall be made when performance properties are necessary for the
intended use and shall reference the appropriate performance standards (MOR, MOE, screw withdrawal, water absorption, thickness
swell, etc.). For additional information, see Appendix D.

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TABLE 1 – A COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME POPULAR SPECIES

Average Dried Modulus of
Weight Category Hardness Specific Elasticity
Species (lb./ft3) See § 3.7 (lb./f) Gravity (million PSI)
Ash, White Avg. of 4 Species Fraxinus spp. 42 A 1,320 0.60 1.17
Beech, American Fagus grandifolia 45 A 5,800 0.64 1.72
Birch, Sweet Betula lenta 44 A 1,470 0.65 2.17
Betula
Birch, Yellow allghnaiensis 43 A 1,260 0.62 2.01
Guibourtia
Bubinga demeusil 49 A 2,690 0.8 2.48
Hickories, True Average of 4
Species Carya spp. 51 A 1,574 0.75 2.2
Oaks, Commercial Red Average
of 9 Species Quercus spp. 43 A 1,290 0.63 1.82
Oaks, Commercial White
Average of 6 Species Quercus spp. 47 A 1,360 0.68 1.78
Pecan Caraya illinoensis 46 A 1,820 0.66 1.73
Rosewood, Brazilian Dalbergia nigra 54 A 2,720 0.87 1.88
Rosewood, Indian Dalbergia latifolia 54 A 3,170 0.75 1.78
Rosewood, Santos* Machaerium spp. 54 A 1,690 0.70 1.85
Entandrophragma
Sapele cylindricum 39 A 1,510 0.62 1.82
Anegre Aningeria spp. 33 B 995 0.44 1.17
Elm, Rock Ulmus thomasii 38 B 1,320 0.63 1.54
Cherry, Black Prunus serotina 35 B 950 0.50 1.49
Taxodium
Cypress (Baldycypress) distichum 28 B 510 0.46 1.44
Pseudotsuga
Douglas Fir menziesii 30 B 710 0.48 1.95
Liquidambar
Gum styraciflua 34 B 850 0.52 1.64
Tsuga
Hemlock, Western Heterophylla 28 B 540 0.50 1.63
Mahogany, African Khaya ivorensis 34 B 830 0.55 1.4
Mahogany, Honduran Swietenia
("True") macrophylla 35 B 830 0.45 1.5
Maple, Hard A. nigrum 43 B 1,450 0.63 1.83
Acer rubrum,A
Maple, Soft saccharinum 38 B 950 0.54 1.64
Liriodendron
Poplar, Yellow Tulipifera 29 B 540 0.45 1.58
Plantas
Sycamore occidentalis 34 B 770 0.49 1.42
Teak Tecona grandis 40 B 1,000 0.65 1.55
Walnut (Black), American Juglans nigra 38 B 1,010 0.55 1.68
Alder, Red Alnus rubra 28 C 590 0.41 1.38
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Average Dried Modulus of

Weight Category Hardness Specific Elasticity
Species (lb./ft3) See § 3.7 (lb./f) Gravity (million PSI)
Basswood Tilia americana 26 C 410 0.37 1.46
Butternut Juglans cinerea 23 C 490 0.38 1.18
Elm, American Ulmus americana 35 C 830 0.5 1.34
Elm, Slippery Ulmus rubra 37 C 860 0.53 1.49
Tieghemella
Makore heckelii 40 C 1,110 0.64 1.46
Meranti, Light Red Shorea spp. 34 C 460 0.55 1.23
Meranti, Yellow Shorea spp. 40 C 770 0.65 1.55
Meranti, Dark Red Shorea spp. 44 C 780 0.71 1.77
Meranti,White Shorea spp. 41 C 1,140 0.67 1.49
Pine, Southern Yellow Pinus spp. 32 C 690 0.51 1.79
Pine, White Pinus spp. 22 C 380 0.35 1.24
Tupelo, Black Nyssa sylvatica 34 C 810 0.5 1.2
Tupelo, Water Nyssa aquatica 34 C 880 0.5 1.26
Populus
Aspen, Quaking Tremuloides 26 D 350 0.42 1.18
Cedar, Western Red Thuja plicata 22 D 350 0.32 1.11

Notes: For species marked with an asterisk (*), the value for hardness has been estimated using formulas found in the Wood
Handbook.
Physical Properties values are given for wood at 12% moisture content.
Hardness represents the relative toughness of wood and its ability to withstand marks and wear. The numerical value represents the
force needed to embed a 0.444-inch ball one-half its diameter in the wood.

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Figure 2 – Typical Plywood Constructions*

Veneer Core Plywood Particleboard Core Plywood

Combination Core Plywood with Composite Inner Ply Combination Core Plywood with Composite Crossbands

Medium Density Fiberboard Core Plywood

*Note: Not all possible constructions are represented.

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component parts or finished goods shall require third party
certification of the plywood as a “panel manufacturer” per
TABLE 10 – WOOD FAILURE REQUIREMENTS FOR TSCA requirements.
TECHNICAL AND TYPE I PLYWOOD BOND LINES
Prior to fabrication into component parts or finished goods, all
Minimum Wood Failure hardwood plywood products shall comply with the CARB and
TSCA formaldehyde emissions limit for hardwood plywood
Average Failing Load Individual Test Piece
(0.05 ppm) and shall be tested according to the ASTM E13338
Specimen Average
Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde
Kilopascals Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood
(lb./ sq. inch) Percent a Percent a
(kPa) Products using a Large Chamber, or equivalent ASTM
Under 1724 (Under 250) 25 50 D60078 Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde
Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small
1724-2413 (250-350) 10 30
Scale Chamber. ASTM D60078 small chamber equivalency
Over 2413 (Over 350) 10 15 must be demonstrated per CARB and TSCA requirements.
a These values are the percentage of wood area 3.13 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES – The actual
remaining adhered to the fractured surface in the test dimensions of hardwood plywood panels shall be as agreed
area. upon between the buyer and the seller. The tolerances for the
stated dimensions shall be as follows:
3.11 BOND LINE AND RELATED REQUIREMENTS
Width: Stated actual plus or minus 0.8 mm (1/32 inch
or 0.031 inch)
3.11.1 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Construction requirements specific to plywood types are Length: Stated actual plus or minus 0.8 mm (1/32 inch
specified in tables 9a and 9b. or 0.031 inch)
Thickness: (sanded or unsanded)
3.11.2 TECHNICAL & TYPE I PLYWOOD – The
bond line of Technical & Type I plywood panels shall meet Thickness may be referred to and labeled as the “Thickness
the requirements given in Table 10 when tested in accordance Class” but is not required. The Thickness Class designation
with 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4. Hardwood plywood manufactured shall NOT be expressed in terms of actual units of
using softwood core veneers shall also meet the bond line measurement.
requirements specified in PS 1-197 exterior plywood.
Thickness Class designation, if used, shall be expressed as
follows:
3.11.3 TYPE II PLYWOOD – The bond line of Type II
plywood shall be of such quality that specimens shall Fractional Class designation:
withstand the 3-cycle soak test and criteria described in 4.2.2 (Examples: 3/4, 5/8, 1/2, 3/8, 1/4, 3/16, or 1/8 Class)
and 4.6.
Decimal Class designation:
(Examples: .750, .625, .500, .375, .250, .185, or .125 Class)
3.12 FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS – Hardwood
plywood shall be certified to or compliant with the California Metric Class designation:
Air Resources Board Airborne Toxic Control Measure to (Examples: 19.2, 15.9, 12.7, 9.5, 6.4, 4.8, or 3.2 Class)
Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood
The actual thickness shall at minimum be provided:
Products (CARB) and EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Part 770
Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood For Class designations equal to or greater than 1/4, .250 or
Products (TSCA). Panels or panel bundles shall be labeled in 6.4 shall have a minimum thickness of stated Class
accordance with TSCA requirements, and may also be labeled designation with minus 3/64 inch, .047 inch, or 1.2 mm
in accordance with CARB at the manufacturers discretion. allowed.
Hardwood plywood manufacturers that apply veneer to a For Class designations less than 1/4, .250 or 6.4 shall have
substrate (e.g. hardwood plywood, PB, MDF) and a minimum thickness of stated Class designation minus
subsequently process those panels into “component parts” or 1/32 inch, .031 inch, or 0.8 mm allowed.
“finished goods” as defined in TSCA Title VI shall comply
Actual thickness shall be measured to the nearest 0.025 mm
with the TSCA requirements for “laminated product
(0.001 inch) using a dial thickness gauge or conventional
producers” and “fabricators.” Manufacturers that lay up their
micrometer. Sufficient pressure shall be applied to ensure
own hardwood plywood (e.g. line-by-line veneer core
plywood construction) prior to subsequent processing into ___________________________
8
___________________________ The latest issue of ASTM publications shall be used provided the
requirements are applicable and consistent with the issues designated.
7
Later issues of this publication may be used provided the requirements are ASTM publications may be purchased from ASTM International, 100
applicable and consistent with the issue designated. Copies are available Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
from the APA - The Engineered Wood Association; www.apawood.org. USA, www.astm.org
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5. DEFINITIONS is a reconstituted wood product (See RECONSTITUTED
WOOD).
The terms used in this Standard are defined as follows:
COMB GRAIN – A quality of rift cut veneer with
BACK – The side reverse to the face of a panel or the poorer
exceptionally straight grain and closely spaced growth
side of a panel in any grade of plywood calling for a face
increments resembling the appearance of long strands of
and back.
combed hair.
BALANCED MATCH – Two or more veneer components or
COMPONENT (OF FACE) – An individual piece of veneer
leaves of equal size to make up a single face.
that is jointed to other pieces to achieve a full length and
BALANCED PANEL – For purposes of this Standard, a width face. Terms used interchangeably with component in
balanced panel is one which is free from warp that affects the context of the face are piece and leaf.
serviceability for its intended use.
COMPRESSION FAILURE – See CROSS BREAK
BANDING – Portion of wood extending around one or more
CONSPICUOUS – See BURL, CONSPICUOUS AND
sides of plywood panels.
KNOTS, CONSPICUOUS PIN.
BARK POCKET – Bark around which normal wood has
CORE – The inner part of plywood between face and back,
grown.
usually veneer. Sawn lumber, particleboard, MDF,
BLENDING – Color change that is detectable at a distance of hardboard, or other material is also used as cores.
1.8 m to 2.4 m (6 feet to 8 feet) but which does not detract
CORE, BANDED – Core that has been made with banding on
from the overall appearance of the panel.
one or more sides.
BOOK MATCH – Adjacent pieces of veneer from a flitch or
CROSSBANDING – Veneer used in the construction of
log are opened like a book and spliced to make up the face
plywood with five or more plies. Crossbands are placed at
with matching occurring at the spliced joints (see Figure 1
right angles to the grain of the faces and are typically
for illustration). The fibers of the wood, slanting in opposite
placed adjacent to the face and back. Also refers to all inner
directions in the adjacent sheets, create a characteristic light
layers of veneer whose grain direction runs perpendicular
and dark effect when the surface is seen from an angle.
to that of the outer plies and includes parallel laminated
BRASHNESS – Condition of wood characterized by low plies.
resistance to shock and by abrupt failure across the grain
CROSS BAR – Irregularity of grain resembling a dip in the
without splintering.
grain running at right angles, or nearly so, to the length of
BURL, CONSPICUOUS – A swirl, twist, or distortion in the the veneer.
grain of the wood which usually occurs near a knot or
CROSS BREAK – Separation of the wood cells, often
crotch. A conspicuous burl is associated with abrupt color
appearing as barely distinct fine irregular lines across the
variation and/or a cluster of small dark piths caused by a
grain. Such breaks are often due to internal strains resulting
cluster of adventitious buds.
from unequal longitudinal shrinkage or to external forces.
BURL, BLENDING – A swirl, twist, or distortion in the (See COMPRESSION FAILURE)
grain of the wood which usually occurs near a knot or
CROSS FIGURE – A series of naturally occurring figure
crotch but does not contain a knot and does not contain
effects characterized by mild or dominant patterns across
abrupt color variation. A blending burl is detectable at 1.8
the grain in some faces. For example, a washboard effect
m to 2.4 m (6 feet to 8 feet) as a swirl or roundel.
occurs in fiddle-back cross figure; and cross wrinkles occur
CATHEDRAL – A grain appearance characterized by a series in the mottle figure.
of stacked and inverted “V”, or cathedral type of
DECAY – The decomposition of wood substance by fungi.
springwood (earlywood) summerwood (latewood) patterns
The incipient stage is characterized by discoloration and
common in plain-sliced (flat-cut) veneer (See SPLIT
sometimes accompanied by a softening of the wood
HEART).
substance. The final or ultimate stage is characterized by
CENTERS – Inner plies whose grain direction runs parallel to the partial or complete collapse of the wood structure and
that of the outer plies. Included as centers are parallel the destruction of the wood substance.
laminated plies.
DEFECT, OPEN – Checks, splits, open joints, knotholes,
CENTER MATCH – An even number of veneer components cracks, loose knots, wormholes, gaps, voids, or other
or leaves of equal size matched with a joint in the center of openings interrupting the smooth continuity of the wood
the panel to achieve horizontal symmetry. surface.
CHECKS – Small slits running parallel to grain of wood, DELAMINATION – Separation of plies or layers of wood or
caused chiefly by strains produced in seasoning. other material through failure of the adhesive bond.
COMBINATION CORE – A core which includes two or DISCOLORATIONS – Stains in wood substances. Common
more different types of wood based material, one of which veneer stains are sap stains, blue stains, stain produced by
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chemical action caused by the iron in the cutting knife GRAIN SWEEP – Expression of the angle of the grain to the
coming in contact with the tannic acid of the wood, and long edges of the veneer component over the area
those resulting from exposure of natural wood extractives extending one-eighth of the length of the piece from the
to oxygen and light, to chemical action of vat treatments or ends.
the adhesive components, and/or to the surface finish.
GUM POCKETS – Well-defined openings between rings of
DOZE – (SYNONYMOUS WITH DOTE) – A form of annual growth, containing gum or evidence of prior gum
incipient decay characterized by a dull and lifeless accumulations.
appearance of the wood, accompanied by a loss of strength
GUM SPOTS AND STREAKS – Gum or resinous material
and softening of the wood substance.
or color spots and streaks caused by prior resin
EMISSION LEVEL – The formaldehyde concentration in accumulations sometimes found on panel surfaces.
testing wood panel products using ASTM E1333, Standard
HAIRLINE – A thin, perceptible line showing at the joint of
Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Levels From
two pieces of wood.
Wood Products Under Defined Test Conditions Using A
Large Chamber or equivalent ASTM D6007, Standard Test HALF-ROUND – A method of veneer cutting similar to
Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentration in rotary cutting, except that the piece being cut is secured to a
Air from Wood Products using a Small Chamber. “stay log,” a device that permits the cutting of the log on a
wider sweep than when mounted with its center secured in
ENGINEERED VENEER – Veneers that are first peeled,
the lathe to produce rotary sliced veneer. A type of half-
normally from obeche or poplar logs. The peeled veneer
round cutting is used to achieve plain-sliced or flat-cut
leaves are dyed to a specified color, and then glued together
veneer.
in a mold to produce a large laminated block. The shape of
the mold determines the final grain configuration. The HARDBOARD – A panel manufactured primarily from inter-
block is then sliced into leaves of veneer with a designed felted lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and
appearance that is highly repeatable. pressure in a hot press to a density of 500 kg/m 3 (31 lbs.
/ft3) or greater by: A) a wet process, or; B) a dry process
FACE – The better side of any plywood panel in which the
that uses a phenolic resin, or a resin system in which there
outer plies are of different veneer grades. Also either side
is no added formaldehyde as part of the resin cross-linking
of a panel in which there is no difference in the veneer
structure, or; C) a wet formed/dry pressed process. Other
grade of the outer plies.
materials may be added to improve certain properties, such
FEW – A small number of characteristics without regard to as stiffness, hardness, finishing properties, resistance to
their arrangement in the panel. abrasion and moisture, as well as to increase strength,
durability, and utility.
FIGURE – The pattern produced in a wood surface by annual
growth rings, rays, knots, deviations from natural grain HARDWOOD – General term used to designate the
such as interlocked, curly and wavy grain, and irregular renewable resource of lumber or veneer produced from
coloration. temperate zone deciduous or tropical broad-leaved trees in
contrast to softwood, which is produced from trees which
FINGER JOINT – A series of fingers machined on the ends
are usually needle bearing or coniferous. The term does not
of two pieces of wood to be joined, which mesh together
infer hardness in its physical sense.
and are held firmly in position with an adhesive.
HEARTWOOD – The non-active or dormant center of a tree,
FLAKE – See FLECK, RAY.
generally distinguishable from the outer portion (sapwood)
FLAT-CUT – See PLAIN-SLICED. by its darker color, sometime referred to as heart.
FLECK, RAY – Portion of a ray as it appears on the HIGH DENSITY FIBREBOARD – See HARDBOARD.
quartered or rift-cut surface. Fleck is often a dominant
INCONSPICUOUS – Barely detectable with the naked eye at
appearance feature in oak.
a distance of 1.8 m to 2.4 m (6 feet to 8 feet) (See
FLITCH – A complete bundle of veneer sheets laid together BLENDING).
in sequence as they are cut from a given log or section of a
INDUSTRIAL PANELS – Generally unfinished multi-ply
log.
products which consist of various combinations of
GAP – Open slits in the inner plies or improperly joined hardwood or decorative veneer faces and inner ply
veneers. materials (e.g., veneer, particleboard, MDF, and
hardboard). These are generally cut-to-size and stock
GRAIN – The direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of panels used in making cabinets, furniture, laminated block
the fibers in wood or veneer. flooring, and panels for other non-structural applications.
GRAIN SLOPE – Expression of the angle of the grain to the
INNER PLIES – Plies other than face or back plies in a panel
long edges of the veneer component.
construction. Crossbands and centers are classed as inner
plies (See CORE).
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JOINT – The common edge between two adjacent materials NATURAL – When referring to color and matching, veneers
in the same plane. containing any amount of sapwood and/or heartwood.
JOINT, EDGE – Joint running parallel to the grain of the NO ADDED FORMALDEHYDE (NAF) – A resin
wood. formulated with no added formaldehyde as part of the resin
crosslinking structure in a composite wood product that
JOINT, OPEN – Joint in which two adjacent pieces of veneer
meets the emission standards in Section 770.17(c) of the
in the same plane do not fit tightly together.
EPA TSCA Title VI regulation and Section 93120.3(d) of
KNOT – Cross section of tree branch or limb with grain the CARB regulation.
usually running at right angles to that of the piece of wood
NOMINAL – A term that designates a stated dimension as
in which it occurs.
being approximate and subject to allowances for variation.
KNOT, OPEN – Opening produced when a portion of the
OCCASIONAL – A small number of characteristics that are
wood substance of a knot has dropped out or where cross
arranged somewhat diversely within the panel face.
checks have occurred to produce an opening.
PARTICLEBOARD – A generic term for a composite panel
KNOTHOLES – Openings produced when knots drop from
primarily composed of cellulosic materials (usually wood),
the wood in which they were embedded.
generally in the form of discrete pieces or particles, as
KNOTS, BLENDING PIN – Sound knots 6.4 mm (1/4 inch) distinguished from fibers, bonded together with a bonding
or less that generally do not contain dark centers. Blending system, and which may contain additives.
pin knots are barely detectable at a distance of 1.8m to
PECKY – Pockets of disintegrated wood caused by localized
2.4m (6 feet to 8 feet), do not detract from the overall
decay or wood areas with abrupt color change related to
appearance of the panel, and are not prohibited from
localized injury such as bird peck. Peck is sometimes
appearing in all grades.
considered as a decorative effect, such as bird peck in
KNOTS, CONSPICUOUS PIN – Sound knots 6.4 mm (1/4 pecan and hickory or pecky in cypress.
inch) or less in diameter containing dark centers.
PLAIN-SLICED (FLAT-CUT) – Veneer sliced parallel to
KNOTS, SOUND, TIGHT – Knots that are solid across their the pith of the log and approximately tangent to the growth
face and fixed by growth to retain their place. rings to achieve flat-cut veneer. Plain-sliced veneer is cut
using either a horizontal or vertical slicing machine or by
KNOTS, SPIKE – Knots cut from 0O to 45O to the long axis the half-round method using a rotary lathe.
of limbs.
PLANK MATCHED – A panel having the face made up of
LAP – A condition where one piece of veneer in the same ply
specially selected and assembled dissimilar (in color, or
overlaps another piece.
grain, or width) veneer strips of the same species, and
LAYER – A single veneer ply or two or more plies laminated sometimes grooved at the joints between strips to simulate
with grain direction parallel (See PLY). Two or more plies lumber planking.
laminated with grain direction parallel is a parallel PLEASING MATCHED – A face containing components
laminated layer.
which provides a pleasing overall appearance. The grain of
LOOSE SIDE – In knife-cut veneer, that side of the sheet that the various components need not be matched at the joints.
was in contact with the knife as the veneer was being cut, Sharp color contrasts at the joints of the components are not
and cutting checks (lathe checks) because of the bending of permitted.
the wood at the knife edge. PLY – A single sheet of veneer or several strips laid with
MANUFACTURER – A producer of hardwood and/or adjoining edges that may or may not be glued, which forms
decorative plywood. one veneer lamina in a glued panel (see LAYER). In some
constructions, a ply is used to refer to other wood
MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) – A components such as particleboard or MDF.
composite panel product composed primarily of cellulosic
fibers and a bonding system cured under heat and pressure. PLYWOOD, HARDWOOD or DECORATIVE – A bonded
MDF density is typically between 500 kg/m3 (31 lbs. /ft3) assembly intended for interior use with at least one
and 1000 kg/m3 (62 lbs. /ft3). For formaldehyde emission decorative veneer surface with a core consisting of an
limits, thin MDF is defined as MDF with a thickness less assembly of layers or plies of veneer, or veneers in
than or equal to 8 mm (0.315 inches). combination with lumber, particleboard, MDF, hardboard,
or special core in which the adjacent layers or plies are at
MILL RUN – A defined lot of panels which may include approximately right angles.
SHOP panels up to the amount agreed to between buyer
and seller. Alternately referred to as BLENDED SHOP QUARTER-SLICED (QUARTER-CUT) – A straight grain
(see SHOP). appearance achieved through the process of quarter-slicing
or through the use of veneer cut in any fashion that
MINERAL – See STREAKS, MINERAL. produces a straight grain effect. Cut is radial to the pith to
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the extent that ray fleck is produced, and the amount of SAPWOOD – The living wood of lighter color occurring in
fleck is not limited. the outer portion of a tree, sometimes referred to as sap.
RANDOM MATCHED (MISMATCHED) – A panel having SHAKE – A separation or rupture along the grain of wood in
a face made up of veneer strips of the same species which which the greater part occurs between the rings of annual
are selected and assembled without regard to color or grain, growth (see RUPTURED GRAIN).
resulting in variations, contrasts and patterns of color and
SHARP CONTRASTS – For purposes of this Standard, this
grain. Pleasing appearance is not required.
term means that face veneer of lighter than average color
RAY FLECK – See FLECK. shall not be joined at the edges with veneer of darker than
average color and that two adjacent pieces of veneer shall
RECONSTITUTED WOOD – A generic term for panel
not be widely dissimilar in grain, figure, and other natural
products made with strands, wafers, particles, or fibers of
character markings.
wood. Individual products include hardboard, insulation
board, particleboard, MDF, and oriented strand board SHOP – A common industry term defined as a panel which
(OSB) / waferboard. Particleboard and MDF normally use has marks, characteristics and manufacturing defects not
urea-formaldehyde resin as the binding agent. OSB / described in applicable requirements for a designated HP-1
waferboard normally use phenol-formaldehyde as the outer ply grade, or a panel which is not designated as any
binding agent. Most hardboard and insulation board use the specific HP-1 outer ply grade. Specific characteristics as
lignin from the processed wood as the binding agent. Most agreed to between buyer and seller.
dry-process hardboards contain phenol-formaldehyde to
SLICED – Veneer produced by thrusting a log or sawed flitch
increase bonding strength.
into a slicing machine which shears off the veneer in sheets.
RECONSTITUTED BLOCK – A generic term for cellulosic
SLIGHT – Visible on observation, but does not interfere with
bio-materials re-assembled into a resource for veneer
the overall aesthetic appearance with consideration of the
production.
applicable grade and common species characteristics of the
RED/BROWN – When referring to color and matching, panel.
veneers containing all heartwood, ranging in color from
SLIP MATCHED – A sheet from a flitch is slid across the
light to dark.
sheet beneath and, without turning, spliced at the joints (see
REPAIRS – A patch, shim, or filler material inserted and/or Figure 1 for illustration).
glued into veneer or a panel to achieve a sound surface.
SMOOTH, TIGHT CUT – Veneer cut to minimize lathe
REPAIRS, BLENDING – Wood or filler insertions similar in checks.
color to adjacent wood so as to blend well.
SOFTWOOD – General term used to designate the renewable
RIFT-CUT – A straight grain appearance achieved through resource of lumber or veneer produced from needle and/or
the process of cutting at a slight angle to the radial on the cone bearing trees (See HARDWOOD).
half-round stay log or through the use of veneer cut in any
SOLID CORE – Plywood panels in which all inner plies are
fashion that produces a straight grain with minimal ray
grade J or better. Splits up to 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) are
fleck.
allowed.
ROTARY-CUT – Veneer produced by centering the log in a
SPECIES (COMMERCIAL SPECIES GROUPS) –
lathe and turning it against a broad cutting knife which is
Species generally grouped for marketing convenience and
set into the log at a slight angle.
identified with a single commercial name. (See ASTM D
ROUGH CUT – Irregular shaped areas of generally uneven 1165, Standard Nomenclature of Domestic Hardwoods and
corrugation on the surface of veneer, differing from the Softwoods, for commercial practice in the United States
surrounding smooth veneer and occurring as the veneer is and Canada.)
cut by the lathe or slicer.
SPECIES (TREES) – An internationally established Latin
RUNNING MATCH – The panel face is made from botanical classification of trees.
components running through the flitch consecutively. Any
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – The ratio of the weight of a certain
portion of a component left over from a face is used as the
volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of
beginning component or leaf in starting the next panel.
water, the temperature of which is 4OC (39.2OF).
RUPTURED GRAIN – A break or breaks in the grain or
SPLIT HEART – A method of achieving an inverted “V” or
between springwood and summerwood caused or
cathedral type of springwood (earlywood)/summerwood
aggravated by excessive pressure on the wood by
(latewood), plain-sliced (flat-cut) figure by joining two face
seasoning, manufacturing, or natural processes. Ruptured
components of similar color and grain. A cathedral type
grain appears as a single or series of distinct separations in
figure must be achieved by a single component in “AA”
the wood such as when springwood is crushed leaving the
grade; the split heart method is allowed in grades “A”
summerwood to separate in one or more growth
through “E”. Each half of a split heart shall be subject to
increments.
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the minimum component width requirements for grade “A” WOOD FILLER – An aggregate of resin and strands, shreds,
and “B” faces. or flour of wood which is used to fill openings in wood and
provide a smooth, durable surface.
SPLITS – Separations of wood fiber running parallel to the
grain. WOODY GRASS – A fast growing member of the grass
family utilized with commercial applications as a wood
STREAKS, MINERAL – Sharply contrasting elongated
substitute due to its rapidly renewable properties.
discolorations of the wood substance.
WORMHOLES – Holes resulting from infestation of worms.
SUGAR – See WORM TRACKS.
WORM TRACKS – Marks caused by various types of wood
ULTRA LOW EMITTING FORMALDEHYDE (ULEF) –
attacking larvae. Often appear as sound discolorations
A resin in a composite wood product that meets the
running with or across the grain in straight to wavy streaks.
emission standards in Section 770.18(c) of the EPA TSCA
Sometimes referred to as “pith flecks” in certain species of
Title VI regulation and Section 93120.3(c) of the CARB
maple, birch and other hardwoods because of a
regulation.
resemblance to the color of pith.
TAPE – Strips of gummed paper or cloth sometimes placed
across the grain of large veneer sheets to facilitate handling 6. IDENTIFICATION
and sometimes used to hold the edges of veneer together at
In order that purchasers are able to identify products
the joint prior to gluing.
conforming to all requirements of this Standard, producers and
TIGHT SIDE – In knife-cut veneer, that side of the sheet that distributors shall be permitted to include a statement of
was farthest from the knife as the sheet was being cut and compliance in conjunction with their name and address on
containing no cutting checks (lathe checks). invoices, sales literature, and the like. When space is available
the following statement shall appear:
VENEER, CORE – A layer of softwood, hardwood, or
woody grass which is rotary cut, sliced, or sawed from a This plywood conforms to all of the requirements established
log, cant, or block, used below the face or back in the in ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020 developed cooperatively with the
construction of hardwood plywood. industry and published by the Hardwood Plywood and Veneer
Association. Full responsibility for the conformance of this
VENEER, DECORATIVE – A layer of softwood, hardwood,
product to the Standard is assumed by (name and address of
reconstituted block, or woody grass which is rotary cut,
producer or distributor).
sliced, or sawed from a log, cant, or block, used as the face
or back in hardwood plywood. When space is not available for the full statement, the
following abbreviated statement shall appear:
VINE MARK – Bands of irregular grain running across or
diagonally to the grain which are caused by the growth of Conforms to ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020 (name and address
climbing vines around the tree. of producer or distributor).
V-GROOVED – Narrow and shallow V- or U-shaped
channels machined on the plywood face surface to achieve
a decorative effect. V-grooving is most commonly
encountered in plank matched wall panels as the grooves
fall on the edge joints of the pieces of veneer making the
face appear as planking.
WALL PANELS – Generally up to 5-ply grooved or
ungrooved plywood or reconstituted wood panels, generally
in thicknesses of 12.7mm (1/2 inch) or less, with at least
one surface decorated and protected with a liquid applied or
film overlay finish.
WHITE – When referring to color and matching, veneers
containing all sapwood, ranging in color from pink to
yellow.
WOOD FAILURE (PERCENTAGE) – The area of wood
fiber adhering at the glue line following completion of the
specified shear test. Determination is by visual
examination. The value is expressed as an estimated
percentage of the wood area remaining adhered to the
fractured surface in the test area.

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For 2022 EPA TSCA Title VI CFR
38 770 Revision Public Review