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Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Brief Contents
1 When Old Worlds Collide: Encounters 17 RECONSTRUCTION, 1863–1877 468
in the Atlantic World to 1600 2
18 A TRANSFORMED NATION: THE WEST
2 Colonization in North America, AND NEW SOUTH, 1865–1900 494
1600–1680 36
19 THE RISE OF CORPORATE AMERICA,
3 Empires, Indians, and the Struggle for 1865–1914 520
Power in North America, 1670–1720 68
20 Cities, Peoples, Cultures,
4 Provincial America and the Struggle 1890–1920 544
for a Continent, 1720–1763 100

Reform, Resistance, Revolution,

21 PROGRESSIVISM, 1900–1917 572
5
1763–1776 134
22 BECOMING A WORLD POWER,
1898–1917 600
6 The Revolutionary Republic,
1776–1789 166
23 W
 AR AND SOCIETY, 1914–1920 624

7 Completing the ­Revolution, 24 The 1920s  652

1789–1815 200
25 The Great Depression and
8 Northern ­Transformations, the New Deal, 1929–1939 684
1790–1850 230

9 The Old South, 1790–1850 254 26 America during the Second World
War, 1939–1945 716
10 Toward an American Culture,
1815–1850 278 27 The Age of Containment, 1946–1953 744

11 Whigs and Democrats, 28 America at Midcentury, 1953–1963 770

1815–1840 302
29 America during a Divisive War,
12 Antebellum Reform, 1820–1860 330 1963–1974 802

13 Manifest ­Destiny: An Empire for 30 Uncertain Times, 1974–1992 834

­Liberty—or Slavery? 1845–1860 352

14 The Gathering Tempest, 1853–1860 376 31 Economic, Social, and Cultural

Change at the Dawn of the 21st
15 Secession and Civil War, 1860–1862 406 Century  864

16 A New Birth of Freedom, 1862–1865 436 32 A Time of Hope and Fear, 1993–2018 888

vii

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 7 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 Contents in Detail
MAPS AND FEATURES xx Conclusion 34
Chapter Review 34
TO THE STUDENT xxiv
PREFACE xxviii
2 Colonization in North America,
1600–1680 36
2-1 The Protestant ­Reformation and the ­Challenge
1 When Old Worlds Collide: Encounters to Spain 38
in the Atlantic World to 1600 2 2-2 New France and the ­Iroquois League 38
1-1 Peoples in Motion 4 2-2a Early French Explorers 38
1-1a From Beringia to the Americas 4 2-2b Missions and Furs 38
1-1b The Great Extinction and the Rise ■■ Chronology 39
of Agriculture 4 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  French-Huron Alliance
■■ Chronology 5 Takes Shape  40
1-2 The Emergence of Complex Societies in the 2-2c New France under Louis XIV 41
Americas 5 2-3 New Netherland 41
1-2a The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures 6 2-3a The East and West India Companies 42
1-2b Inca Civilization 7 2-3b New Netherland as a Pluralistic Society 42
1-2c Mesoamerica: Cycles of ­Complex Cultures 7 ■ History Through Film  Black Robe (1991) 43
1-2d The Aztecs and Tenochtitlán 10 2-3c English Encroachments 44
1-3 Agricultural Take-Off in North America 10 2-4 English Colonization Begins 44
1-3a Urban Cultures of the Southwest 11 2-4a The English Reformation 45
1-3b North American Mound Builders 12 2-4b From Plundering to Colonization 45
1-3c North America in 1491 14 2-4c The Swarming of the English 46
1-3d The Norse Connection 15 2-5 The Chesapeake and West Indian Colonies 46
1-4 Europe and the World by the 15th Century 15 2-5a The Jamestown Disaster 47
1-4a China: The Rejection of ­Overseas Expansion 15 2-5b Reorganization, Reform, and Crisis 47
1-4b Christian Europe Challenges Islam 16 2-5c Tobacco, Servants, and Survival 48
1-4c The Legacy of the Crusades 18 2-5d The Collapse of Tsenacommacah 49
1-4d The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal 18 2-5e Maryland 49
1-4e Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade 19 2-5f Chesapeake Family Life 50
1-4f Portugal’s Asian Empire 21 2-5g The West Indies and the ­Transition to Slavery 52
1-4g Early Lessons 21 2-5h The Rise of Slavery in North America 53
1-5 Spain, Columbus, and the Americas 22 2-6 The New England Colonies 54
1-5a Columbus 22 2-6a The Pilgrims and Plymouth 54
1-5b Spain and the Caribbean 23 2-6b Massachusetts Bay 54
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  How to Understand ­Columbus’s 2-6c Covenant Theology 54
Landing? 24 ■  hat They Said  English Colonists and Huron Indians
W
1-6 Conquest and Catastrophe 25 Enter New Worlds 55
1-6a The Conquest of Mexico and Peru 25 2-6d Puritan Family Life 56
1-6b North American Conquistadores and Missionaries 26 2-6e Conversion, Dissent, and Expansion 56
1-6c The Spanish Empire and ­Demographic Catastrophe 28 2-6f Puritan Indian Missions 57
■  hat They Said  Two Spanish Scholars Debate Indian Slavery 29
W
2-6g Congregations, Towns, and Colony Governments 57
2-6h Infant Baptism and New Dissent 59
1-6d Brazil 31
2-7 From Civil War to the First Restoration Colonies 59
1-7 Global Colossus, Global Economy 31 2-7a Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal 60
■  istory Through Film  Even the Rain (2010)
H 32 2-7b New York: An Experiment in Absolutism 61
1-8 Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and 2-8 Brotherly Love: The Quakers and America 61
Resistance 32 2-8a Quaker Beliefs 62

viii Contents in Detail

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 8 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 2-8b Quaker Families 64 4-2a Emergence of the Old South 104
2-8c West New Jersey 64 4-2b The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The “Best Poor Man’s
2-8d Pennsylvania 65 Country” 106
Conclusion 66 4-2c The Backcountry 107
Chapter Review 66 4-2d New England: A Faltering ­Economy and Paper
Money 107
4-3 Anglicizing Provincial America 108
Empires, Indians, and the Struggle for 4-3a The World of Print 108
3 4-3b The Enlightenment in America 109
Power in North America, 1670–1720 68 4-3c Women and the Consumer Revolution 111
3-1 Indians, Settlers, Upheaval: The Cataclysmic 1670s 4-3d Georgia: The Failure of an Enlightenment Utopia 111
and 1680s 70 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A Display of Consumer
■■ Chronology 70 Goods 112
3-1a The Pueblo Revolt 71 4-4 The Great Awakening 113
■  hat They Said  Why Did the Pueblo Indians Revolt against the
W 4-4a Origins of the Revivals 113
Spaniards in 1680? 72 4-4b Whitefield Launches the ­Transatlantic Revival 113
3-1b Metacom’s War 73 4-4c Disruptions 114
3-1c Virginia’s Indian War 74 4-4d Long-Term Consequences of the Revivals 114
3-1d Bacon’s Rebellion 75 4-4e New Colleges 115
3-1e New France Besieged 76 4-4f The Denominational Realignment 115
3-2 Converging Empires: Spain and France ■  hat They Said  The Controversy over
W
in North America 78 Religious ­Revivals 116
3-2a Spanish New Mexico 78 4-5 Political Culture in the Colonies 116
3-2b French and Indians on the Middle Ground 78 4-5a The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor 117
3-2c French Canada in Transition 80 4-5b Court and Country Politics 117
3-2d French Illinois, French ­Louisiana, and Spanish Texas 80 4-6 The Renewal of Imperial Conflict 118
3-3 The Rise of England’s Atlantic Empire 82 4-6a Challenges to French Power 118
3-3a The Foundations of Empire: Mercantilism and the 4-6b The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain 119
Navigation Acts 83 4-6c France versus Britain: King George’s War 120
3-3b Crisis in England and the Expansion of Royal 4-6d The Impending Storm 121
Authority 83 4-7 The War for North America 122
3-3c The Dominion of New England 84 4-7a The Albany Congress and the Onset of War 123
3-3d The Glorious Revolution in ­England and America 85 4-7b Britain’s Years of Defeat 124
3-3e The Salem Witch Trials 86 4-7c A World War 125
3-3f The New Imperial Order 87 ■  istory Through Film  The War That Made ­
H
■  istory Through Film Three Sovereigns for ­Sarah (1986) 88
H America (2006) 126
3-4 An Empire of ­Settlement: The Growth of British 4-7d Imperial Tensions: From ­Loudoun to Pitt 127
America 88 4-7e The Years of British Victory 128
3-4a The Atlantic Prism and the Spectrum of Settlement 89 4-7f The Peace of Paris 130
3-4b The Engine of British ­Expansion: The Colonial Conclusion 130
Household 90 Chapter Review 132
3-4c The Voluntaristic Ethic, Public Life, and War 93
3-4d Spanish and French Counterpoints 93
3-4e Queen Anne’s War and the Yamasee War 93
3-4f The Colonial Rim and the Indigenous Interior 95
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A Native American 5 Reform, Resistance, Revolution,
Representation of the Colonial Southeast 96 1763–1776 134
Conclusion 97 5-1 Imperial Reform 136
Chapter Review 98 5-1a Impetus for Reform 136
5-1b Indian Policy and Pontiac’s War 136
■■ Chronology 137
Provincial America and the Struggle 5-1c The Sugar Act 137
4 5-1d The Currency Act and the ­Quartering Act 139
for a Continent, 1720–1763 100 5-1e The Stamp Act 139
4-1 Expansion versus Anglicization 102 5-2 The Stamp Act Crisis 140
4-1a Threats to Householder Autonomy 102 5-2a Nullification 140
■■ Chronology 103 5-2b Repeal 141
4-1b Anglicizing the Role of Women 103 5-3 The Townshend Crisis 143
4-2 Expansion, Immigration, and Regional 5-3a The Townshend Program 143
Differentiation 104 5-3b Resistance: The Politics of Escalation 143

Contents in Detail ix

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 9 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A British Cartoon of the Stamp 6-5d Western Expansion, Discontent, and Conflict with
Act Repeal 144 Indians 187
5-3c The Wilkes Crisis 145 6-5e The Northwest Ordinance 189
5-3d The Boston Massacre 145 6-6 American Constitutionalism 189
■ History Through Film  John Adams (2008) 147 6-6a John Adams and the ­Separation of Powers 189
6-6b Early State Constitutions 190
5-3e Partial Repeal 148
6-6c Massachusetts Redefines Constitutionalism 190
5-3f Disaffection 148
6-6d Articles of Confederation 192
5-4 Internal Cleavages: The Contagion of Liberty 149
5-4a Divided Loyalties 149
6-7 The Constitution: A More Perfect Union 192
6-7a Commerce, Debt, and Shays’s Rebellion 192
5-4b Urban and Rural Discontent 150
6-7b Cosmopolitans versus Localists 193
5-4c Slaves and Women 152
6-7c The Philadelphia Convention 194
5-5 The Last Imperial Crisis 153
5-5a The Tea Crisis 153 ■  hat They Said  Virginians Debate the Constitution 195
W
5-5b Britain’s Response: The ­Coercive Acts 155 6-7d Ratification 196
5-5c The Radical Explosion 156 Conclusion 197
5-5d The First Continental Congress 157 Chapter Review 197
5-5e Toward War 157
5-6 The Improvised War 158
5-6a The Second Continental Congress 159
5-6b War and Legitimacy, 1775–1776 160 Completing the ­R evolution,
5-6c Independence 160 7
■  hat They Said  Contrasting Views of American
W
1789–1815 200
­Independence 162 7-1 Establishing the National Government 202
7-1a The “Republican Court” 202
Conclusion 163 7-1b The First Congress 202
Chapter Review 164
■■ Chronology 203
7-1c Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt 203
7-1d Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise 204
6 The Revolutionary Republic, 7-1e The Rise of Jeffersonian Opposition 204
1776–1789 166 ■  hat They Said  Washington, Jefferson,
W
and the Image of the President 205
6-1 Hearts and Minds: The Northern War,
1776–1777 168 7-2 The American Republic in a Changing World 206
6-1a The British Offensive 168 7-2a New Spain and the Bourbon Reforms 206
7-2b Americans and the French Revolution 207
■■ Chronology 169
7-2c Citizen Genêt 208
6-1b The Trenton-Princeton Campaign 169
7-2d Western Troubles 208
6-2 The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign 7-2e The Collapse of the Miami Confederacy 208
Intervention 170 7-2f The Jay Treaty 209
6-2a The Loss of Philadelphia 170 7-2g The Election of 1796 211
6-2b Saratoga 170 7-2h Troubles with France, 1796–1800 211
6-2c French Intervention 171 7-2i The Crisis at Home, 1798–1800 212
6-2d Spanish Expansion and Intervention 172 7-2j The Election of 1800 213
■ History Through Film  Hamilton’s America (2016) 173 7-3 The Jeffersonians in Power 213
6-3 The Crisis of the ­Revolution, 1778–1783 173 7-3a The Republican Program 213
6-3a Loyalists, Black and White 174 7-3b The Jeffersonians and the Courts 215
6-3b The Indian Struggle for Unity and Survival 175 7-3c Justice Marshall’s Court 216
6-3c Violence and Attrition 175 7-3d Louisiana 216
6-3d Mutiny and Reform 178 7-3e Lewis and Clark 217
6-4 The British Offensive in the South 179 7-4 The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars,
6-4a Britain’s Southern Strategy 179 1803–1815 218
6-4b The Partisan War 180 7-4a The Dilemmas of Neutrality 219
6-4c From the Ravaging of Virginia to Yorktown 7-4b Trouble on the High Seas 219
and Peace 182 7-4c Embargo 219
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A French View of ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Capturing the World: The Illustra-
Yorktown 183 tions of the Journals of Lewis and Clark 220
6-5 A Revolutionary Society 185 7-4d The Road to War 221
6-5a Religious Transformations 185 7-4e The War Hawk Congress, 1811–1812 221
6-5b The First Emancipation 186 7-4f American Strategy in 1812 222
6-5c The Challenge to Patriarchy 186 7-4g The Rise of Tecumseh 222

x Contents in Detail

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 10 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 7-4h The War with Canada, 1812–1813 223 9-2c Cotton and Slave Labor 260
7-4i Tecumseh’s Last Stand 223 9-2d Mastery as a Way of Life 263
7-4j The British Offensive, 1814 223 9-3 The Southern Yeomanry 264
7-4k The Hartford Convention 226 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A View of Slavery
7-4 l The Treaty of Ghent 226 as Benevolent 265
■  istory Through Film  Master and Commander: The Far Side of
H 9-3a Yeomen and Planters 265
the World (2003) 227 9-3b Yeoman Neighborhoods 266
Conclusion 228 9-4 Slave Culture 267
CHAPTER REVIEW 229 9-4a Slave Families and the Slave Trade 267
9-4b Slave Theology 269
■  hat They Said  The Treatment of Slave Families 270
W

Northern ­T ransformations, 9-4c Religion and Revolt 271

8 9-4d Gabriel’s Rebellion 271
1790–1850 230 9-4e Denmark Vesey 272
8-1 Postcolonial Society, 1790–1815 232 9-4f Nat Turner 272
8-1a Farms 232 9-5 A Southern Market Revolution? 273
■■ Chronology 233 ■ History Through Film  12 Years a Slave (2013) 274
8-1b Neighbors 233 Conclusion 275
8-1c Standards of Living 234 Chapter Review 276
8-1d Inheritance 235
8-1e The Seaport Cities 235
■ History Through Film  A Midwife’s Tale (1998) 237
8-2 The Northwest: From Backcountry to Frontier 238 Toward an American Culture,
8-2a The Backcountry, 1790–1815 238
10
8-2b Settlement 238
1815–1850 278
10-1 The Democratization of Culture 280
8-3 Transportation ­Revolution, 1815–1850 239
10-1a A Revolution in Print 280
8-3a Transportation in 1815 239
8-3b Internal Improvements 240 ■■ Chronology 281
8-3c Time, Money, and New Markets 240 10-2 The Northern Middle Class 281
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Transportation before the Market 10-2a A New Middle Class 281
Revolution 241 10-2b The Evangelical Base 281
10-2c Domesticity 282
8-4 Northeastern Farms, 1815–1850 242
8-4a The New England Livestock Economy 242 10-3 The Plain People of the North 283
8-4b New Farm Households 245 10-3a The Rise of Democratic Sects 284
8-4c The Landscape of Privacy 246 10-3b The Providential Worldview 285
10-3c Family and Society 286
8-5 The Northwest in Transition 247
10-3d The Emergence of Mormonism 287
8-5a Southern Settlers 247
8-5b Northern Farmers 247 10-4 A New Popular Culture 287
10-4a Blood Sports 287
8-6 The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution 248
8-6a Factory Towns: The Rhode Island System 248 ■ History Through Film  Gangs of New York (2002) 288
8-6b Factory Towns: The Waltham-Lowell System 249 10-4b Boxing 289
8-6c Cities 249 10-4c An American Theater 289
8-6d Metropolitan Industrialization 250 ■ W hat They Said  A Fatal Prizefight, 1842 290
■  hat They Said  The Lowell Mill Girls 251
W 10-4d Minstrelsy 291
Conclusion 252 10-4e Novels and the Penny Press 291
Chapter Review 253 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  The Actors’ War: Forrest and
Macready 292
10-5 Family, Church, and Neighborhood: The
White South 294
9 The Old South, 1790–1850 254 10-5a The Beginnings of the Bible Belt 294
9-1 Old Farms: The Southeast 256 10-5b Slavery and Southern Evangelicals 294
9-1a The Chesapeake, 1790–1820 256 10-5c Gender, Power, and the Evangelicals 295
■■ Chronology 257 10-5d Religious Conservatism 295
9-1b Flirting with Emancipation 257 10-5e Pro-Slavery Christianity 296
9-1c The Lowcountry, 1790–1820 257 10-5f The Mission to the Slaves 296
9-2 New Farms: The Rise of the Deep South 258 10-6 Race 297
9-2a Slavery and Capitalism 258 10-6a Free Blacks 297
9-2b The Interstate Slave Trade 260 10-6b The Beginnings of Modern Racism 298

Contents in Detail xi

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 11 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 10-7 Citizenship 299 12-2 The Politics of Social Reform: Schools
Conclusion 300 and Asylums 334
Chapter Review 301 12-2a Public Schools 334
12-2b Ethnicity, Religion, and the Schools 335
12-2c Prisons 335
12-2d Asylums 337
11 Whigs and Democrats,
12-3 The Politics of Alcohol 337
1815–1840 302 12-3a The Alcoholic Republic 338
11-1 The American System 304 12-3b Temperance Movement 338
11-1a National Republicans 304 12-3c The Origins of Prohibition 340
■■ Chronology 305 12-3d The Washingtonians 340
11-1b Commerce and the Law 306 12-3e Ethnicity and Alcohol 341
11-2 1819 307 12-3f The South and Social Reform 341
11-2a The Argument over Missouri 307 12-4 The Politics of Slavery and Race 342
11-2b The Missouri Compromise 308 12-4a Democratic Racism 342
11-2c The Panic of 1819 309 12-4b Antislavery before 1830 342
11-3 Republican Revival 309 12-4c Abolitionists 343
11-3a Martin Van Buren Leads the Way 309 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  An Abolitionist View
11-3b The Election of 1824 310 of ­Southern Society 344
11-3c “A Corrupt Bargain” 311 12-4d Agitation 345
11-3d Jacksonian Melodrama 311 12-5 The Politics of Gender and Sex 346
11-4 Adams versus Jackson 312 12-5a Moral Reform 346
11-4a Nationalism in an ­International Arena 312 12-5b Women’s Rights 347
11-4b Nationalism at Home 312
■  istory Through Film  Not for Ourselves Alone (1999) 348
H
11-4c The Birth of the Democratic Party 313
11-4d The Election of 1828 313 ■  hat They Said  Making Fun of Women’s Rights
W 349
11-4e A People’s Inauguration 314 Conclusion 350
11-4f The Spoils System 314 Chapter Review 350
11-5 Jacksonian Democracy and the South 315
11-5a Southerners and Indians 315
11-5b Indian Removal 316
■  hat They Said  President Andrew Jackson
W 13 Manifest ­D estiny: An Empire for
and the Cherokee Nation Debate Indian Removal 317 ­L iberty—or Slavery? 1845–1860 352
11-5c Southerners and the Tariff 318 ■■ Chronology 354
11-5d Nullification 319
11-5e The “Petticoat Wars” 319
13-1 Growth as the American Way 354
13-1a Manifest Destiny and Slavery 354
11-5f The Fall of Calhoun 320
13-1b The Expansionist Impulse 354
11-5g Petitions, the Gag Rule, and the Southern Mails 320
13-1c New Mexico and California 355
11-6 Jacksonian Democracy and the Market
Revolution 321 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Manifest Destiny 356
11-6a The Second Bank of the United States 321 13-1d The Oregon and California Trails 356
■ History Through Film  Amistad (1997) 322 13-1e The Mormon Migration 357
13-1f The Republic of Texas 358
11-6b The Bank War 322
13-1g The Annexation Controversy 358
11-6c The Beginnings of the Whig Party 323
13-1h Acquisition of Texas and Oregon 359
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  King Andrew
■ History Through Film  The Alamo (1960) 360
the First 324
11-7 The Second American Party System 325 13-2 The Mexican War 360
13-2a Military Campaigns of 1846 361
11-7a “Martin Van Ruin” 325
13-2b Military Campaigns of 1847 361
11-7b The Election of 1840 326
13-2c Antiwar Sentiment 363
Conclusion 328
13-2d The Wilmot Proviso 363
Chapter Review 328
13-3 The Election of 1848 364
13-3a The Free Soil Party 364
13-3b The Gold Rush and California Statehood 365
13-4 The Compromise of 1850 366
12 Antebellum Reform, 1820–1860 330 13-4a The Senate Debates 367
12-1 The Politics of Progress 332 13-4b Passage of the Compromise 367
12-1a Markets and Governments 332 13-4c The Fugitive Slave Law 367
■■ Chronology 333 ■  hat They Said  The Senate Debates the Compromise
W
12-1b Banks, Roads, Canals 333 of 1850 368

xii Contents in Detail

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99747_fm_hr_i-xxxiii_Core.indd 12 8/16/18 4:18 PM

 13-4d The Slave-Catchers 369 15-3 The Fort Sumter Issue 413
13-4e Uncle Tom’s Cabin 370 ■  hat They Said  Cornerstone of the Confederacy 414
W
13-5 Filibustering 371
15-4 Choosing Sides 416
13-5a Cuba 371
15-4a The Border States 416
13-5b The Gray-Eyed Man of Destiny 373
15-4b The Creation of West Virginia 418
Conclusion 373 15-4c Indian Territory and the Southwest 418
Chapter Review 374 15-5 The Balance Sheet of War 418
■ History Through Film  Glory (1989) 419
15-5a Strategy and Morale 419
14 The Gathering Tempest, 15-5b Mobilizing for War 420
15-5c Weapons and Tactics 420
1853–1860 376
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  The Soldier’s Dream
■■ Chronology 378 of Home 422
14-1 Kansas and the Rise of the Republican 15-5d Logistics 422
Party 378 15-5e Financing the War 423
14-1a The Kansas-Nebraska Act 378 15-6 Navies, the Blockade, and Foreign
14-1b Death of the Whig Party 379
Relations 424
14-2 Immigration and Nativism 380 15-6a King Cotton Diplomacy 424
14-2a Immigrants in Politics 381 15-6b The Trent Affair 425
14-2b The Rise of the Know-Nothings 382 15-6c The Confederate Navy 425
14-2c The Decline of Nativism 382 15-6d The Monitor and the Virginia 425
14-3 Violent Conflict in the 1850s 383 15-7 Campaigns and Battles, 1861–1862 427
14-3a Bleeding Kansas 383 15-7a The Battle of Bull Run 427
14-3b The Caning of Sumner 384 15-7b Naval Operations 427
14-4 The Election of 1856 385 15-7c Fort Henry and Fort Donelson 429
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  The Caning of Sumner 386 15-7d The Battle of Shiloh 430
14-4a The Dred Scott Case 387 15-7e The Virginia Theater 430
14-4b The Lecompton Constitution 387 15-7f The Seven Days’ Battles 431
14-5 The Economy in the 1850s 389 15-8 Confederate Counteroffensives 432
14-5a “The American System of Manufactures” 389 15-8a The Second Battle of Bull Run 434
14-5b The Southern Economy 390 Conclusion 434
14-5c The Sovereignty of King Cotton 393 Chapter Review 434
14-5d Labor Conditions in the North 393
14-5e The Panic of 1857 394
14-5f Sectionalism and the Panic 395
14-5g Free-Labor Ideology 395 16 A New Birth of Freedom,
14-5h The Impending Crisis 397 1862–1865 436
14-5i Southern Nonslaveholders 398 16-1 Slavery and the War 438
14-6 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 399 16-1a The “Contrabands” 438
14-6a The Freeport Doctrine 400 16-1b The Border States 438
■  istory Through Film  Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) 401
H ■■ Chronology 439
14-6b John Brown at Harpers Ferry 401 16-1c The Decision for Emancipation 439
Conclusion 402 16-1d New Calls for Troops 440
■  hat They Said  Reactions to John Brown
W 403 16-1e The Battle of Antietam 440
Chapter Review 404 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Photographs of the Dead at
Antietam 441
16-1f The Emancipation Proclamation 442
16-2 A Winter of Discontent 443
Secession and Civil War, 16-2a The Rise of the Copperheads 444
15 16-2b Economic Problems in the South 444
1860–1862 406 16-2c The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions 445
■■ Chronology 408 16-2d A Poor Man’s Fight? 446
15-1 The Election of 1860 408 16-3 Blueprint for Modern America 447
15-1a The Republicans Nominate Lincoln 408 16-3a Women and the War 447
15-1b Southern Fears 409 16-3b Women as Aid Workers and Nurses 447
15-2 The Lower South Secedes 410 16-4 The Confederate Tide Crests and Recedes 448
15-2a Northerners Affirm the Union 411 16-4a The Battle of Chancellorsville 448
15-2b Compromise Proposals 411 16-4b The Gettysburg Campaign 449
15-2c Establishment of the Confederacy 413 16-4c The Vicksburg Campaign 451

Contents in Detail xiii

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 16-4d Chickamauga and Chattanooga 451 17-5d Blacks in Office 483
16-5 Black Men in Blue 453 17-5e “Carpetbaggers” 483
16-5a Black Soldiers in Combat 453 17-5f “Scalawags” 485
16-5b Emancipation Confirmed 454 17-5g The Ku Klux Klan 485
16-6 The Year of Decision 454 17-5h The Election of 1872 486
16-6a Out of the Wilderness 454 17-5i The Panic of 1873 487
■ History Through Film  Lincoln (2012) 455 17-6 The Retreat from Reconstruction 487
16-6b Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor 456 17-6a The Mississippi Election of 1875 487
16-6c Stalemate in Virginia 457 ■ History Through Film  The Birth of a Nation (1915) 488
16-6d The Atlanta Campaign 457 17-6b The Supreme Court and Reconstruction 489
16-6e Peace Overtures 457 17-6c The Election of 1876 490
16-6f The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy 458 17-6d Disputed Results 490
16-6g The Issue of Black Soldiers in the Confederate 17-6e The Compromise of 1877 490
Army 460 17-6f The End of Reconstruction 491
16-7 Lincoln’s Reelection and the End of the
Conclusion 492
Confederacy 460
16-7a The Capture of Atlanta 461 Chapter Review 492
16-7b The Shenandoah Valley 461
16-7c From Atlanta to the Sea 461
■  hat They Said  The Evacuation of Atlanta: ­General
W 18 A Transformed Nation: The West and
Hood versus General Sherman on the the New South, 1865–1900 494
Laws of War 462
18-1 An Industrializing West 496
16-7d The Battles of Franklin and Nashville 463 18-1a The Homestead Act 496
16-7e Fort Fisher and Sherman’s March through
■■ Chronology 497
the Carolinas 464
18-1b Railroads 497
16-7f The Road to Appomattox 465
18-1c Chinese Laborers and the Railroads 497
16-7g The Assassination of Lincoln 465
18-1d The Golden Spike 498
Conclusion 466
18-1e Railroads and Borderlands Communities 499
Chapter Review 467
18-1f Mining 499
18-1g Cattle Drives and the Open Range 500
18-1h The Industrialization of Ranching 500
17 Reconstruction, 1863–1877 468 18-1i Industrial Cowboys 500
18-1j Mexican Americans 500
17-1 Wartime Reconstruction 470
18-1k Itinerant Laborers 502
17-1a Radical Republicans and Reconstruction 470
18-1l Homesteading and Farming 502
17-2 Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 470
■ History Through Film  Oklahoma! (1955) 503
■■ Chronology 471
18-1m The Experience of Homesteading 503
17-2a Johnson’s Policy 471 18-1n Gender and Western Settlement 504
17-2b Southern Defiance 471
17-2c The Black Codes 472 18-2 Conquest and ­Resistance: American Indians in the
17-2d Land and Labor in the Postwar South 473 Trans-Mississippi West 505
17-2e The Freedmen’s Bureau 473 18-2a Conflict with the Dakota Sioux 506
17-2f Land for the Landless 474 18-2b Suppression of Central Plains Indians 507
17-2g Churches and Schools 474 18-2c The “Peace Policy” 507
17-3 The Advent of ­Congressional Reconstruction 475 18-2d The Dawes Severalty Act and Indian Boarding
17-3a Schism between President and Congress 475 Schools 508
17-3b The Fourteenth Amendment 475 18-2e The Ghost Dance 508
17-4c The 1866 Elections 475 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Indian Children at the Hampton
17-3d The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 476 Institute 509
■  hat They Said  Black Codes versus Black Politics 477
W 18-2f Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill: Popular Myths
of the West 510
17-4 The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 478
18-3 Industrialization and the New South 511
17-4a The Completion of Formal Reconstruction 479
18-3a Race and Industrialization 511
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  An Unholy Alliance: “This Is a 18-3b Southern Agriculture 511
White Man’s Government” 480
18-3c Exodusters and Emigrationists 512
17-4b The Fifteenth Amendment 480 18-3d Race Relations in the New South 512
17-4c The Election of 1868 481 18-3e The Emergence of an African American
17-5 The Grant Administration 482 Middle Class 513
17-5a Civil Service Reform 482 18-3f The Rise of Jim Crow 514
17-5b Foreign Policy Issues 482 ■  hat They Said  Differing Visions of Black Progress: Booker T.
W
17-5c Reconstruction in the South 482 Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois 515

xiv Contents in Detail

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 18-4 The Politics of Stalemate 516
18-4a Knife-Edge Electoral Balance 516 20-3 Building Ethnic Communities 555
18-4b Civil Service Reform 516 20-3a A Network of Institutions 555
18-4c The Tariff Issue 517 20-3b The Emergence of an Ethnic
Middle Class 555
Conclusion 517
Chapter Review 518 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  The Photography of Jacob Riis
and Lewis Hine 556
20-3c Political Machines and ­Organized Crime 557
20-4 African American Labor and Community 558
19 The Rise of Corporate America, 20-5 Working-Class and Commercial Culture 560
1865–1914 520 20-5a Popular Literature and the Movies 561
■■ Chronology 522 20-6 The “New Woman” and the Rise
of Feminism 562
19-1 A Dynamic Corporate Economy 522
19-1a Engines of Economic Growth 523 ■ History Through Film  Coney Island (1917) 563
19-1b Technological Innovation 523 20-7 Reimagining American Nationality 565
19-1c The Rise of Big Business 524 ■  hat They Said  Should America Be a
W
19-1d Corporate Consolidation 524 Melting Pot? 567
19-1e Mass Production and Distribution 526 Conclusion 568
19-1f Revolution in Management 527 Chapter Review 569
19-2 Corporations and ­American Culture 527
19-2a Standardized Time 527
19-2b A National Consumer Culture 527
19-2c Ideas of Wealth and Society 528
19-2d Sharpened Class Distinctions 528 21 Progressivism, 1900–1917 572
■  hat They Said  Wealth and Poverty 529
W 21-1 Where Reform Incubated 574
21-1a Young Protestants 574
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Women and Bicycles 530
21-1b Muckrakers 574
19-2e Obsession with Physical and
■■ Chronology 575
Racial Fitness 530
21-1c Settlement Houses and Clubwomen 575
19-3 Workers’ Resistance to Corporations 531
21-1d Socialists 578
19-3a Industrial Conditions 531
19-3b The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 532 21-2 Reform of City Governments 578
19-3c The Knights of Labor 532 21-3 Reform in the States 579
21-3a Overhauling Election Laws and the Electorate 579
■ History Through Film  The Molly Maguires (1970) 533
21-3b Woman Suffrage 582
19-3d Haymarket 533
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Depicting the March
19-3e The American Federation of Labor (AFL) 534 of Women’s Suffrage 584
19-3f The Homestead Strike 535
21-3c Wisconsin and New York: State Laboratories
19-3g The Depression of 1893–1897 535
of Reform 584
19-3h The Pullman Strike 535
19-4 Farmers’ Movements 536 21-4 Scientific Management and the Reform
19-4a Resistance to Railroads 537 of Work 586
19-4b The Greenback and Silver Movements 538 21-5 A New Campaign for Racial Equality 587
19-4c Grangers and the Farmers’ Alliance 538 ■  istory Through Film  The Great White Hope (1970)
H 588
19-5 The Rise and Fall of the People’s Party 539 21-6 The Roosevelt Presidency 589
19-5a The Silver Issue 539 21-6a Regulating the Economy 589
19-5b The Election of 1896 540 21-6b Conserving the Environment 590
19-6 “Robber Barons” No More 540 21-6c Progressivism: A Movement for
Conclusion 542 the People? 591
Chapter Review 543 21-7 The Taft Presidency: ­Progressive Disappointment
and Resurgence 591
21-7a Battling Progressives 591
21-7b Roosevelt’s Return 592
20 Cities, Peoples, Cultures, 21-7c The Rise of Woodrow Wilson and the Election
1890–1920 544 of 1912 593
20-1 The Rise of the City 546 ■  hat They Said  Regulate the Trusts or Break Them Up? Roosevelt
W
■■ Chronology 547 and Wilson Square Off 594
20-2 Immigration 551 21-8 The Wilson Presidency 595
20-2a European Immigration 551 21-8a The Rise and Fall of the New Freedom 595
20-2b Chinese and Japanese Immigration 552 21-8b Progressivism for the People 596
20-2c Immigrant Labor 553 Conclusion 598
20-2d Living Conditions 555 Chapter Review 598

Contents in Detail xv

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 23-6b Radicals and the Red Scare 647
22 Becoming a World Power, 23-6c Racial Conflict and the Rise of Black Nationalism 648
1898–1917 600 ■ History Through Film  Reds (1981) 649
22-1 The United States Looks Abroad 602 Conclusion 650
22-1a Protestant Missionaries 602 Chapter Review 650
22-1b Businessmen 602
■■ Chronology 603
22-1c Imperialists 603
22-2 The Spanish–American War 605 24 The 1920s 652
22-2a “A Splendid Little War” 606 24-1 Prosperity 654
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  White and Black ­Soldiers 24-1a A Consumer Society 654
in Cuba, 1898 608 ■■ Chronology 655
22-3 The United States Becomes a 24-1b Marriage, Sexuality, Celebrity 657
World Power 608 24-1c Business Promises, Work Realities 659
22-3a The Debate over the Treaty of Paris 609 24-1d The Women’s Movement Adrift 661
22-3b The American-Filipino War 609 24-2 The Politics of Business 662
22-3c Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico 610 24-2a Harding and the Politics of Personal Gain 662
■  hat They Said  Should America Become
W 24-2b Coolidge and Laissez-Faire Politics 663
an ­Imperial ­Nation? 611 24-2c Hoover and the Politics of Associationalism 664
22-3d China and the “Open Door” 613 24-2d The Politics of Business Abroad 664
22-4 Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician 614 24-3 Farmers, Small-Town Protestants, and Moral
22-4a The Roosevelt Corollary 615 Traditionalists 666
22-4b The Panama Canal 615 24-3a Agricultural Depression 666
22-4c Keeping the Peace in East Asia 616 24-3b Cultural Dislocation 666
24-3c Prohibition 667
■  istory Through Film  Tarzan, the Ape Man (1932) 618
H
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Women and Country
22-5 William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat 618 ­Music 668
22-6 Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist 620
24-3d The Ku Klux Klan 669
Conclusion 622
24-3e Immigration Restriction 669
Chapter Review 622
24-3f Fundamentalism versus ­Liberal Protestantism 671
24-3g The Scopes Trial 671
24-4 Ethnic and Racial Communities 672
23 War and Society, 1914–1920 624 24-4a European American Ethnics 672
■■ Chronology 626 ■  hat They Said  The Debate over Immigration
W 674
23-1 Europe’s Descent into War 626 24-4b African Americans 675
23-2 American Neutrality 628 ■ History Through Film  The Immigrant (2013) 677
23-2a Submarine Warfare 628 24-4c The Harlem Renaissance 678
23-2b The Peace Movement 629 24-4d Mexican Americans 678
23-2c German Escalation 629 24-5 The “Lost ­Generation” and Disillusioned
23-3 American Intervention 630 Intellectuals 679
23-4 Mobilizing for “Total” War 633 24-5a Democracy on the Defensive 680
23-4a Organizing Industry 633 Conclusion 681
23-4b Securing Labor 633 Chapter Review 682
23-4c Raising an Army 635
23-4d Paying the Bills 637
23-4e Arousing Patriotic Ardor 637
23-4f Wartime Repression 639 25 The Great Depression and
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Turning the German ­Enemy into the New Deal, 1929–1939 684
a Beast 640
25-1 Causes of the Great Depression 686
23-5 The Failure of the ­International Peace 641
25-1a Stock Market Speculation 686
23-5a The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty
25-1b Mistakes by the Federal Reserve Board 686
of Versailles 642
23-5b The League of Nations 642 ■■ Chronology 687
23-5c Wilson versus Lodge: The Fight over Ratification 642 25-1c An Ill-Advised Tariff 687
23-5d The Treaty’s Final Defeat 645 25-1d A Maldistribution of Wealth 687
23-6 Postwar: A Society in Convulsion 645 25-2 Crisis and Hope, 1929–1933 688
■  hat They Said  Should the United States Join the League of
W 25-2a The Fall of a Self-Made Man 688
Nations? 646 25-2b Cultural Distress 689
23-6a Labor–Capital Conflict 647 25-2c A Democratic Roosevelt 690

xvi Contents in Detail

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 25-3 The First New Deal, 1933–1935 690 26-2e U.S. Strategy in the Pacific 728
25-3a Saving the Banks 692 26-2f A New President, the Atomic Bomb, and Japan’s
25-3b Economic Relief 692 Surrender 729
25-3c Agricultural Reform 692 26-3 The War at Home: The Economy 730
25-3d Industrial Reform 693 26-3a Economic Mobilization 730
25-3e Rebuilding the Nation’s Infrastructure 694 26-3b Business and Finance 731
25-3f The TVA Alternative 694 26-3c The Workforce 733
25-3g The New Deal and Western 26-3d The Labor Front 733
Development 694 26-3e Enlarging the Role of Government 735
26-4 The War at Home: Social Issues 735
25-4 Political Mobilization, Political Unrest,
26-4a Selling the War 735
1934–1935 697
26-4b Gender Issues 735
25-4a Populist Critics of the New Deal 697
26-4c Racial Issues 736
25-4b Labor Protests 697
26-4d Internment of Japanese Americans 736
25-4c Anger at the Polls 698
25-4d Radical Third Parties 698 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Government Mobilization of the
Home Front 737
25-5 The Second New Deal, 1935–1937 699 26-4e Challenging Racial Inequality 737
25-5a Philosophical Underpinnings 699 26-5 Shaping the Peace 739
25-5b Legislation 699 26-5a International Organizations 739
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Monopoly 700 26-5b Spheres of Interest and ­Postwar
25-5c Victory in 1936: The New Democratic Coalition 701 Settlements 740
25-5d Rhetoric versus Reality 702 ■  hat They Said  Civil Liberties in Wartime: Korematsu v. Unit-
W
25-5e Men, Women, and Reform 702 ed States 741
■ H istory Through Film  Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) 703 Conclusion 742
■  hat They Said  Government’s Proper Role
W 705 Chapter Review 743
25-5f Labor in Politics and Culture 706
25-6 America’s Minorities and the New Deal 708
25-6a Eastern and Southern ­European Ethnics 708 27 The Age of Containment,
25-6b African Americans 708 1946–1953 744
25-6c Mexican Americans 709 ■■ Chronology 746
25-6d American Indians 709
27-1 Creating a National Security State,
25-7 The New Deal Abroad 710 1945–1949 746
25-8 Stalemate, 1937–1940 711 27-1a Onset of the Cold War 746
25-8a The Court-Packing Fiasco 711 27-1b The Truman Doctrine
25-8b The Recession of 1937–1938 711 and Containment Abroad 746
Conclusion 712 27-1c Truman’s Loyalty Program
Chapter Review 713 and Containment at Home 748
27-1d The National Security Act, the Marshall Plan, and the
Berlin Crisis 748
27-1e The Election of 1948 749
27-2 The Era of the Korean War, 1949–1952 750
26 America during the Second World
27-2a NATO, China, and Nuclear Weaponry 750
War, 1939–1945 716 27-2b NSC-68 and the Korean War 750
26-1 The Road to War: Aggression and Response 718 ■  hat They Said  Civil Rights Divide the Democratic
W
26-1a The Rise of Aggressor States 718 Party, 1948 752
26-1b U.S. Neutrality 718
27-2c Korea and Containment 754
■■ Chronology 719 27-3 Pursuing National ­Security at Home 755
26-1c The Mounting Crisis 719 27-3a Anticommunism and the U.S. Labor Movement 755
26-1d The Outbreak of War in Europe 719 27-3b Containing Communism at Home 756
26-1e The U.S. Response to War 27-3c Targeting Sexual Difference 757
in Europe 719 27-3d The “Great Fear” 758
26-1f An “Arsenal of Democracy” 721 27-3e Joseph McCarthy 758
26-1g Pearl Harbor 721 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  “It’s Okay—We’re Hunting
26-2 Fighting the War in Europe and the Pacific 722 Communists” 759
26-2a Campaigns in North Africa and Italy 723 27-3f A National Security ­Constitution and the Structure
26-2b Operation OVERLORD 723 of Governance 759
26-2c Seizing the Offensive in the Pacific 724 27-4 Postwar Social and ­Economic Policy-Making 760
■ History Through Film  Saving Private Ryan (1998) 726 27-4a The Employment Act of 1946 and Economic
26-2d China Policy 727 Growth 760

Contents in Detail xvii

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 27-4b Truman’s Fair Deal 760 28-8a Policy Choices 797
27-4c Civil Rights 762 28-8b The Assassination of John F. Kennedy 797
27-5 Signs of a Changing Culture 763 ■ History Through Film  JFK (1991) 798
27-5a The “Color Line” and the National Pastime 763 Conclusion 799
27-5b The New Suburbia 763
Chapter Review 800
27-5c Postwar Hollywood 764
27-6 The Election of 1952 765
■ History Through Film  High Noon (1952) 766
27-6a Continuing Containment 766 29 America during a Divisive War,
27-6b A Soldier-Politician 767 1963–1974 802
Conclusion 768 ■■ Chronology 804
Chapter Review 768 29-1 The Great Society 804
29-1a Closing the New Frontier 804
29-1b The Election of 1964 805
29-1c Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society 806
29-1d Evaluating the Great Society 807
28 America at Midcentury,
29-2 Escalation in Vietnam 808
1953–1963 770 29-2a Implementing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 808
28-1 Reorienting Containment, 1953–1960 772 29-2b The War Continues to Widen 809
28-1a Eisenhower Takes Command 772 29-2c The Media and the War 810
■■ Chronology 773 ■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Incident on a Saigon
28-1b The New Look, Global Alliances, and Summitry 773 Street, 1968 811
28-1c Policies toward the Third World 774
29-3 Activism at Home 812
■  hat They Said  Eisenhower and Kennedy on Military
W 29-3a The Movement of Movements 812
Spending 776 29-3b A New Left 812
28-2 Affluence—A “People of Plenty” 777 29-3c The Counterculture 813
28-2a Economic Growth 777 29-3d Civil Rights and Black Power 813
28-2b Highways and Waterways 778 ■  hat They Said  Dissent and Surveillance  814
W
28-2c Labor-Management Accord 778
■ History Through Film  Malcolm X (1992) 817
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  A Car for Suburbia 779
29-3e The Antiwar Movement 817
28-2d Political Pluralism 779
29-4 1968 818
28-2e A Religious People 780
29-4a Turmoil in Vietnam, 1968 818
28-3 Discontents of Affluence 781
29-4b Turmoil at Home 818
28-3a Conformity in an Affluent Society 781
29-4c The Election of 1968 820
28-3b Restive Youth 782
29-5 Continued Polarization, 1969–1974 822
28-3c The Critique of Mass Culture 783
29-5a Lawbreaking, Violence, and a New President 822
28-4 Debating the Role of Government 784
29-5b Social Policy 822
28-4a The New Conservative Critique 784
29-5c Environmentalism 823
28-4b The Case for a More Active Government 785
29-5d Controversies over Rights 824
28-5 New Frontiers, 1960–1963 786 29-5e Economic Woes 825
28-5a The Election of 1960 786
29-6 Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil,
28-5b Foreign Policy, 1960–1963 787
1969–1974 826
28-5c Cuba and Berlin 787
29-6a Détente 827
28-5d Southeast Asia and Flexible Response 788
29-6b Vietnamization and the Nixon Doctrine 827
28-5e Domestic Policy, 1960–1963 788
29-6c The United States Leaves Vietnam 828
28-6 The Politics of Gender 788
29-6d Expanding the Nixon Doctrine 829
28-6a The New Suburbs and Gender Politics 789
29-7 A Crisis of Governance, 1972–1974 829
28-6b Signs of Women’s Changing Roles 789
29-7a The Election of 1972 830
28-6c A New Women’s Movement 790
29-7b The Watergate Investigations 830
28-7 The Expanding Civil Rights Movements,
29-7c Nixon’s Resignation 830
1953–1963 790
Conclusion 831
28-7a The Brown Cases, 1954–1955 790
Chapter Review 832
28-7b The Montgomery Bus Boycott 792
28-7c The Politics of Civil Rights: From the Local
to the Global 792
28-7d The Politics of American Indian Policy 794
28-7e Spanish-Speaking Communities and Civil Rights 794 30 Uncertain Times, 1974–1992 834
28-7f Urban–suburban Issues 795 ■■ Chronology 836
28-7g New Forms of Direct Action, 1960–1963 795 30-1 Searching for Direction, 1974–1980 836
28-8 November 1963 797 30-1a Debating Economic Policies 837

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 30-1b Debating Welfare and Energy Policies 837 ■ History Through Film  Star Wars (1977) 882
30-1c Negotiation and ­Confrontation in Foreign Policy 838 31-3d New Mass Culture Debates 883
30-1d The New Right 840 31-3e The Religious Landscape 884
30-2 The Reagan Revolution, 1981–1992 841
30-2a The Election of 1980 841
Conclusion 886
30-2b Supply-Side Economics 842 Chapter Review 887
30-2c Curtailing Unions, ­Regulations, and Welfare 843
30-2d Reagan to Bush 844
30-3 Renewing and Ending the Cold War 845
30-3a The Defense Buildup 845 32 A Time of Hope and Fear,
■  istory Through Film  The First Movie-Star ­President 846
H 1993–2018 888
30-3b Deploying Military Power 846 32-1 The Politics of ­Polarization, 1993–2008 890
30-3c The Iran–Contra Controversy 847 32-1a A New Democrat 890
30-3d The Cold War Eases—and Ends 847
■■ Chronology 891
30-3e Post-Cold War Policy and the Persian Gulf War 848
30-3f The Election of 1992 850 32-1b The Investigation and Trial of a President 892
32-1c The Long Election and Trials of 2000 893
30-4 The Politics of Social Movements 851
32-1d A Conservative Washington, 2001–2008 893
30-4a Women’s Issues 851
32-1e Politics and Social–Cultural Issues 895
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Launching a New
Forum for Women’s Issues 852 32-2 Foreign Policies of Hope and Terror:
30-4b Sexual Politics 852 1993–2008 896
32-2a Clinton’s Internationalist Agenda 896
■  hat They Said  Cultural Disagreements: Equality for
W
Women? 853 32-2b Globalization 897
32-2c Protecting the Planet 897
30-4c Activism among African Americans 854
32-2d September 11, 2001 and the Bush Doctrine 898
30-4d Activism among American Indians 855
32-2e Unilateralism and the Iraq War 898
30-4e Activism in Spanish-Speaking
32-2f National Security and ­Presidential Power 899
Communities 856
30-4f Activism among Asian Americans 857 ■  hat They Said  Debating Torture 900
W
30-4g Anti-Government Activism 858 32-2g Divisions over Foreign Policy Direction 901
Conclusion 861 32-3 Toward the Great Recession: The Economy,
Chapter Review 861 1993–2008 902
32-3a Financial Deregulation ­during
the 1990s 902
32-3b Economics for a New Century,
2000–2006 902
31 Economic, Social, and Cultural 32-3c The Bubble Bursts, 2006–2008 903
32-3d The Politics of the Great ­Recession: The
Change at the Dawn of the
2008 Election 904
21st Century  864
32-4 Political Volatility in the Age of the
■■ Chronology 866
Great Recession 904
31-1 A Changing People 866 32-4a A Volatile Political Culture 905
31-1a An Aging, Mobile Population 866 32-4b The Election of 2012 907
31-1b New Immigration 868 32-4c Contentious Times 907
31-1c A Metropolitan Nation 870 32-4d The Digital Domain of Liberty, Equality, Power 911
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  Mapping the Future 871
■ Interpreting the Visual Past  The Future of
31-2 Economic Transformations 872 Print ­Media 912
31-2a New Technologies 872
■ History Through Film  Selma (2014) 913
31-2b Changes in the Structure and Operation
of Business 873 32-4e The 2016 Election of Donald Trump 914
31-2c The Financial Sector 876 Conclusion 916
31-2d The Booming Sports-­Entertainment Industry 877 Chapter Review 916
31-3 Culture and Media 879
31-3a Television 879
APPENDIX A-1
■  hat They Said  The Sports Construction Boom: Who Pays,
W
Who Gains? 880 GLOSSARY G-1
31-3b Hollywood 881
31-3c Pop Music Media 881 INDEX I-1

Contents in Detail xix

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 Maps and Features
Maps
MAP 4.5 Conquest of Canada, 1758–1760 129
MAP 1.1 Indian Settlement of America 6
MAP 4.6 Growth of Population to 1760 131
MAP 1.2 The Major Empires and Cities of the Andes and
Mesoamerica from the 10th to the Early 15th MAP 5.1 Pontiac’s War and the Proclamation Line
Century 9 of 1763 138
MAP 1.3 Valley of Mexico, 1519 10 MAP 5.2 Feudal Revival: Great Estates of Late Colonial
America 151
MAP 1.4 Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi Sites 13
MAP 5.3 Lexington, Concord, and Boston, 1775 161
MAP 1.5 Mound-Building Cultures of North America 16
MAP 6.1 Revolutionary War in the Northern States 171
MAP 1.6 Expansion of Islam 18
MAP 6.2 War on the Frontier, 1777–1782 177
MAP 1.7 Africa and the Mediterranean in the
15th Century 20 MAP 6.3 War in the Lower South, 1780–1781 182

MAP 1.8 Columbus’s First Voyage, 1492 25 MAP 6.4 Virginia and the Yorktown Campaign 184

MAP 1.9 Principal Spanish Explorations of North MAP 6.5 Western Land Claims during the Revolution 188
America 27 MAP 6.6 Advance of Settlement to 1790 191
MAP 1.10 Spanish Missions in Florida and New Mexico MAP 7.1 The West, 1790–1796 210
circa 1675 28 MAP 7.2 Presidential Election, 1800 213
MAP 1.11 Spanish Empire and Global Labor System 33 MAP 7.3 The Louisiana Purchase 218
MAP 2.1 New France and the Jesuit Missions 42 MAP 7.4 War of 1812 224
MAP 2.2 Roanoke Colony, 1584–1590 46 MAP 8.1 Population Density, 1790–1820 234
MAP 2.3 Virginia Company Charter, 1606 50 MAP 8.2 Rivers, Roads, and Canals, 1825–1860 243
MAP 2.4 Virginia and Maryland, circa 1675 51 MAP 8.3 Time Required to Travel from New York City,
MAP 2.5 Principal West Indian Colonies in the 1800 and 1830 244
17th Century 52 MAP 8.4 Railroads in the United States, 1840 and 1860 245
MAP 2.6 New England in the 1640s 58 MAP 9.1 Cotton Production, 1801 and 1859 259
MAP 2.7 The Duke of York’s Colonial Charter 62 MAP 9.2 Distribution of Slave Population, 1790, 1820,
MAP 3.1 Pueblo Rebellion, 1680 71 and 1860 261
MAP 3.2 New England in Metacom’s War, 1675–1676 74 MAP 10.1 Growth of American Methodism, 1775–1850 285
MAP 3.3 Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, 1676 77 MAP 11.1 The Missouri Compromise, 1820 308
MAP 3.4 French Middle Ground in North America, MAP 11.2 Presidential Election, 1824 311
circa 1700 79 MAP 11.3 Presidential Election, 1828 314
MAP 3.5 French Louisiana and Spanish Texas in MAP 11.4 Presidential Election, 1832 323
the 1720s 81 MAP 11.5 Presidential Election, 1836 325
MAP 3.6 Government and Religion in the British MAP 11.6 Presidential Election, 1840 326
Colonies, 1720 90 MAP 13.1 Free and Slave States and Territories, 1848 355
MAP 3.7 Area of English Settlement by 1700 92 MAP 13.2 Overland Trails, 1846 357
MAP 3.8 Northeastern Theater of War, 1689–1713 94 MAP 13.3 Settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute,
MAP 3.9 Southeastern Theater of War, 1702–1713 95 1846 359
MAP 4.1 Caribbean Theater of War, 1739–1742 120 MAP 13.4 Principal Campaigns of the Mexican War,
MAP 4.2 Southeastern Theater of War, 1739–1742 121 1846–1847 362
MAP 4.3 France versus Britain in North America MAP 14.1 Kansas-Nebraska and the Slavery Issue 385
by 1755 123 MAP 14.2 Counties Carried by Candidates in the 1856
MAP 4.4 British Offenses, 1755 125 Presidential Election 388

xx

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 MAP 14.3 Main Transportation Routes in the 1850s 391 MAP 23.4 E
 urope and the Near East after the First
MAP 14.4 Slavery and Staple Crops in the South, 1860 396 World War 643
MAP 15.1 Election of 1860 and Southern Secession 412 MAP 24.1 A utomobile Civilization: Cars, Roads, and the
MAP 15.2 Principal Military Campaigns of the Civil War 417 Expansion of Travel Horizons in Oregon,
Illinois 656
MAP 15.3 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July 21, 1861 428
MAP 24.2 Urbanization, 1920 667
MAP 15.4 K entucky–Tennessee Theater, Winter–
MAP 24.3 Presidential Election, 1928 676
Spring 1862 429
MAP 24.4 Mexican Population in the United States,
MAP 15.5 Battle of Shiloh, April 6–7, 1862 431
1930 680
MAP 15.6 P eninsula Campaign, April–May 1862, and Seven
MAP 25.1 Presidential Election, 1932 689
Days’ Battles, June 25–July 1, 1862 432
MAP 25.2 Dust Bowl, 1935–1940 693
MAP 15.7 S econd Battle of Manassas (Bull Run),
August 29–30, 1862 433 MAP 25.3 Tennessee Valley Authority 695
MAP 16.1 L ee’s Invasion of Maryland, 1862, and the Battle MAP 25.4 F ederal Water Projects in California Built or
of Antietam, September 17, 1862 442 Authorized by the New Deal 696
MAP 16.2 Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2–6, 1863 449 MAP 25.5 Presidential Election, 1936 702

MAP 16.3 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863 450 MAP 26.1 German Expansion at Its Height 720

MAP 16.4 Vicksburg Campaign, April–July 1863 451 MAP 26.2 A llied Military Strategy in North Africa, Italy,
and France 724
MAP 16.5 Road to Chickamauga, June–September 1863 452
MAP 26.3 A llied Advances and Collapse of German
MAP 16.6 B attle of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania,
Power 725
May 5–12, 1864 456
MAP 26.4 J apanese Expansion and Early Battles in
MAP 16.7 Campaign for Atlanta, May–September 1864 459
the Pacific 727
MAP 16.8 H ood’s Tennessee Campaign, October–
MAP 26.5 P acific Theater Offensive Strategy and Final Assault
November 1864, and Nashville, December against Japan 729
15–16, 1864 463
MAP 27.1 Presidential Election, 1948 750
MAP 17.1 B lack and White Participation in Constitutional
MAP 27.2 Divided Germany and the NATO Alliance 751
Conventions, 1867–1868 479
MAP 27.3 Korean War 755
MAP 17.2 Reconstruction in the South 483
MAP 27.4 Presidential Election, 1952 767
MAP 17.3 Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of 1876 491
MAP 28.1 I srael, the Middle East, and the Suez
MAP 18.1 Railroad Expansion, 1870–1890 498
Crisis, 1956 775
MAP 18.2 Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1870s 501
MAP 28.2 Presidential Election, 1960 787
MAP 18.3 Indian Reservations, 1875 and 1900 506
MAP 28.3 S hifts in African American Population Patterns,
MAP 19.1 Industrial America, 1900–1920 525 1940–1960 793
MAP 19.2 Presidential Election of 1896 541 MAP 29.1 U.S. Involvement in Indochina (1964–1975) 809
MAP 20.1 African American Population, 1910 559 MAP 29.2 Presidential Election, 1968 821
MAP 21.1 C ities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or MAP 29.3 Presidential Election, 1972 831
Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920 580 MAP 30.1 Presidential Election, 1976 837
MAP 21.2 Women Suffrage before 1920 585 MAP 30.2 Presidential Election, 1980 842
MAP 21.3 Presidential Election, 1912 596 MAP 30.3 Collapse of the Soviet Bloc 849
MAP 21.4 Federal Reserve Districts 597 MAP 30.4 Presidential Election, 1992 850
MAP 22.1 Spanish-American War in Cuba, 1898 610 MAP 31.1 Population Shifts toward the Sun Belt 867
MAP 22.2 American South Pacific Empire, 1900 612 MAP 31.2 Regional Shifts in Congress 868
MAP 22.3 U nited States Presence in Latin America, MAP 31.3 N ew Americans: Percentage of Persons Who Are
1895–1934 615 Foreign Born and Foreign-Born Population by
MAP 22.4 Panama Canal Zone, 1914 616 Region of Birth, 2000 869
MAP 22.5 Route of the Great White Fleet, 1907–1909 619 MAP 31.4 U rbanization: Percentage of Persons Who Lived
MAP 22.6 Colonial Possessions, 1900 620 in Urban Areas in 2000 872
MAP 23.1 Europe Goes to War 627 MAP 32.1 Presidential Election, 2000 894
MAP 23.2 A merica in the First World War: Western MAP 32.2 Presidential Election, 2008 905
Front, 1918 632 MAP 32.3 Presidential Election, 2012 908
MAP 23.3 African American Migration, 1910–1920 634 MAP 32.4 Presidential Election, 2016 914

MAPS AND FEATURES xxi

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 FEATURES
History Through Film The Lowell Mill Girls 251
The Treatment of Slave Families 270
Even the Rain (2010) 32
A Fatal Prizefight, 1842 290
Black Robe (1991) 43
President Andrew Jackson and the Cherokee Nation Debate
Three Sovereigns for Sarah (1986) 88 Indian Removal 317
The War That Made America (2006) 126 Making Fun of Women’s Rights 349
John Adams (2008) 147 The Senate Debates the Compromise of 1850 368
Hamilton’s America (2016) 173 Reactions to John Brown 403
Master and Commander: The Far Side Cornerstone of the Confederacy 414
of the World (2003) 227
The Evacuation of Atlanta: General Hood versus General
A Midwife’s Tale (1998) 237 Sherman on the Laws of War 463
12 Years a Slave (2013) 274 Black Codes versus Black Politics 477
Gangs of New York (2002) 288 Differing Visions of Black Progress: Booker T. Washington
Amistad (1997) 322 and W. E. B. Du Bois 515
Not for Ourselves Alone (1999) 348 Wealth and Poverty 529
The Alamo (1960) 360 Should America Be a Melting Pot? 567
Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) 401 Regulate the Trusts or Break Them Up? Roosevelt
Glory (1989) 419 and Wilson Square Off 594
Lincoln (2012) 455 Should America Become an Imperial Nation? 611
The Birth of a Nation (1915) 488 Should the United States Join the League of Nations? 646
Oklahoma! (1955) 503 The Debate over Immigration 674
The Molly Maguires (1970) 533 Government’s Proper Role 705
Coney Island (1917) 563 Civil Liberties in Wartime: Korematsu v. United States 741
The Great White Hope (1970) 588 Civil Rights Divide the Democratic Party, 1948 752
Tarzan, the Ape Man (1932) 618 Eisenhower and Kennedy on Military Spending 776
Reds (1981) 649 Dissent and Surveillance 814
The Immigrant (2013) 677 Cultural Disagreements: Equality for Women? 853
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) 703 The Sports Construction Boom: Who Pays, Who Gains? 880
Saving Private Ryan (1998) 726 Debating Torture 900
High Noon (1952) 766
JFK (1991) 798
Malcolm X (1992) 817
The First Movie-Star President 846 Interpreting the Visual Past
Star Wars (1977) 882 How to Understand Columbus’s Landing? 24
Selma (2014) 913 French-Huron Alliance Takes Shape 40
A Native American Representation of the Colonial
Southeast 96

What They Said A Display of Consumer Goods 112

A British Cartoon of the Stamp Act Repeal 144
Two Spanish Scholars Debate Indian Slavery 29 A French View of Yorktown 183
English Colonists and Huron Indians Enter New Worlds 55 Capturing the World: The Illustrations of the Journals
Why Did the Pueblo Indians Revolt against the Spaniards of Lewis and Clark 220
in 1680? 72 Transportation before the Market Revolution 241
The Controversy over Religious Revivals 116 A View of Slavery as Benevolent 265
Contrasting Views of American Independence 162 The Actors’ War: Forrest and Macready 292
Virginians Debate the Constitution 195 King Andrew the First 324
Washington, Jefferson, and the Image of the President 205 An Abolitionist View of Southern Society 344

xxii MAPS AND FEATURES

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 Manifest Destiny 356 Turning the German Enemy into a Beast 640
The Caning of Sumner 386 Women and Country Music 668
The Soldier’s Dream of Home 422 Monopoly 700
Photographs of the Dead at Antietam 441 Government Mobilization of the
An Unholy Alliance: “This Is a White Man’s Home Front 737
Government” 480 “It’s Okay—We’re Hunting Communists” 759
Indian Children at the Hampton Institute 509 A Car for Suburbia 779
Women and Bicycles 530 Incident on a Saigon Street, 1968 811
The Photography of Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine 556 Launching a New Forum for Women’s Issues 852
Depicting the March of Women’s Suffrage 584 Mapping the Future 871
White and Black Soldiers in Cuba, 1898 608 The Future of Print Media 912

MAPS AND FEATURES xxiii

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 To the Student

Why Study History? stories of triumph and tragedy, of engagement and flight, and of
high ideals and high comedy. When Americans tell these stories,
Why take a course in American history? This is a ques- “American history” may be the furthest thing from their minds.
tion that many college and university students ask. In But, often, an implicit sense of the past informs what people
many respects, students today are like the generations of say about grandparents who immigrated many years ago; the
­A mericans who have gone before them: optimistic and for- suburb in which they live; the church, synagogue, or mosque at
ward looking, far more eager to imagine where we as a nation which they worship; or the ethnic or racial group to which they
might be going than to reflect on where we have been. If any- belong. How well, we might ask, do we really understand these
thing, this tendency has become more pronounced in recent individuals, institutions, and groups? Do our stories about them
years, as the Internet revolution has accelerated the pace and capture their history and complexity? Or do our stories wittingly
excitement of change and made even the recent past seem at or unwittingly simplify or alter what these individuals and
best quaint, at worst uninteresting and irrelevant. groups experienced? A study of American history helps us first
But it is precisely in these moments of change that a to ask these questions and then to answer them. In the process,
sense of the past can be indispensable in terms of guiding our students can embark on a journey of intellectual and personal
actions in the present and future. We can find in other peri- discovery and situate themselves more firmly than they had
ods of American history moments, like this one, of dizzying thought possible in relation to those who came before them.
technological change, rapid alterations in the concentration They can gain a firmer self-knowledge and a greater appreciation
of wealth and power, and basic changes in patterns of work, for the richness of the American nation and its history.
residence, and play. How did Americans at those times cre-
ate, embrace, and resist these changes? In earlier periods of
American history, the United States was home, as it is today,
to a broad array of ethnic and racial groups. How did earlier
Analyzing Historical Sources
generations of Americans respond to the cultural conflicts Astronomers investigate the universe through telescopes.
and misunderstandings that often arise from conditions of Biologists study the natural world by collecting plants and
diversity? How did immigrants of the early 1900s perceive animals in the field and then examining them with micro-
their new land? How and when did they integrate themselves scopes. Sociologists and psychologists study human behavior
into American society? To study how ordinary Americans of through observation and controlled laboratory experiments.
the past struggled with these issues is to gain perspective on Historians study the past by examining historical “evi-
the opportunities and problems that Americans face today. dence” or “source” materials: government documents; the
History also provides an important guide to affairs of state. records of private institutions ranging from religious and
What role should America assume in world affairs? Should it charitable organizations to labor unions, corporations, and
participate in international bodies such as the United Nations, lobbying groups; letters, advertisements, paintings, music,
or insist on its ability to act autonomously and without the literature, movies, and cartoons; buildings, clothing, farm
consent of other nations? What is the proper role of government implements, industrial machinery, and landscapes: anything
in economic and social life? Should the government regulate and everything written or created by our ancestors that give
the economy? To what extent should the government promote clues about their lives and the times in which they lived.
morality regarding religion, sexual practices, drinking and Historians refer to written material as “documents.”
drugs, movies, TV, and other forms of mass culture? And what Excerpts of dozens of documents appear throughout the text-
responsibilities do Americans as citizens owe to each other and book. Each chapter also includes many visual representations
to their nation? Americans of past generations debated these of the American past as expressed in paintings, murals, car-
issues with verve and conviction. Learning about these debates toons, sculptures, photographs of buildings and individuals,
and how they were resolved will strengthen our grasp of the and other kinds of historical evidence. The more you examine
policy possibilities for today and tomorrow. this “evidence,” the more you will understand the main ideas
History, finally, is about stories—stories that people tell of this book and of the U.S. history course you are taking.
about themselves; their families; their communities; their More generally, encounters with this evidence will enhance
ethnicity, race, region, and religion; and their nation. They are your ability to interpret the past.

xxiv

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Rada: A
Belgian Christmas Eve
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Title: Rada: A Belgian Christmas Eve

Author: Alfred Noyes

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RADA: A BELGIAN

CHRISTMAS EVE ***
Transcriber's Note:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible.

RADA
BY THE SAME AUTHOR

TALES OF THE MERMAID TAVERN

DRAKE
THE FOREST OF WILD THYME
FORTY SINGING SEAMEN
THE ENCHANTED ISLAND
THE WINE PRESS
 THE BAYONETS

RADA
A BELGIAN CHRISTMAS EVE
BY
ALFRED NOYES

WITH FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS AFTER GOYA

METHUEN & CO. LTD.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
 LONDON

First Published in 1915

 DEDICATION
Thou whose deep ways are in the sea,
Whose footsteps are not known,
To-night a world that turned from Thee
Is waiting—at Thy Throne.

The towering Babels that we raised

Where scoffing sophists brawl,
The little Antichrists we praised—
The night is on them all.

The fool hath said ... The fool hath said ...
And we, who deemed him wise,
We, who believed that Thou wast dead,
How should we seek Thine eyes?

How should we seek to Thee for power,

Who scorned Thee yesterday?
How should we kneel in this dread hour?
Lord, teach us how to pray.

Grant us the single heart once more

That mocks no sacred thing,
The Sword of Truth our fathers wore
When Thou wast Lord and King.

Let darkness unto darkness tell

Our deep unspoken prayer;
For, while our souls in darkness dwell,
We know that Thou art there.
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
THE BAYONETS Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
OVER THE JAWS OF THE CROWD 16
THE OLD DANCE OF CHARLATANS AND BEASTS 22
THE VAMPIRE 56

Reproduced from etchings by Goya

 PRELUDE
Under which banner? It was night
Beyond all nights that ever were.
The Cross was broken. Blood-stained Might
Moved like a tiger from its lair,
And all that heaven had died to quell
Awoke, and mingled earth with hell.

For Europe, if it held a creed,

Held it thro’ custom, not thro’ faith.
Chaos returned in dream and deed,
Right was a legend—Love, a wraith;
And That from which the world began
Was less than even the best in man.

God in the image of a snake

Dethroned that dream, too fond, too blind,
The man-shaped God whose heart could break,
Live, die and triumph with mankind;
A Super-snake, a Juggernaut,
Dethroned the Highest of human thought.

Choose, England! For the eternal foe

Within thee, as without, grew strong,
By many a super-subtle blow
Blurring the lines of right and wrong
In Art and Thought, till nought seemed true
But that soul-slaughtering cry of New!

New wreckage of the shrines we made

Thro’ centuries of forgotten tears....
We knew not where their hands had laid
 Our Master. Twice a thousand years
Had dulled the uncapricious sun.
Manifold worlds obscured the One;

Obscured the reign of Law, our stay,

Our compass thro’ the uncharted sea,
The one sure light, the one sure way,
The one firm base of Liberty;
The one firm road that men have trod
Thro’ Chaos to the Throne of God.

Choose ye! A hundred legions cried

Dishonour, or the instant sword!
Ye chose. Ye met that blood-stained tide,
A little kingdom kept its word;
And, dying, cried across the night,
Hear us, O earth, we chose the Right.

Whose is the victory? Though ye stood

Alone against the unmeasured foe,
By all the tears, by all the blood,
That flowed, and have not ceased to flow,
By all the legions that ye hurled
Back thro’ the thunder-shaken world;

By the old that have not where to rest,

By lands laid waste and hearths defiled,
By every lacerated breast,
And every mutilated child,
Whose is the victory? Answer, ye
Who, dying, smiled at tyranny:—

Under the sky’s triumphal arch

The glories of the dawn begin.
Our dead, our shadowy armies, march
E’en now, in silence, thro’ Berlin—
Dumb shadows, tattered blood-stained ghosts,
But cast by what swift following hosts!

And answer, England! At thy side,

Thro’ seas of blood, thro’ mists of tears,
Thou that for Liberty hast died
And livest, to the end of years.
And answer, earth! Far off, I hear
The pæans of a happier sphere:—

The trumpet blown at Marathon

Exulted over earth and sea;
But burning angel lips have blown
The trumpets of thy Liberty,
For who, beside thy dead, could deem
The faith, for which they died, a dream?

Earth has not been the same, since then.

Europe from thee received a soul,
Whence nations moved in law, like men,
As members of a mightier whole,
Till wars were ended.... In that day,
So shall our children’s children say.
 CHARACTERS
Rada, wife of the village doctor.
Bettine, her daughter, aged twelve.

⎧ German soldiers quartered in her

Brander
⎨ house during the occupation
Tarrasch
⎩ of the village.

Nanko, an old, half-witted schoolmaster, living in the care of the

doctor. He has a delusion that it is always Christmas Eve.
German soldiers.
 RADA
A BELGIAN CHRISTMAS EVE

The action takes place in a Belgian village, during the War of

1914. The scene is a room in the doctor’s house. On the
right there is a door opening to the street, a window with
red curtains, and a desk under the window. On the left
there is a large cupboard with a door on either side of it,
one leading to a bedroom and the other to the kitchen. At
the back an open fire is burning brightly. Over the fireplace
there is a reproduction in colours of the Dresden Madonna.
The room is lit only by the firelight and two candles in brass
candlesticks, on a black oak table, at which the two soldiers
are seated, playing cards and drinking beer.
Rada, a dark handsome woman, sits on a couch to the left of the
fire, with her head bowed in her hands, weeping.
Nanko sits cross-legged on a rug before the fire, rubbing his
hands, snapping his fingers, and chuckling to himself.

Tarrasch (throwing down the cards).

Pish! You have all the luck. (He turns to Rada) Look here, my girl,
where is the use of snivelling? We’ve been killing pigs all day and
now we want to unbuckle a bit. You ought to think yourself infernally
lucky to be alive at all, and I’m not sure that you will be so fortunate
when the other boys come back. Wheedled them out of the house
finely, didn’t you? On a fine wildgoose chase, too. Hidden money!
Refugees don’t bury their money and leave the secret behind them.
You’ve been whimpering ever since we two refused to believe you.
What’s your game, eh? I warn you there’ll be hell to pay when they
come back.

Rada (sobbing and burying her face).

God, be pitiful!

Tarrasch.
This is war, this is! And you can’t expect war to be all swans and
shining armour. No—nor smart uniforms either. Look at the mud my
friend and I have already annexed from Belgium. Brander, you know
it’s a most astonishing fact; but I have remarked it several times.
Those women whose eyes glitter at the sight of a spiked helmet are
the first to be astonished by the realities of war. They expect the
dead to jump up and kiss them and tell them it is all a game, as
soon as the battle is ended. No, no, my dear; it’s only in war that
one sees how small is one’s personal happiness in comparison with
greater things. Isn’t it?
(He fills a glass and drinks. Brander lights a cigar.)

Nanko.
Exactly. In times of peace we forget those eternal silences. We value
life too highly. We become domesticated. Why, I suppose in this
magnificent war there have been so many women and children killed
that they would fill the great Cloth Hall at Ypres; and, as for the
young men, there have been so many slaughtered that their dead
bodies would fill St. Peter’s at Rome. Why, I suppose they would fill
the three hundred abbeys of Flanders and all the cathedrals in the
world chock-full from floor to belfry, wouldn’t they? How Goya would
have loved to paint them! Can’t you see it?
(He grows ecstatic over the idea.)
Tournai with its five clock-towers, Ghent, and Bruges,
Louvain and Antwerp, Rheims and Westminster,
Under the round white moon, on Christmas Eve,
With towers of frozen needlework, and spires
That point to God; but all their painted panes
Bursting with dreadful arms and gaping faces,
Gargoyles of flesh; and round them, in the snow,
The little cardinals, like gouts of blood,
The little bishops, running like white mice,
Hooded with violet spots, quite, quite dismayed
To find there was no room for them within
Upon that holy night when Christ was born.

But perhaps if Goya were living to-day he would prefer to pack them
into Chicago meat factories, with the intellectuals dancing outside
like marionettes, and the unconscious Hand of God pulling the
strings. You know one of their very latest theories is that He is a
somnambulist.

Tarrasch (to Rada).

You should read Schopenhauer, my dear, and learn to estimate these
emotions at their true value. You would then be able to laugh at
these feelings which seem to you now so important. It is the mark of
Kultur to be able to laugh at all sentiments. Isn’t it?

Nanko.
The priests, I suppose, are still balancing themselves on the tight-
rope, over the jaws of the crowd. The poor old Pope did his best for
his Master, when the Emperor asked him for a blessing on the war. “I
bless Peace,” said the Pope; but nobody listened. I composed a little
poem about that. I called it St. Peter’s Christmas. It went like this:—

And does the Cross of Christ still stand?

 Yes, though His friends may watch from far—
And who is this at His right hand,
This Rock in the red surf of war?

This, this is he who once denied,

And turned and wept and turned again.
Last night before an Emperor’s pride
He stood and blotted out that stain.

Last night an Emperor bared the sword

And bade him bless. He stood alone.
Alone in all the world, his word
Confessed—and blessed—a loftier throne.

I hear, still travelling towards the Light,

In widening waves till Time shall cease,
The Power that breathed from Rome last night
His infinite whisper—I bless Peace.
(Tarrasch and Brander applaud ironically.)
 OVER THE JAWS OF THE CROWD

Tarrasch.
Excellent! Excellent! (To Rada) You should have seen our brave
soldiers laughing—do you remember, Brander—at a little village near
Termonde. They made the old vicar and his cook dance naked round
the dead body of his wife, who had connived at the escape of her
daughter from a Prussian officer.

Nanko.
Ah, that was reality, wasn’t it? None of your provincial respectability
about that, none of your shallow conventionality! That’s what the
age wants—realism!
 Tarrasch.
It was brutal, I confess; but better than British hypocrisy, eh? There
was something great about it, like the neighing of the satyrs in the
Venusberg music.

Rada (sinking on her knees by the couch and sobbing).

God! God!

Tarrasch.
They were beginning to find out the provincialism of their creeds in
England. The pessimism of Schopenhauer had taught them much;
and if it had not been for this last treachery, this last ridiculous
outburst of the middle-class mind on behalf of what they call honour,
we should have continued to tolerate (if not to enjoy), in Berlin,
those plays by Irishmen which expose so wittily the inferior Kultur,
the shrinking from reality, of their (for the most part) not intellectual
people. I have the honour, madam, to request that you should no
longer make this unpleasant sound of weeping. You irritate my
nerves. Have you not two men quartered upon you instead of one?
And are they not university students? If your husband and the rest
of the villagers had not resisted our advance, they might have been
alive, too. In any case, your change is for the better. Isn’t it?
(He lights a cigar.)

Nanko.
Exactly! Exactly! You remember, Rada, I used to be a schoolmaster
myself in the old days; and if you knew what I know, you wouldn’t
cry, my dear. You’d understand that it’s entirely a question of the
survival of the fittest. A biological necessity, that’s what it is. And
Haeckel himself has told us that, though we may resign our hopes of
immortality, and the grave is the only future for our beloved ones,
yet there is infinite consolation to be found in examining a piece of
moss or looking at a beetle. That’s what the Germans call the male
intellect.

Tarrasch.
Is this man attempting to be insolent?
(He rises as if to strike Nanko.)

Brander (tapping his forehead).

Take no notice of him. He’s only a resident patient. He was not
calling you a beetle. He has delusions. He thinks it is always
Christmas Eve. That’s his little tree in the corner. As Goethe should
have said—

There was a little Christian.

He had a little tree.
Up came a Superman
And cracked him, like a flea.

Tarrasch (laughing).
Very good! You should send that to the Tageblatt, Brander.
Well, Rada, or whatever your name is, you’d better find something
for us to eat. I’m sick of this whimpering.
Wouldn’t your Belgian swine have massacred us all, if we’d given
them the chance? We’ve thousands of women and children at home
snivelling and saying, “Oh! my God! Oh! my God!” just like you.

Rada (rising to her feet in a fury of contempt).

Then why are you in Belgium, gentlemen?
Is it the husks and chaff that the swine eat,
Or is it simply butchery?

(They stare at her in silence, over-mastered for a moment by

her passion. Then, her grief welling up again, she casts
herself down on the couch, and buries her face in her
hands, sobbing.)

God! God! God!

THE OLD DANCE OF CHARLATANS AND BEASTS

Brander.
Don’t you trouble about God. What can He do when both sides go
down on their marrow-bones? He can’t make both sides win, can
He?

Nanko.
That’s how the intellectuals prove He doesn’t exist. Either He is not
almighty, they say, or else He is unjust enough not to make both
sides win. But all those anthropomorphic conceptions are out of date
now, even in England, as this gentleman very truly said. You see, it
was so degrading, Rada, to think that God had anything in common
with mankind (though love was once quite fashionable), and as we
didn’t know of anything higher than ourselves we were simply
compelled to say that He resembled something lower, such as
earthquakes, and tigers, and puppet-shows, and ideas of that sort.
Reality above all things! You may see God in sunsets; but there was
nothing real about the best qualities of mankind. It’s curious. The
more intellectual and original you are, the lower you have to go, and
the more likely you are to end in the old dance of charlatans and
beasts. I suppose that’s an argument for tradition and growth. If we
call it Evolution, nobody will mind very much.

Rada (wringing her hands in an agony of grief).

Oh, God, be pitiful, be pitiful!

Brander (standing in front of her).

Look here, we’ve had enough of this music. I’ve been watching you,
and there’s more upon your mind than sorrow for the dead. Why
were you so anxious to wheedle us all out of the house? Tarrasch
has warned you there’ll be hell to pay when the others come back.
What was the game, eh? You’d better tell me. You couldn’t have
thought you were going to escape through our lines to-night.
 (There is a sudden uproar outside, and a woman’s scream,
followed by the terrified cry of a child.)
Ah! Ah! Father!

Brander.
Hear that. The men are mad with brandy and blood and—other
things. There’s no holding them in, even from the children. You
needn’t wince. Even from the children, I say. What chance would
there be for a fine-looking wench like yourself?
No, you were not going to try that. You’ve something to hide, here,
in the house, eh? Well, now you’ve got rid of the others, and we’ve
had a drink, we’re going to look for it. What is there?
(He points to the bedroom door.)

Rada (rising to her feet slowly, steadying herself with one hand on
the couch and fixing her eyes on his face).
My bedroom. No. I’ve nothing here to hide. This is war, isn’t it? If I
choose to revenge myself on those that have used me badly, people
that I hate, by telling you where you can find what everybody wants,
money, money—I suppose you want that—isn’t that good enough?

Brander.
Better come with us, then, and show us this treasure-trove.

Rada (shrinking back).

No, no, I dare not. All those dead out there would terrify me, terrify
me!
 Tarrasch.
A pack of lies! What were you up to, eh? Telephoning to the English?

Brander.
It has been too much for her nerves. Don’t worry her, or she’ll go
mad. Then there’ll be nobody left to get us our supper.
(Tarrasch wanders round the room, opening drawers and
examining letters and other contents at the desk.)

Nanko.
That would be selfish, Rada. You know it’s Christmas Eve. Nobody
ought to think of unpleasant things on Christmas Eve. What have
you done with the Christmas-tree, Rada?

Brander.
And who’s to blame? That’s what I want to know. You don’t blame
us, do you? We didn’t know where we were marching a month ago;
and possibly we shall be fighting on your side against somebody
else, a year hence.

Nanko.
Of course they didn’t know! Poor soldiers don’t.

Tarrasch (who has been trying the bedroom door).

In the meantime, what have you got behind that door? Give me the
key.
 Rada (hurriedly, and as if misunderstanding him, opens the
cupboard. She speaks excitedly).
Food! Food! Food for hungry men. Food enough for a wolf pack.
Come on. Help yourselves!

Tarrasch.
Look, Brander! What a larder! Here’s a dinner for forty men. Isn’t it?

Rada.
Better take your pick before the others come.
(She thrusts dishes into Brander’s hands and loads Tarrasch with
bottles. They lay the table with them, Rada seeming to
share their eagerness.)

Brander (looking at his hands).

Here! Bring me a basin of warm water. There are times when you
can’t touch food without washing your hands.
(Rada hesitates, then goes into the kitchen. Brander holds out a
ring to Tarrasch.)

Her husband’s ring. I got it off his finger

When he went down. He lay there, doubled up,
With one of those hideous belly wounds. He begged,
Horribly, for a bullet; so, poor devil,
I put him out of his misery. I can’t eat
With hands like that. Ugh! Look!

Nanko (rising and peering at them).

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