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This document covers the concepts of sequences and series, focusing on arithmetic and geometric sequences. It explains how to identify and formulate the general terms of these sequences, including exercises for practice. Additionally, it discusses the arithmetic mean and provides examples of quadratic sequences and their characteristics.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
78 views44 pagesGrade 12 Chapter 1 Patterns, Sequences and Series Learner Book
This document covers the concepts of sequences and series, focusing on arithmetic and geometric sequences. It explains how to identify and formulate the general terms of these sequences, including exercises for practice. Additionally, it discusses the arithmetic mean and provides examples of quadratic sequences and their characteristics.
Uploaded by
videlle672Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 44
CHAPTER
Sequences and series
Pree ae
Geometric sequences
a
ee
Fe ured
acre
RUE arrane series
In earlier grades we learnt about number patterns, which included linear sequences
with a common difference and quadratic sequences with a common second difference.
We also looked at completing a sequence and how to determine the general term of a
sequence.
In this chapter we also look at geometric sequences, which have a constant ratio be-
tween consecutive terms. We will learn about arithmetic and geomettic series, which
are the summing of the terms in sequences,
PM anuslercee rae
MCDP
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where consecutive terms are calculated by
adding a constant value (positive or negative) to the previous term. We call this con-
stant value the common difference (4).
For example,
This is an arithmetic sequence because we add ~3 to each term to get the next term:
Fistierm [Fi
Secondterm | T; | 341-3)
Third term [Ty [OF (=3)=
Fourth term [Zi | -35(-3)=
Fifth tem | Ty | 6-3) =
© See video: 2846 at www.everythingmaths.co.za
Exercise 1 - 1: Arithmetic sequences
Find the common difference and write down the next 3 terms of the sequence.
1, 256; 10; 145 18; 22;
2. -1;-4; —7; -10; -13; -16;
3. 5; 311);
4, 1; 10; 21; 32; 43; 54;
5
6.
7.
a—3bja— brat ba + 3b;
==} Hod
More questions. Sign in at Everything Maths online and click ‘Practise Maths’.
Check answers online with the exercise code below or click on ‘show me the answer’
1.284H 2.284) 3.284K 4.284M 5.284N 6, 284P,
a www.everythingmaths.co.za 8 meverythingmaths.co.za
Pe er cuca MUTT
Q
Fora general arithmetic sequence with frst term « and a common difference d, we can
generate the following terms:
Tha
T=T+d=atd
T=Trtd=(a+d)+d=a+2d
Ty=Ty4d=(a+2d) +d=a+3d
Ty = Tyr td = (at (a 2)d) +d 04 (1)
Therefore, the general formula for the n'™ term of an arithmetic sequence is:
T,=at(n-1)d
Test for an arithmetic sequence
To test whether a sequence is an arithmetic sequence or not, check if the difference
between any two consecutive terms is constant:
d=T-T=Th-Th=
maT
If this is not true, then the sequence is not an arithmetic sequence.
QUESTION
Given the sequence ~15; —11;~75...173.
1. Isthis an arithmetic sequence?
2. Find the formula of the general term.
3. Determine the number of terms in the sequence. SOLUTION
Step 1: Check if there is a common difference between successive terms
T= =-1-(-15)
Ty—Th=-7-(-11) =
This is an arithmetic sequence with
Step 2: Determine the formula for the general term
Write down the formula and the
known values:
Ty a4 (n—1)d
=-15 0 d=4
T,=at(n—1)d
15 + (n= 1)(4)
“15 44n—4
4n—19
‘A graph was not required for this question but it has been included to show that the
points of the arithmetic sequence lie in a straight line.
Note: The numbers of the sequence are natural numbers (n € {1;2;3;...}) and there-
fore we should not connect the plotted points. tn the diagram above, a dotted line has
bbeen used to show that the graph of the sequence lies on a straight line.
Step 3: Determine the number of terms in the sequence
T)=at(n—1)d
4n— 19
Step 4: Write the final answer
Therefore, there are 48 terms in the sequence.
eT Arithmetic mean
‘The arithmetic mean between two numbers is the number half-way between the two
numbers. In other words, itis the average of the two numbers. The arithmetic mean
and the two terms form an arithmetic sequence.
For example, the arithmetic mean between 7 and 17 is calculated:
T+17
a
=2
7:12:17 is an arithmetic sequence
TT =12-7
Ty-T, = 17-1
Arithmetic mean
Plotting a graph of the terms of a sequence sometimes helps in determining the type
‘of sequence involved. For an arithmetic sequence, plotting T, vs. m results in the
following graph
n Ty=04(n— Md
t “
t
gradient d
Term: T,
Index: n
«Ifthe sequence is arithmetic, the plotted points will lie in a straight line.
'* Arithmetic sequences are also called linear sequences, where the common dif.
ference (a) is the gradient of the straight line,
Ty =a+(n—1)d
can be written as T, = dn 1) pa
which is of the same form as y = ma +e Exercise 1 - 2: Arithmetic Sequences
1. Given the sequence 7; 5,5;-4;2.5:
a) Find the next term in the sequence.
by Determine the general term of the sequence.
Which term has a value of —23?
2. Given the sequence 2; 6; 10; 14
2 Is this an arithmetic sequence? Justify your answer by calculation.
by Calculate Tis.
©) Which term has a value of 3222
4) Determine by calculation whether or not 1204 is a term in the sequence?
3. An arithmetic sequence has the general term 7}, = ~2n +7.
a) Calculate the second, third and tenth terms of the sequence.
) Draw a diagram of the sequence for 0 Sigma), which is the capital
letter “S* in the Greek alphabet. It indicates that you must sum the expression to the
right of the summation symbol:
For example,
Yoen=24440+8410-30
In general,
SO a Tut Tass to Ta +Tn
where
{iis the index of the sum;
1m is the lower bound (or start index), shown below the summation symbol;
ris the upper bound (or end index), shown above the summation symbol;
T, isa term of a sequence;
the number of terms in the series = end index ~ start index + 1
or) The index J increases from m to n by steps of 1
Note that this is also sometimes written as:
xe fay get FF gaa +
When we write out all the terms in a sum, itis referred to as the expanded form.
If we are summing from i = 1 (which implies summing from the first term in a se-
quence), then we can use either S,, oF 3” notation
- ye Say bag bay (terms)
Worked example 4: Sigma notation
QUESTION
Expand the sequence and find the value of the series:
SOLUTION
Step 1: Expand the formula and write down the first six terms of the sequence
oa ep 428+ 2% 42% (6 terms)
at
=2+A+8 +16 +32 +64
This is a geometric sequence 2; 4; 8; 16; 32;64 with a constant ratio of 2 between con-
secutive terms.
Step 2: Determine the sum of the first six terms of the sequence
Se=
4448416 +324 64
= 126 Worked example 5: Sigma notation
QUESTION
Find the value of the series:
Yam
SOLUTION
Step 1: Expand the sequence and write down the five terms
YD tan = 20(3) + 2a(4) + 2a(5) + 2a(6) +2a(7) (5 terms)
Eat
= 6a+8a+10a + 120+ Ma
Step 2: Determine the sum of the five terms of the sequence
Sz =6a+8a+ 100+ 12a + Ma
= 500
Worked example 6: Sigma notation
QUESTION
Write the following series in sigma notation:
31424417 +1043
SOLUTION
‘Step 1: Consider the series and determine if it is an arithmetic or geometric series
First test for an arithmetic series: is there a common difference?
We let We calculate:
d=%-T
There is a common difference of —7, therefore this is an arithmetic series.
lore Step 2: Determine the general formula of the series
Tn = at (n—1)e
=31+(n-1)(-7)
=31- 747
=-Tn +38
Be careful: brackets must be used when substituting d = —7 into the general term.
Otherwise the equation would be T,, = 31 + (n ~ 1) ~ 7, which would be incorrect.
‘Step 3: Determine the sum of the series and write in sigma notation
3142441741043
Dem+s8) = 85
Rules for sigma notation
1. Given two sequences, a, and by
Seen Yard
2, For any constant cthat isnot dependent onthe index
Slee) ecatearberm tibet
Sela, + a2 tay +--+ an)
3. Be accurate with the use of brackets:
Example 1
Vensy-s+5+
Example 2:
(2n) +1= 24446)
=13
Note: the series in the second example has the general term 7}, = 2n and the +1
is added to the sum of the three terms. Itis very important in sigma notation to
use brackets correctly, The values off
Sa « start at mu (ma isnot always 1);
= + increase in steps of 1;
«sand end at n
Exercise 1 — 7: Sigma notation
1. Determine the value of the following:
al
b
Qo
2. Expand the series:
al
b
Qo
3. Calculate the value of a:
a DY (a. 2) = 28
b Le"
4, Write the following in sigma notation:
1
tytiies
9*3t
5. Write the sum of the first 25 terms of the series below in sigma notation:
u+4—3-10
6. Write the sum of the first 1000 natural, odd numbers in sigma notation.
7. More questions. Sign in at Everything Maths online and click ‘Practise Maths.
Check answers online with the exercise code below or click on ‘show me the answer’
Ja, 2868 1h. 2869 1c. 286B 2a. 286C 2b, 286D 2c. 286
3a.286G 3b.286H 4.286) 5. 286K 6, 286M.
iad emer eeerreen a) emerceenereeen TT cet
Teter ic cy
‘An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers, such that the difference between
any term and the previous term is a constant number ealled the common difference
(a
Tyat(n-1d
where
‘¢ Ty is the n® term of the sequence;
«© ais the first term;
‘* dis the common difference.
When we sum a finite number of terms in an arithmetic sequence, we get a finite
arithmetic series.
The sum of the first one hundred integers
A simple arithmetic sequence is when a = 1 and d = 1, which is the sequence of
positive integers:
T,=a4(n—1)d
+e)
{Ta} = 1:2:354:55
If we wish to sum this sequence from m = 1 to any positive integer, for example 100,
we would write woo
Ven a14 2434+ 100
‘This gives the answer to the sum of the first 100 positive integers.
‘The mathematician, Karl Friedrich Gauss, discovered the following proof when he was
only 8 years old. His teacher had decided to give his class a problem which would
distract them for the entire day by asking them to add all the numbers from 1 to 100
Young Karl quickly realised how to do this and shocked the teacher with the correct
“answer, 5050. This is the method that he used
Write the numbers in ascending order.
Write the numbers in descending order.
‘+ Add the corresponding pairs of terms together.
Simplify the equation by making S, the subject of the equation,
oe eta) + Sioq = 100+ 99+ 984-43 + 241
ee MERRIE Maus
series
If we sum an arithmetic sequence, it takes a long time to work it out term-by-term. We
therefore derive the general formula for evaluating a finite arithmetic series. We start
‘with the general formula for an arithmetic sequence of n terms and sum it from the frst
term (a) to the last term in the sequence ()
Sn =,
SS, — a (etd) + (e+ 2d) +--+ 28) +a) +t
+ Seale (ld) +l 2d) +t (at 2d +t dea
2S, = (at) + (at D+ (Qt DF -+(@t H+ (att (asd
28, =n (a4)
a= Fla+d)
‘This general formula is useful if the last term in the series is known,
‘We substitute ! = a + (n ~ 1}d into the above formula and simplify
Flas [a+ (n—1)d)
Sw Flea +(n-1)d)
‘The general formula for determining the sum of an arithmetic series is given by:
Sn =F (tat (n—1)¢]
or n
Sn = Flot!)
For example, we can calculate the sum Szo for the arithmetic sequence J, = 3.4
7 (n~ 1) by summing all the individual terms:
SertH-y
3410417424431 +38 +45 +52
+594 65 +73 +804 87 ~94 4101,
+108 +115 + 122 4 129 + 136
Sa ‘or, more sensibly, we could use the general formula for determining an arithmetic
series by substituting a = 3, d= 7 and n = 20:
= "(20+ (n—1)4)
5, Been (w= 14)
Sn = 20) +700—0)
= 1800
This example demonstrates how useful the general formula for determining an arith-
metic series is, especially when the series has a large number of terms.
© See video: 286N at www.everythingmaths.co.z
Worked example 7: General formula for the sum of an arithmetic sequence
QUESTION
Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an arithmetic series with T;, = 7n ~5 by using the
formula
SOLUTION
Step 1: Use the general formula to generate terms of the sequence and write down
the known variables
This gives the sequence: 2;9;16
a=% d=7; n=30
‘Step 2: Write down the general formula and substitute the known values
Biza + (n—1)d)
Sao = F020) + 0-00)
= 15(4 + 203)
15(207)
3105
Sn.
Step 3: Write the final answer
Sq = 3105 Worked example 8: Sum of an arithmetic sequence if first and last terms are
known
QUESTION
Find the sum of the series ~3 ~ 3 —L+-+--+ +123
SOLUTION
Step 1: Identify the type of series and write down the known variables
d=T-T
$= (-5)
Ts
-(-3)
Step 2: Determine the value ofn Step 3: Use the general formula to
find the sum of the series
Ty=at(n—1)d
123 = -5 + (n—1)(2) Flot)
=-542n-2
130 =n
Worked example 9: Finding n given the sum of an arithmetic sequence
QUESTION
Given an arithmetic sequence with T; = 7 and d = 3, determine how many terms
must be added together to give a sum of 2146,
SOLUTION
Step 1: Write down the known variables
d=h-T
3=7-
lore Step 2: Use the general formula to determine the value of n.
Sn = S(2a+(n—1)d)
2146 50) +(n-1)(3)
4292 = n(8 +3n—3)
0=3n? | 5m — 4292
3n + 116)(n — 37)
but n must be a positive integer, therefore n = 37.
We could have solved for n using the quadratic formula but factorising by inspection
is usually the quickest method.
Step 3: Write the final answer
Syq = 2146
Worked example 10: Finding n given the sum of an arithmetic sequence
QUESTION
The sum of the second and third terms of an arithmetic sequence is equal to zero and
the sum of the first 36 terms of the series is equal to 1152. Find the firs three terms in
the series
SOLUTION
Step 1: Write down the given information
Tz+Ts=0 Sy = Fat (n—1)d)
So (a+d)+(a+2d) =0 36
2a+d=0......(0)
(20+ (86 — 1)d)
1152 = 18(20 + 35d)
64 = 2a} 35d......(2)
Step 2: Solve the two equations simultaneously
a+ Sd a)
2a+ 35d = 64......(2)
Eqn (2)— (1): 32d= 64
a
‘And 2a + 3(2)
2a Step 3: Write the final answer
The first three terms of the series are:
Calculating the value of a term given the sum of n terms:
If the first term in a series is T,, then S; = T,
‘We also know the suum ofthe first two terms S = T, +Tz, which we rearrange to make
Tp the subject of the equation:
Ty = ST:
Substitute S; =;
Tr = $2 — 8
milarly, we could determine the third and fourth term in a series
Ty= 53-8
And T; = Sy Ss
a
fn — Saaz, for n € {2;3;4;...} and Ty = 8;
Exercise 1 — 8: Sum of an arithmetic series
1. Determine the value of &
Yan) = -20
2. The sum to n terms of an arithmetic series is Sy = 3 (7n | 15).
a) How many terms of the series must be added to give a sum of 425?
by Determine the sixth term of the series.
3. a) The common difference of an arithmetic series is 3. Calculate the values of
1 for which the n* term of the series is 93, and the sum of the first n terms
is 975,
by Explain why there are two possible answers.
4, The third term of an arithmetic sequence is ~7 and the seventh term is 9. Deter-
mine the sum of the first 51 terms of the sequence.
5. Calculate the sum of the arithmetic series 4+-7+10+--. +901,
448+ 124---+100
3yl0+ i++ 101
6. Evaluate without using a calculator: 7. The second term of an arithmetic sequence is ~4 and the sum of the first six
terms of the series is 21
2) Find the first term and the common difference.
b) Hence determine Tico.
[1EB, Nov 2004},
8. Determine the value of the following:
a So (rw +8)
‘
» Luss
9. Determine the value of n.
Ye~ se —-330
ot
10. The sum of n terms of an arithmetic series is 5n? — In for all values of n.
Determine the common difference.
11. The sum of an arithmetic series is 100 times its first term, while the last term is 9
limes the first term, Calculate the number of terms in the series ifthe first term is
not equal to zero.
12, More questions, Sign in at Everything Maths online and click ‘Practise Maths”.
‘Check answers online with the exercise code below or click on ‘show me the answer’.
1.286P 2a. 286Q 2b.286R 3.2865 4. 286T 5. 286V
6.286W 7. 286X 8a, 286Y 8b. 286Z 9.2872 10. 2873
11, 2874
a wonw.everythingmaths.co.za a meverythingmaths.co.za
EMCDZ
When we sum a known number of terms in a geometric sequence, we get a finite
geometric series. We generate a geometric sequence using the general form:
where
ris the position of the sequence;
Tr, is the n'* term of the sequence;
ais the first term;
‘= ris the constant ratio, MCE Cosy
far tart te tar? ear). (2)
ar"... (2)
PXxS, = artart pe tart tp art
Subtract eqn, (2) from eqn. (1)
Sy —1Sq = 04040400"
Sn Sq
Sadr)
Sy = 4 1. Worked example 11: Sum of a geometric series
QUESTION
Calculate: ‘ a
ye (3)
’t a
SOLUTION
Step 1: Write down the first three terms of the series
1
n=2(3) =
p(t)
4,=2(3) =16
boy nom(2) a8
2
We have generated the series 32 + 16+ 8+
Step 2: Determine the values of a and r
a=T=32
T_T
Th?
‘Step 3: Use the general formula to find the sum of the series
aQl=r")
=
Step 4: Write the final answer © See video: 2875 at www.everythingmaths.co.za
Worked example 12: Sum of a geometric series
QUESTION
Given a geometric series with T; = —4 and T, = 32. Determine the values of r and n_
ifS, = 84
SOLUTION
Step 1: Determine the values of a and r
‘Therefore the geometric series is —4 8 16 +32... Notice that the signs of the terms
alternate because r < 0.
We write the general term for this series as 7,
aay.
Step 2: Use the general formula for the sum of a geometric series to determine the
value of
a(l~r")
See
= rAd = (2)")
a
= mat (-2)")
a=
3 =
4 x 84=1-(-2)
63 = 1- (-2)"
(2) = 64
(ayn = (-2)*
6
Step 3: Write the final answer
<2andn
lore Worked example 13: Sum of a geometric series
QUESTION
Use the general formula for the sum of a geometric series to determine k if
SOLUTION
Step 1: Write down the first three terms of the series
1
; makG
1
We have generated the series 3k-+ 4k-+3k-+
We can take out the common factor k and write the seriesas: k(3-+2 +24.)
EG)
Step 2: Determine the values of a and r
1
a=T=5
T, Ty
TT”
Step 3: Calculate the sum of the first eight terms of the geometric series
(1=1") So then we can write
Sf. 255
(a) isis
a7 3
We can therefore conclude that the value of S,, is approaching a maximum value of 1;
itis converging to 1
Step 3: Write conclusion mathematically
‘We can conclude that the sum of the series
1
1
st
rity
tats
gets closer to 1 (S,, > 1) as the number of terms approaches infinity (n —> cc), therefore
Seonrouaes
= ys
EG) =
‘We express the sum of an infinite number of terms of a series as
Convergence and divergence
Ifthe sum ofa series gets closer and closer toa certain value as we increase the number:
of terms in the sum, we say that the series converges. In other words, there is a limit to
the sum of a converging series. Ifa series does not converge, we say that it diverges.
The sum of an infinite series usually tends to infinity, but there are some special cases
where it does not.
lor eT Exercise 1 - 10: Convergent and divergent series
For each of the general terms below:
‘* Determine if it forms an arithmetic or geomettic series.
# Calculate $1, 52, Sto and Stoo.
‘© Determine if the series is convergent or divergent.
1. T=2n
2. Ty = (-n)
3. T="
4. Ty =2
5. More questions. Sign in at Everything Maths online and click ‘Practise Maths’
Check answers online with the exercise code below or click on ‘show me the answer’.
1.287) 2.287K 3.287M 4. 287N
a www.everythingmaths.co.za 8 meverythingmaths.co.za
Note the following:
‘* An arithmetic series never converges: as n tends to infinity, the series will always
tend to positive or negative infinity
‘+ Some geometric series converge (have a limit) and some diverge (as n tends to
infinity, the series does not tend to any limit or it tends to infinity)
EMC
‘There is a simple test for determining whether a goomettic series converges or diverges;
if -1 1, then the infinite geometric series diverges,
‘We derive the formula for calculating the value to which a geometric series converges
as follows:
a(i—r")
er
Now consider the behaviour of r™ for —1 00
5 _al-9)
sq =
geometric series is given by the formula
Seo = Yo ar* (-1 notation.
3.3
O+a4 seat
Pa
drs)
eee eee eee eee ee tet
Re a eee eee ete ee
6. Determine:
a) Whatis the annual increase if he received a total of R 143 500 over 20 years?
}) His initial annual expenditure is R 2600, which increases at a rate of R 400
per year. After how many years will his expenses exceed his income?
8. The length of the side of a square is 4 units. This square is divided into 4 equal,
smaller squares. One of the smaller squares is then divided into four equal, even
smaller squares. One of the even smaller squares is divided into four, equal
squares. This process is repeated indefinitely. Calculate the sum of the areas of
all the squares
9. Thembi worked parttime to buy a Mathematics book which costs R 29,50. On
1 February she saved R 1,60, and every day saves 30 cents more than she saved
the previous day. So, on the second day, she saved R 1,90, and so on. After how
many days did she have enough money to buy the book?
10. A plant reaches a height of 118 mm after one year under ideal conditions in
fa greenhouse. During the next year, the height increases by 12 mm. In each
successive year, the height increases by 2 of the previous year's growth. Show
that the plant will never reach a height of more than 150 mm,
11. Calculate the value of nif;
Cag 12
13.
M4
15.
16.
7.
18.
19.
20,
a
22
‘Michael saved R 400 during the first month of his working life. In each sub-
sequent month, he saved 10% more than what he had saved in the previous
month,
a) How much did he save in the seventh working month?
by) How much did he save all together in his frst 12 working months?
‘The Cape Town High School wants to build a school hall and is busy with
fundraising. Mr. Manuel, an ex-learner of the school and a successful politician,
offers to donate money to the school. Having enjoyed mathematics at school,
he decides to donate an amount of money on the following basis. He sets a
mathematical quiz with 20 questions. For the correct answer to the first question
{any learner may answer), the school will receive R 1, for a correct answer to the
second question, the school will receive R 2, and so on. The donations 1; 2:4
form a geometric sequence. Calculate, to the nearest Rand:
a) The amount of money that the school will receive for the correct answer to
the 20" question
b) The total amount of money that the school will receive if all 20 questions
are answered correctly
The first term of a geometric sequence is 9, and the ratio of the sum of the first
eight terms to the sum of the firs four terms is 97 : 81. Find the first three terms
‘of the sequence, if itis given that al the terms are positive.
Given the geometric sequence: 6 +p;10-+ p15 +p
2) Determine p, (» # ~6 or ~ 10)
b) Show that the constant ratio is 2
©) Determine the tenth term of this sequence correct to one decimal place.
The second and fourth terms of a convergent geometric series are 36 and 16,
respectively. Find the sum to infinity ofthis series, if all its terms are positive.
Evaluate:
Steen
S, = 4n? +1 represents the sum of the first n terms of a particular series. Find
the second term.
Determine whether the following series converges for the given values of x. If it
does converge, calculate the sum to infinity.
(e+2"
Me
by r=-5
Calculate:
5 (0)
The sum of the first p terms of a sequence is p (p + 1). Find the tenth term.
‘The powers of 2 are removed from the following set of positive integers
1,2;3:4;5;65...;1998; 1999; 2000
Find the sum of remaining integers. 23. Observe the patter below:
2) Ifthe pattem continues, find the number of letters in the column containing
Ms
by Ifthe total number of letters in the pattern is 361, which letter will be in the
last column,
24. Write 0,57 as a proper fraction.
25. Given
