PRE-GENERATION COMPUTERS The Analytical Engine (1830s)

What is a Computer? Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837)

The word "computer" originates from the Latin Often considered the first concept of a general-
word "computare," meaning "to calculate" or purpose mechanical computer. The Analytical
"to count." Engine had components resembling those in
modern computers, such as a control unit (the
Early Calculating Devices (Ancient Times to "mill"), memory (the "store"), and input/output
1600s) mechanisms.
Abacus (circa 2300 BCE) Though never completed, it laid the foundation
One of the earliest known devices used for for later developments in computing.
arithmetic calculation. It allowed users to Ada Lovelace, often considered the first
perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, computer programmer, wrote algorithms for
and division. this machine.
Napier's Bones (1617) The Tabulating Machine Era (1880s - Early
Created by John Napier, these were a set of 1900s)
rods used for multiplication and division. Hollerith’s Punch Card System (1890)
Napier's work on logarithms also paved the way
for later developments in computational tools. Herman Hollerith developed an
electromechanical machine that used punched
Slide Rule (1620s) cards to process data, notably for the 1890 U.S.
Developed by William Oughtred, the slide rule is Census. This system was a key milestone in
a mechanical device used for multiplication, automation and data processing, leading to the
division, and finding logarithms, trigonometric formation of IBM (International Business
functions, and square roots. Machines).

The Mechanical Era of Calculating Machines Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

(1600s - 1800s) (1944-1949)

Pascaline (1642) The Harvard Mark 1 (1943)

Developed by Blaise Pascal, the Pascaline was Developed by Howard Aiken and supported by
one of the first mechanical calculators capable IBM, the Mark I was an electromechanical
of performing addition and subtraction. It used computer that used a series of relays and was
a series of gears and wheels to carry out capable of performing calculations
operations. automatically. It played a role in the early
stages of computational devices used in
Leibniz’s Step Reckoner (1672) scientific and military contexts.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal's MARK II (1947)

design and created a machine capable of
performing multiplication and division, MARK III (1949)
alongside addition and subtraction.
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1940-1956) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)
What is Vacuum Tube?
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
A sealed glass tube containing a near-vacuum Computer) was one of the earliest electronic
that allow the free passage of electric current computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it
The vacuum tube was developed by Lee was binary rather than decimal, and was
DeForest. It is a device generally used to amplify designed to be a stored-program computer.
a signal by controlling the movement of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
electrons in an evacuated space.
The Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC
What is Magnetic Drum? was a computer milestone achieved by Dr.
A magnetic drum, also referred to as drum, is a Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly, the team
metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide that invented the ENIAC computer.
material on which data and programs can be GENERATION 2 OF COMPUTER
stored. Magnetic drums were used as a primary
storage device. CDC 1604 (OCT 16, 1959) – known for its high
performance in scientific and military
ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR applications.
AND COMPUTER)
IBM 7090 (1960) -The IBM 7090, an early
ENIAC, in full Electronic Numerical Integrator second generation of computer examples, was
and Computer, the first programmable general designed for scientific and engineering
purpose electronic digital computer. calculations and featured magnetic core
Like Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine (from memory.
the 19th century) and the British World War II IBM 1401 (1959) – Other examples of second
computer Colossus, it had conditional branching generation of computer include IBM 1401
—that is, it had the ability to execute different which used transistors and featured a card
instructions or to alter the order of execution of reader, card punch, and magnetic tape storage.
instructions based on the value of some data.
Burroughs B5000 (1961) – It was designed for
EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic business and scientific use. This example of
Calculator) second generation of computer featured a
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic stack-based architecture and supported high-
Calculator) was developed by a group of level programming languages like ALGOL and
scientists, headed by Professor Maurice Wilkes COBOL.
at Cambridge University, England, in 1949. It DEC PDP-1 (1959) – It is one of the second
was also based on the stored program concept generation of computer examples which was a
and one of the first to use binary digits. The minicomputer used for various applications,
input and output were provided by a paper including early computer games.
tape. It could do about 700 additions per
second and 200 multiplications per second. The UNIVAC 1107 (1962) – It was used for scientific
machine occupied a room, which measured 5/4 and business applications and was one of the
meters. first computers to employ thin-film memory
technology.
Transistors He was an electrical engineer co-inventor of
ENIAC, introduced to the public at the University
The most important feature of the second of Pennsylvania in 1946.
generation of computer was the use of
 J. Presper Eckert
transistors as the primary electronic
component. Transistors replaced the vacuum
2022 innovation
tubes used in first generation computers,  Generative AI
leading to a reduction in size, increased
Transistors were a revolutionary invention by
reliability, and improved efficiency.
_____ in 1947.
 Transistor invented by Bardeen,
 William Shockley
Brattain, and Shockley in 1947
This processor is running at 2 MHz, which was
Magnetic Core Memory powerful for its time.

Second generation of computer commonly used  Intel 8080

magnetic core memory for primary storage. This
CDC 1604 Computer was released
technology used small magnetic cores to store
binary data, giving a more reliable and faster  October 16, 1959
option to earlier memory technologies.
2024 innovation
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS  Da Vinci 5 Surgical Robot System

The third generation computers were

2023 innovation
introduced in 1965 and they stopped in 1971. It
was developed by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby.
 Data Fabric
This generation is upgraded compared to the
other two previous generations. Third- BM 7094 Computer was released
generation computers used integrated circuits
in place of transistors.Despite consuming less  January 1962
electricity still; they were a little expensive and It displays the design architecture of an
required an air conditioner for cooling electronic digital computer.
purposes.  Von Neumann Architecture.

INTEGRATED CUIRCUITS (IC) IBM 1401 Computer was released

An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a  October 5, 1959

chip, microchip or microelectronic circuit, is a CDC 1620 Computer was released

semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
 October 21, 1959
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, diodes and
transistors are fabricated. 2025 Innovation

 Smart City
- An IC is the fundamental building block of all
modern electronic devices. As the name From 1971 to the present, it is characterized by
large-scale integration (LSI) and very large-scale
suggests, it's an integrated system of multiple integration (VLSI) circuits.
miniaturized and interconnected components
 4th Gen Computers
embedded into a thin substrate of
semiconductor material (usually These generations of computers reduce
computational time.

 3rd Gen Computers

GENERATION IV  IBM licensed and marketed its PC-DOS
rebranding of MS-DOS to run on IBM
The fourth generation of computers, which PCs.
began in 1972 and continues to evolve, marked
a significant leap in computing technology with Microsoft Windows
the introduction of Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) circuits. These microprocessors,  Founded in the year 1975
composed of hundreds of integrated circuits on  Became one of the largest
a single silicon chip, revolutionized the industry operating systems
by making computers more compact, powerful,  Windows 95, windows 98 or
and efficient. This era also saw the rise of windows XP were developed, then
personal computers (PCs), making computing new window 7 was also developed
more accessible to individuals and businesses by the company.
alike. System Software (later named Mac OS)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Technology  Operating system (OS) designed by
The fourth generation introduced VLSI Apple
technology, allowing thousands of transistors to  It is a graphical user interface (GUI)
be integrated onto a single chip, making based OS that has since been released
computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. as multiple different versions.

WHAT IS MICROPROCESSORS? PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A microprocessor is the predominant type of C - The mother of almost all higher-level

modern computer processor. It combines the programming languages. Procedural
components and function of a central programming language and used in
processing unit (CPU) into a single integrated implementing an operating system.
circuit (IC) or a few connected ICs. C++ - Used to create high- performance
WHAT IS THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR? applications, and as an extension to the C
language.
In 1971, there was a major breakthrough in
computing with the Intel 4004, the first BASIC - It stands for beginners All-purpose
microprocessor available for commercial use. symbolic instruction code.

PASCAL - ALGOL-based language, which

SUPERCOMPUTERS includes features such as the ability to define
data types and structures, its linear-type
 Cray 1 and 2
structure, and it’s imperative syntax.
 CONNECTING MACHINE
FIFTH GENERATION (1980-Present)
OPERATING SYSTEM
The fifth generation of computers began in
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
1980 and was focused on Artificial Intelligence
 A major operating system for personal (AI), expert systems, and parallel processing.
computers. The goal was to develop computers that could
 IBM licensed from Microsoft was an think and make decisions like humans.
operating system containing only the
very basic features of a modern
operating system.