Exercise 7.
5 Polarity and
Exercise 7.6 Pauling
electronegativities
Bond polarity depends on the difference in the
electronegativity values of the bonded atoms.
1 Suggest a reason why the IB data book does not give
electronegativity values for the elements in Group 18
of the periodic table.
2 Using the electronegativity values in the IB data book,
rank the bonds listed below in order of increasing
polarity.
N—H, O—H, C—H, C—Cl, H—S, F—F, O—Cl, P—Cl,
C—Br, P—H
3 Molecular polarity depends on both bond polarity and
on the shape of a molecule. Deduce whether the
following molecules are polar:
a CCl4
b CH4
c NH3
d H2O
e CO2
Exercise 7.7 Intermolecular
forces
In this exercise, you will consider the nature of
intermolecular forces that hold molecules together in the
solid or liquid state.
1 The intermolecular forces in non-polar molecules are
known as London forces. How do these forces arise?
2 Dipole–dipole interactions occur between molecules
with permanent dipoles.
a Which of the following substances has the
strongest dipole–dipole forces?
H—Cl, H—Br, H—I
b Explain your answer to part a.
TIP
Include at least two molecules, at least one hydrogen
bond, dipoles and lone pairs in your diagram for
question 4.
3 Dipole–induced dipole forces occur between a
molecule that has a permanent dipole and a different
non-polar molecule. Can this type of intermolecular
force be found in the following pairs of liquids?
a C6H12(l) and Br2(l)
b C8H18(l) and CH3Cl(l)
c HBr(l) and Br2(l)
4 Draw a diagram to show the hydrogen bonding
between water molecules.
5 Explain why some substances can form hydrogen
bonds.
6 Does hydrogen bonding occur between molecules in
each of the following substances?
a H2O2
7 Comment on the relative strength of dipole–dipole
forces, London (dispersion) forces and hydrogen
bonding.
8 In terms of the relative strength of the different types of
intermolecular force, suggest a reason why ion–dipole
forces and hydrogen bonding are not classed as van
der Waals forces.
Exercise 7.8 Melting points
and boiling points
The intermolecular forces met in Exercise 7.7 are the
forces that are overcome when a solid melts or a liquid
boils. In this exercise, you will explore how the strength of
these forces affects the melting and boiling points of these
substances.
TIP
Always use the phrase, between molecules when
discussing intermolecular forces, as, although
intermolecular means between molecules, you need to
make it clear that you understand that the bonds that
hold the atoms together in the molecule are not broken
during melting or boiling and the molecules remain
whole.
1 Describe the relationship between the strength of the
forces between molecules and the melting/boiling
point of a substance.
2 Explain the following statements:
a Generally, non-polar substances with higher
relative molecular masses have higher
melting/boiling points.
b Generally, substances with only London forces
between the molecules have the lowest
melting/boiling points.
c Generally, molecular substances with hydrogen
bonding between the molecules have higher
melting/boiling points.
3 The graph in Figure 7.1 shows the trend in the melting
points of Group 17 elements. Explain this trend.
Figure 7.1: Trend in the melting points of Group 17
elements.
4 Predict which of the following pairs of molecules will
have the higher boiling point and explain your answer
in each case:
a Br2 and I2
b C4H10 and CH3OCH3
c H2O and H2S
