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The Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817) was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire that
took place in Trabzon eyalet

Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion

Background Part of Laz rebellions (1814–1834)

The Ottoman Empire gradually lost its

centralist character throughout the 17th
century, and in 1702, state mukataas were
transferred to tax farmers in a hereditary
manner, just like the timar mansions in the
past, and furthermore, with an edict issued in
1726, the system of appointing governors with
enderuns was abandoned and the most
powerful lords of the sanjaks or provinces were
appointed governors. has rendered the land Map of the rebellion at its peak (yellow) and Trabzon
system dysfunctional, thus resulting in a social vilayet (purple)
and economic gap. It started to be populated by August 18, 1816[1]
feudal lords called ayan.[2] Considering that the Date 1814–1817
security problems that have been going on for Location Trabzon Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
150 years in Anatolia and the feudal system
Result Ottoman victory
have already become a thing of the past in
Europe, the emergence of the Sublime Porte at rebellion suppressed
a time when it was turning towards the West
Belligerents
can be given as an example of the anachronism
that the Ottoman Empire fell into. In addition Laz derebeys Ottoman Empire
to the collapse of the timar system at the Commanders and leaders
beginning of the Ottoman-Russian War of Memiş Ağa Mahmud II
1768, the lack of an action plan on how to Tuzcuoğlu Hazinedârzâde
prevent the corruption of state and military Deli Ahmet Süleyman Paşa
institutions, other than the dream of Ağa (POW) Hacı Hasan
resurrecting the past, accelerated the collapse Tirebolulu Kel Alioğlu
Ağa (POW)
process by cementing the disaster. At the Ali Paşa
beginning of the 19th century, the Ottoman Abanozoğlu Mikdad Ağa
Empire's efforts to realize its mistake and Süşleyman Şatırzâde Osman Ağa
strengthen its central authority again were met Tonyalı Hacı Rize Mütesellimi Tahir
with reaction by the notables who acquired Salihoğlu Ağa
their power and wealth during the duties given Kalcıoğlu Osman Bey Çeçenzâde Hasan
by the state, and the rebellions led by the Ağa (WIA)
Tuzcuoğlu family between 1814 and 1834 were Hacı Mustafa bey
violently suppressed, ending the influence of Genç Mehmed Ağa
local powers in the region. It is also a striking Bacıoğlu İsmail Ağa
feature that the most important notables of the
Trabzon region, Tuzcuoğulları, Kalcıoğulları Suiçmezoğlu Hasan
and Şatırzadeler, are related to each other. Ağa
Tufan Ağa
Pir Ali Ağa
Beginning and growth of the Çebioğlu Yakup Ağa
rebellion
Bacıoğlu İsmail Ağa
Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa, born in Hopa, was the
son of Hamdi Bey, one of the notables of the Laz leaders in bold=leaders of the uprising
region, and the nephew of Erzurum Governor
Ahmet Pasha.[3] He was appointed as Ottoman leaders in bold=Ottoman Sultan and
Kapucubaşı in 1810 and governor of Trabzon Governor of Trabzon at that time
in 1812, as he showed great usefulness in the Casualties and losses
defense of Faş Castle against the Russians in Heavy, all leaders killed or Unknown
1809. In 1812, he was made a bey of the Gönye captured
sanjak as the guard of the Batumi Castle, which
was vacated by Hazinedarzade Süleyman Ağa (Pasha), who was appointed governor of Trabzon.[4]Memiş
Ağa, who was loved and respected as a notable of Rize in the east of Trabzon, allegedly indebted the
villagers and confiscated their lands in return, forcing them to work on their own lands. In addition to
being a landowner, he was also involved in trade, and corruptly took over the inheritance of the dead.[5][6]

Siege of Memiş ağa's mansion

The governor of Trabzon, Hazinedarzade
Siege of Memiş ağa's mansion
Süleyman Pasha, not only failed to repay the
large sum of money he had borrowed from Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)
Memiş Ağa but also requested more money
and, upon being refused, repeatedly Date 1814
complained about Memiş Ağa to Istanbul. Location Rize, Ottoman Empire
Viewing him as a rival and fearing his
Result Tuzcuoğlu victory
influence, Süleyman Pasha’s complaints led the
Sublime Porte to investigate. Initially, the Start of the rebellion
investigation concluded that Memiş Ağa was a
Belligerents
good man. However, it was later discovered
that he protected bandits such as Hacı Salioğlu. Laz derebeys Ottoman Empire

Süleyman Pasha persisted in demanding his Commanders and leaders

execution, eventually convincing Sultan Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu Hazinedârzâde
Mahmud II to issue an order for Memiş Ağa's Süleyman Paşa
execution. [7][8] Unaware of the execution order Hacı Hasan Ağa
against him, Memiş Ağa set out to respond to
the invitation of the governor, who had summoned him to Trabzon[9]. However, upon learning of the
situation in Sürmene, he returned to Rize and confined himself to his home[10][11]. In response, Süleyman
Pasha sent forces under the command of Kaymakam Hacı Hasan Ağa against Memiş Ağa. In an effort to
save his life, Memiş Ağa revolted, and the aghas of Rize, Hopa, Of, and Sürmene, who had previously
benefited from his goodwill, supported him.[12]

Siege of Trabzon
So many men rallied to his cause that not only
was the rebellion impossible to suppress, but Siege of Trabzon
taking advantage of Süleyman Pasha’s Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)
presence in Faş, Memiş Ağa's supporters seized Date 1816
control of the entire region from Hopa to Location Trabzon, Ottoman Empire
Giresun.[13]The rebels from Sürmene and Of
Result Tuzcuoğlu victory
besieged Trabzon, first capturing the port for
8–10 days and then, on August 18, 1816, Territorial Trabzon captured by rebels

seizing the Trabzon fortress. The rebels also changes

captured Kaymakam Hasan Ağa and placed Belligerents
him on a ship and sent him to Ünye, while Laz derebeys Ottoman Empire
Tonyalı Hacı Salihoğlu captured Tonya, and the Commanders and leaders
aghas Abanozoğlu Süleyman and Tirebolulu
Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu Hazinedârzâde
Kel Alioğlu seized Tirebolu.[14] Memiş Ağa
Tonyalı Hacı Salihoğlu Süleyman Paşa
tried to establish his own independent
Abanozoğlu Hacı Hasan
administration by appointing his men as
Süşleyman Ağa (POW)
voyvodas in Trabzon and Giresun. However,
Deli Ahmet Ağa Çeçenzâde Hasan
Süleyman Pasha realized that he could not
Ağa (WIA)
suppress the rebellion with local forces alone
and requested reinforcements, including a fleet
sent from Istanbul, as well as soldiers and ample ammunition under the command of Ali Pasha, the
governor of Bolu and Kastamonu.[15][16][17][18]
Decline and end of the rebellion
Hasan Ağa, with the forces he gathered from Ünye and the surrounding areas, marched towards Giresun,
managed to recapture the city from the Darçinoğlu family, and with the help of two ships sent from
Istanbul, seized Tirebolu but was unable to proceed further[19]. During this time, Hacı Salihoğlu captured
Gümüşhane,[20] while Tuzcuoğlu took control of Şark-ı Karahisar. In response, Süleyman Pasha left the
Faş fortress to his men and came to Görele by ship[21]. There, with thousands of soldiers gathered from
Amasya, Erbaa, Kemah, Kuruçay, Niksar, Tokat, Hafik, Yıldızeli, İlikli, Tozaklar, Divriği, Zile, and
Gümüşhane, he took the Kuğuzâde mansion and dispersed the rebels. He then summoned the aghas of
Trabzon and Sürmene,[22] negotiating with them to isolate Memiş Ağa.[23]

Siege of Of
When government forces under the command
of the Governor of Kastamonu, Ali Paşa, Siege of Of
clashed with the rebels, Memiş Ağa’s close Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)
associates, including his son-in-law Kalcıoğlu Date May 1817–July 1817
Osman Bey, abandoned him. He fled first to Location Of, Ottoman Empire
Rize and then to the safer area of Of. Due to
Result Ottoman victory
the importance of the Russo-Turkish War, the
government considered a military operation End of the revolt
within Of too risky and decided to pardon Leaders of the revolt captured
Memiş Ağa in exchange for his surrender.
However, as no word came from him, Belligerents
Süleyman Pasha, after waiting for the winter to Laz derebeys Ottoman Empire
pass, launched a siege on Of in May 1817 with Commanders and leaders
25-30 thousand troops, including forces from Memiş Ağa Hazinedârzâde
Gönye, Livana, Adjara, Lazistan, and Batumi. Tuzcuoğlu (POW) Süleyman Paşa
After two months of struggle, Memiş Ağa was Deli Ahmet
captured on October 26, 1817. Although over Ağa (POW)
100 years old, he was immediately executed by Strength
beheading, and his head was sent to
2,500[24] 25,000–30,000
Istanbul.[25][26]

Aftermath
Following the Memiş Ağa rebellion, his son-in-law Kalcıoğlu Osman Bey was relocated to Sürmene,
while one of the rebellion leaders, Hacı Salihoğlu, was placed in Trabzon. However, they expressed their
desire to return to their homelands to Süleyman Pasha and later to the newly appointed governor of
Trabzon, Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. When the governor rejected their requests and grew closer to the rival
Şatırzade family, Kalcıoğlu, along with Hacısalihoğlu Ali residing in Trabzon’s Vakıf (Vakfıkebir) village,
and supported by Deli Ahmet from Görele, Alaybeyoğlu, and Dedezade Süleyman from İnesil (Eynesil),
as well as other notables such as Gümrükçüoğlu, initiated a new rebellion.[27][28][29]
References
1. BOA, HH, no. 22614
2. Mustafa, AKDAĞ (1963). "Osmanlı tarihinde âyânlık düzeni devri" (https://doi.org/10.1501/ta
rar_0000000019). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih
Araştırmaları Dergisi. 8 (14): 51. doi:10.1501/tarar_0000000019 (https://doi.org/10.1501%2F
tarar_0000000019). ISSN 1015-1826 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-1826).
3. Mahmut Goloğlu, Trabzon Tarihi, Ankara 1985, p. 103
4. Kars and Erzeroum. W.Monteith. 2017-01-19. p. 289. {{cite book}}: Check date values
in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
5. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p.
197. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Ariza, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, Nos. 22580, 22571.
6. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p.
219.
7. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 52813. II. Mahmud’un idam
fermanındaki şu derkenar yazısı, padişahın valinin isteğinin haksızlığını fark ettiğini ancak
Tuzcuoğlu gibi güçlü bir ayanın yok edilmesini devlet otoritesi açısından kazanç gördüğünü
ortaya koymaktadır: “Bir kaç defa’dır Vâli bu şekilde yazıyor. Eğer bir gareze mebni ise
günahı anın boynuna olsun îdâm ve izâlesi içün emir yazılsın.”
8. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22567.
9. BOA, Evrak, no. 221, Muallim, Cevdet dahiliye tasnifi
10. Şakir Şevket, Trabzon Tarihi, İstanbul, 1294, s.256-260
11. BOA, HH, no. 22614
12. BOA, HH, no. 22571, 22580
13. Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. "Tuzcuoğulları" (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tuzcuogullari). tdv
islam ansiklopedisi. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
14. BOA, HH, no. 22614
15. BOA, HH, no. 22573
16. BOA, HH, no. 22586
17. BOA, HH, no. 22615
18. "Arşivlenmiş kopya" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170419102750/http://www.akintarih.co
m/turktarihi/osmanli/lazlar.html). Archived from the original (http://www.akintarih.com/turktari
hi/osmanli/lazlar.html) on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
19. BOA, HH, no. 22599
20. BOA, HH, no. 22614
21. BOA, HH, no. 22615/B
22. BOA, HH, no. 22602
23. BOA, HH, no. 35558
24. BOA, HH, no. 22601/A
25. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Muallim Cevdet Dahiliye Tasnifi No: 9562
26. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22602/c and Name-i
Hümayun Defteri, No. 10, p. 155; Aktepe, 1953: 22; Bıjışkyan, 1998: 117; Şakir Şevket,
2001: 195-197
27. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22563, 22592, 22565B, C.
28. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22597.
29. Aktepe, M. Münir. *Tuzcuoğulları ve Trabzon Ayaklanmaları*. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları,
1953: 35.
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