PROJECT REPORT ON

“CONCEPT DESCRIPTION OF BEARING BALL”

A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

Degree Of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

By

Priyanshu Das(230402100001)
Abinash Parida(230402100026)
Reetika Nayak(230402100032)
Subhalaxmi Pal(230402100038)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Sandeep Kumar

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

ODISHA
2024
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “CONCEPT DESCRIPTION OF MOBILE
BATTERY” being submitted to thefaculty of Management, Centurion University of
Technology and Management is a bonafide work of Priyanshu Das, Abinash Parida,
Reetika Nayak, Subhalaxmi Palcarried out under my / our supervision, is in
accordance withthe standards prescribed by the Universityfor the award of the
Degree ofMaster of Business Administration of this University. It is to further certify
tothe best of my / our knowledge, that this work has not been submitted earlier in this
institute and the university or elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Signature of Co-Supervisor Signature of Supervisor

Name of Co-Supervisor with designation Nameof Supervisor with designation

SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT / DEAN OF THE SCHOOL

DEPARTMENTSEAL
 DECLARATION
I here by declare that the Thesis entitled “CONCEPT DESCRIPTION OF Bearing
Ball” submitted for the Master ofBusiness Administration is my original work
and the project has not formed thebasis for the award of any Degree / Diploma
or any other similar titles in anyotherUniversity/Institute.

Name of the Student:

Priyanshu Das (230402100001)
Abinash Parida (230402100026)
Reetika Nayak (230402100032)
Subhalaxmi Pal(230402100038)

Signature of the Student:

Place: BHUBANESWAR

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Mr. Sandeep

Kumar, Dept. Of CSE, (B. Tech) CUTM, Bhubaneswar Campus, who guided
me into the intricacies of this thesis non chalantly with matchless magnanimity.
We are highly grateful to Mr. Sandeep Kumar, who evinced keen interest and
invaluable support in the progress and successful completion of my thesis
work. We are indebted to my friends for their constant encouragement,
cooperation, and help. Words of gratitude are not enough to describe the
accommodation and fortitude that they have shown throughout my endeavor.

Name of the Student:

Priyanshu Das (230402100001)
Abinash Parida (230402100026)
Reetika Nayak (230402100032)
Subhalaxmi Pal(230402100038)
Signature of the Student:

Place:BHUBANESWAR
Date:
 CONTENTS
Introductio….………………………………………………………………………………….6

CERTIFICATE...................................................................................................................... 2
DECLARATION................................................................................................................... 3
SignatureoftheStudent: .................................................................................................. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................... 4
Blender ............................................................................................................................. 6
Unity ................................................................................................................................. 7
Uses of Unity in Several Sectors:............................................................................................ 8
Working Principle: ............................................................................................................... 13
Real-life Applications of Unity: ............................................................................................ 18
Conclusion……………………...…………………………………………………………….20
Introduction
Blender
Blender is a powerful and versatile open-source software used for 3D modeling,
animation, simulation, rendering, and more. Its extensive feature set makes it a
popular choice among artists, animators, game developers, and filmmakers.
Blender supports various creative workflows, including sculpting, rigging,
texturing, video editing, compositing, and VFX. As a free tool, it offers robust
capabilities that rival many paid alternatives, making it an accessible option for
professionals and hobbyists alike.

One of Blender’s standout features is its non-destructive workflow. Artists can

create highly detailed models using subdivision surfaces, sculpt intricate designs
with dynamic topology, and create procedural materials using its node-based
shading system. Blender's animation tools are equally impressive, offering
keyframe animation, motion tracking, and support for rigging complex
character models. The software also includes a physics engine for simulating
realistic dynamics such as cloth, fluid, and rigid body interactions.

Blender’s rendering capabilities are top-notch, featuring two main render

engines: Cycles, a physically-based path tracer for photorealistic rendering, and
Eevee, a real-time engine for fast previews and game-ready visualizations.
Additionally, Blender supports scripting through Python, enabling developers to
automate repetitive tasks or create custom add-ons to enhance functionality.
Blender's active community continually contributes to its growth, providing a
wealth of tutorials, plugins, and assets that expand its usability.
Unity
Unity is a powerful, cross-platform game engine widely used for developing
video games, interactive applications, simulations, and virtual reality
experiences. Its intuitive interface and comprehensive suite of tools have made
it a cornerstone for game developers and multimedia creators worldwide. Unity
supports a broad range of platforms, including Windows, macOS, Android, iOS,
PlayStation, Xbox, and VR devices, enabling developers to reach diverse
audiences with minimal effort.

One of Unity’s core strengths is its real-time rendering capabilities, powered by

engines like the Universal Render Pipeline (URP) and High-Definition Render
Pipeline (HDRP). These systems provide the flexibility to optimize for high
performance or achieve cutting-edge graphics, depending on project needs.
Unity also supports C# scripting, offering developers a robust and familiar
programming environment to create complex behaviors and mechanics.

Unity's asset store is another major advantage, offering thousands of pre-made

assets, tools, and templates to accelerate development. From 3D models to code
snippets, the asset store empowers creators to build projects quickly without
starting from scratch. Unity is also well-regarded for its extensibility, allowing
developers to integrate third-party plugins or create custom tools tailored to
specific workflows.

The engine is not limited to gaming; it's used extensively in industries such as
architecture, automotive design, education, and healthcare. Unity’s AR
(Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality) capabilities have revolutionized
how businesses approach training, marketing, and customer engagement. Its
partnership with tools like Unity Reflect and VisualLive has made it a favourite
among architects and designers for creating immersive experiences.
Uses of Unity in Several Sectors:
Unity is a powerful real-time 3D development platform widely used in various
industries to create interactive applications, games, simulations, and
visualizations. While it is most commonly associated with gaming, Unity’s
applications extend far beyond entertainment, impacting areas like education,
healthcare, architecture, and more.

Gaming and Entertainment:

Unity is one of the most popular tools for creating video games, powering
thousands of titles across platforms like PCs, consoles, mobile devices, and
virtual reality (VR). Games like Among Us, Pokémon Go, and Cuphead were
developed using Unity, showcasing its versatility for both 2D and 3D
experiences. Unity also plays a significant role in interactive storytelling and
animated films, helping creators design immersive environments and characters.

Education and Training:

Unity is used to create realistic simulations for learning and skill-building. For
example:
 Medical Training: Unity powers virtual surgeries and anatomy learning
tools, allowing medical students to practice procedures in a safe, virtual
environment.
 Corporate Training: Companies use Unity-based VR simulations to
train employees in handling emergencies, machinery operations, and
customer service.
 STEM Education: Schools and universities use Unity to teach coding,
game design, and 3D modeling, encouraging students to learn through
interactive projects.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR):

Unity is a leading platform for developing AR and VR applications. From
creating immersive VR games to AR apps like IKEA Place (furniture
visualization) and medical AR tools, Unity enables developers to combine
virtual elements with the real world. It’s also used to build AR/VR solutions for
tourism, letting users explore landmarks or museums from their homes.

Architecture and Real Estate:

Architects and real estate developers use Unity to create 3D visualizations of
buildings and spaces. Unity-powered applications allow clients to take virtual
tours of properties before construction, exploring layouts and designs in detail.
This helps developers showcase projects to potential buyers or investors
effectively.

Healthcare:
In healthcare, Unity helps create tools for patient rehabilitation, therapy, and
education. VR applications built in Unity are used to treat phobias and PTSD by
simulating controlled environments for exposure therapy. Unity is also used for
designing rehabilitation exercises and fitness apps to assist patients in recovery.

Automotive and Manufacturing:

Unity is used in the automotive industry to design and test vehicles virtually.
Companies like BMW and Volkswagen use Unity for creating virtual
showrooms, allowing customers to customize cars and explore them in 3D
before purchase. Unity also enables manufacturing companies to simulate and
optimize production lines.

Film and Animation:

Unity is increasingly being used in the film industry for real-time rendering of
animations and visual effects. Filmmakers use Unity to pre-visualize scenes,
create animated shorts, or even produce entire films. Its real-time rendering
capability makes it a cost-effective and efficient tool for storytelling.
Blender and Unity Integration

Blender and Unity complement

each other seamlessly in creative
workflows. Blender serves as a
robust tool for creating high-
quality 3D assets, animations,
and environments, which can
then be imported into Unity for
use in interactive applications
and games. Artists can leverage
Blender’s modeling and
texturing capabilities to design
game characters and props, then
export them in Unity-compatible
formats like FBX or OBJ.

Unity's real-time engine ensures these assets come to life in interactive

environments. Animators can import Blender’s rigged models and animations
directly into Unity, where additional scripting and game logic can be applied.
Both tools support collaborative workflows, enabling teams to iterate rapidly
and produce stunning results efficiently.

Together, Blender and Unity represent a powerful toolkit for digital creators,
offering unmatched flexibility, scalability, and innovation across industries.
Whether building games, creating cinematic sequences, or designing VR
simulations, these tools empower creators to bring their visions to life.
 Bearing Ball: A Smooth Operator in the World of Motion

A bearing ball is a small, spherical object, typically made of

hardened steel, that plays a crucial role in reducing friction in
various mechanical systems. These tiny spheres are the heart of
ball bearings, a type of rolling-element bearing that utilizes balls
to minimize friction between moving parts.

How Do Bearing Balls Work?

Ball bearings consist of two primary components: the inner and

outer races. These races are grooved rings that encircle the
bearing balls. As the shaft, attached to the inner race, rotates, the
balls roll smoothly within the grooves of both races. This rolling
motion significantly reduces friction compared to sliding
contact, enabling smoother and more efficient operation of
machinery.

The Benefits of Bearing Balls

 Reduced Friction: One of the primary advantages of bearing

balls is their ability to minimize friction. This reduction in
friction leads to increased efficiency, lower energy
consumption, and less wear and tear on the components.
 High-Speed Capability: Ball bearings can handle high rotational
speeds without significant heat generation or performance
degradation. This makes them ideal for applications that require
rapid and continuous motion.
 Low Maintenance: Ball bearings are relatively low-maintenance
components. Regular lubrication is often sufficient to ensure
optimal performance and longevity.
 Long Lifespan: With proper care and maintenance, ball bearings
can last for many years, reducing the need for frequent
replacements and minimizing downtime.
 Applications of Bearing Balls

Ball bearings are ubiquitous in modern society, finding

applications in a wide range of industries and everyday devices.
Some common examples include:

 Automotive Industry: Wheel hubs, transmissions, alternators,

and power steering systems rely on ball bearings to ensure
smooth operation and durability.
 Industrial Machinery: Motors, pumps, conveyor systems, and
machine tools employ ball bearings to reduce friction and
improve efficiency.
 Sports Equipment: Skateboards, inline skates, bicycle hubs,
and other sports equipment often utilize ball bearings to enhance
performance and reduce wear.
 Household Appliances: Washing machines, blenders, fans, and
other household appliances incorporate ball bearings to ensure
smooth operation and longevity.
 Aerospace Industry: Ball bearings are used in aircraft engines,
landing gear, and other critical components due to their
reliability and ability to withstand extreme conditions.

In conclusion, bearing balls are essential components that

contribute to the smooth and efficient operation of countless
mechanical systems. Their ability to reduce friction, enable
high-speed operation, and require minimal maintenance makes
them indispensable in a wide range of applications.
Working Principle:
Top View:
Understanding the Top View:
 Circular Shape: A bearing ball, when viewed from the top, appears as a
perfect circle.
Solid Form: It's a solid sphere, not a hollow ball.

Working Principle of a Ball Bearing (Side View)

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that utilizes balls to minimize
friction between moving parts. When viewed from the side, its working
principle becomes clearer.
Key Components:
1. Inner Race (Inner Ring): This ring is typically attached to a rotating shaft.

2. Outer Race (Outer Ring): This ring is usually stationary and houses the
inner race and balls.
3. Balls: These spherical objects are the rolling elements that reduce
friction.
4. Cage (Separator): This component keeps the balls evenly spaced,
preventing them from colliding.
Front View:
when a bearing ball is part of a ball bearing assembly, its role becomes
crucial:
1. Reducing Friction:
o The spherical shape of the ball allows it to roll smoothly within the
grooves of the inner and outer races of the bearing.
o Rolling friction is significantly lower than sliding friction, leading
to reduced energy loss and increased efficiency.
2. Distributing Load:
o The balls distribute the load applied to the bearing across multiple
contact points, reducing stress on any individual point.
o This helps to prevent premature wear and prolong the life of the
bearing.
3. Enabling Smooth Rotation:
o The balls act as intermediaries between the rotating shaft and the
stationary housing, facilitating smooth and continuous rotational
motion.
When a bearing ball is part of a ball bearing assembly, its role becomes
crucial:

1. Reducing Friction:
o The spherical shape of the ball allows it to roll smoothly within the
grooves of the inner and outer races of the bearing.
o Rolling friction is significantly lower than sliding friction, leading
to reduced energy loss and increased efficiency.
2. Distributing Load:
o The balls distribute the load applied to the bearing across multiple
contact points, reducing stress on any individual point.
 o This helps to prevent premature wear and prolong the life of the
bearing.

3. Enabling Smooth Rotation:

o The balls act as intermediaries between the rotating shaft and the
stationary housing, facilitating smooth and continuous rotational
motion.

Back View:
Connector Section:
 The pins could represent the interface where the battery connects to a
mobile device or charging unit.
 Such a design could be for a removable battery, where the connector
aligns with a phone's internal pins or ports.
Housing:
 The metallic and dark material sections may represent protective casing
or support structures for the battery's terminals.
 Securing Mechanism:
 The visible screw-like elements might imply that this battery module is
designed for a secured fit, possibly in a rugged or modular device.

Additional information on bearing balls:

Material:

 Steel: The most common material due to its strength, durability, and affordability.
AISI 52100 steel is a popular choice for its high hardness and fatigue resistance.
 Stainless Steel: Offers corrosion resistance, making it suitable for environments with
moisture or chemicals. However, it's generally less durable than standard steel.
 Ceramic: Provides extremely low friction and high heat resistance. Often used in
high-performance applications where precision and longevity are critical.
 Other Materials: Titanium and plastic are sometimes used in specific applications
where weight reduction or chemical compatibility are important.

Manufacturing Process:

 Melting and Casting: The starting material (usually steel) is melted and cast into
ingots.
 Forging: The ingots are heated and shaped into rough ball blanks using presses or
hammers.
 Grinding: The rough balls are precisely ground to achieve the desired size and
spherical shape.
 Heat Treatment: The balls are hardened to increase their durability and resistance to
wear.
 Polishing: The surface of the balls is polished to a mirror-like finish to reduce
friction.
 Inspection: The balls undergo rigorous quality control to ensure they meet strict
tolerances.

Types of Bearing Balls:

 Standard Precision Balls: Used in a wide range of general-purpose applications.

 Super Precision Balls: Offer higher accuracy and smoother operation, suitable for
high-speed and precision equipment.
 Instrument-Grade Balls: Extremely precise and used in sensitive instruments like
gyroscopes and accelerometers.

Applications:

 Automotive: Wheel bearings, transmission components, engine accessories

 Industrial Machinery: Motors, pumps, fans, machine tools
 Aerospace: Aircraft components, satellites
 Consumer Electronics: Hard drives, fans, motors
 Sports Equipment: Skateboards, rollerblades, bicycles
 Here are the main components of a bearing:
 Some important parts of Bearing Ball:
1. Inner ring (or inner race): The inner ring is the part of the bearing that fits onto the
shaft.
2. Outer ring (or outer race): The outer ring is the part of the bearing that fits into the
housing.

3. Rolling elements (or bearings): The rolling elements are the balls or rollers that rotate
between the inner and outer rings.
4. Cage (or retainer): The cage is the component that holds the rolling elements in place
and maintains their spacing.

5. Seals (or shields): Seals or shields are used to protect the bearing from contaminants
and retain lubrication.
6. Lubrication: Lubrication is used to reduce friction and wear between the moving parts
of the bearing.

7. Adapters and spacers: Adapters and spacers are used to secure the bearing in place or
adjust its position.
8. Snap rings: Snap rings are used to secure the bearing in place or provide a shoulder for
the bearing to rotate against.
9. Bearing housing: The bearing housing is the component that supports the bearing and
provides a mounting point for the bearing.

These are the main parts of a bearing. The specific design and configuration of the
bearing may vary depending on the application and type of bearing.
Real-life Applications of Unity:
Smart Cities:
Unity is often used to create 3D models of cities to help urban planners and city
officials visualize and manage infrastructure more efficiently. These 3D models,
also called "digital twins," replicate real-world environments, including roads,
buildings, traffic systems, and utilities. For example, city planners can use Unity
to simulate traffic patterns and test how new roads or public transit systems
would impact congestion. Additionally, Unity's real-time rendering allows for
interactive exploration, meaning decision-makers can "walk through" proposed
developments before they are built. These models also help monitor energy
consumption, water systems, and public safety, making cities more efficient and
sustainable.
Military Training:
In military applications, Unity is used to develop realistic VR simulations to
train soldiers in various scenarios. These simulations replicate combat
environments, such as urban warfare, desert conditions, or jungle terrains,
allowing soldiers to practice strategies and responses without the risks of real-
life training. For example, Unity can simulate ambush scenarios or vehicle
convoy operations where soldiers must make quick decisions under stress.
These applications provide a cost-effective and safe way to train troops in
tactics, teamwork, and problem-solving. By using Unity's physics engine and
real-time interactivity, soldiers get a realistic training experience, improving
their readiness for real-life missions.
Retail:
Retailers use Unity to create interactive and engaging shopping experiences for
their customers. With Unity, companies can build apps that let shoppers
customize products in 3D, such as designing their own sneakers, furniture, or
cars. For example, Nike uses Unity-based applications to allow users to
customize shoes in real time, visualizing their designs before purchasing.
Virtual shopping experiences powered by Unity allow customers to explore
virtual stores or try out products in AR, such as seeing how a piece of furniture
would look in their living room. These applications enhance customer
engagement, improve buying confidence, and make online shopping more
interactive and fun.
 Conclusion

This project has explored the intricate relationship between mobile battery
technology and its applications in AR/VR environments, highlighting several
key findings and implications for future development:
Technical Integration
The study of mobile battery connectors and their structural design has revealed
the critical importance of reliable power delivery systems in AR/VR devices.
The spring-loaded pin mechanism, coupled with efficient thermal management
and durability features, demonstrates how modern battery connectivity solutions
are evolving to meet the demanding requirements of immersive technologies.
Future Implications
This research points toward several promising directions for future
development:
1. Advanced battery management systems specifically designed for AR/VR
applications
2. Improved power efficiency through smart software optimization
3. Enhanced integration between hardware components and software
visualization tools
4. Development of more sophisticated battery monitoring and maintenance
systems
Educational Value
The project has demonstrated the significant potential for using AR/VR
technologies in technical education, particularly in understanding complex
systems like mobile batteries. The combination of Unity's real-time rendering
capabilities with accurate battery modeling has created powerful educational
tools that can benefit students, technicians, and professionals alike.
The findings from this project contribute to the growing body of knowledge in
both mobile battery technology and AR/VR applications, while opening new
avenues for future research and development in these rapidly evolving fields.
ASSESSMENT
Internal:
SL FULL MARKS REMARK
RUBRICS
NO MARK OBTAINED S
Understanding the relevance, scope and
1 10
dimension of the project
2 Methodology 10
3 Quality of Analysis and Results 10
4 Interpretations and Conclusions 10
5 Report 10
Total 50

Date: Signature of the Faculty

COURSE OUTCOME (COs) ATTAINMENT

➢ Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

(Refer to COs Statement in the Syllabus)
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➢ Course Outcome Attained:
How would you rate your learning of the subject based on the specified COs?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOW HIGH
➢ Learning Gap (if any):
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➢ Books / Manuals Referred:
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Date: Signature of the Student

➢ Suggestions / Recommendations:
(By the Course Faculty)
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Date: Signature of the Faculty