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 Contents vii

7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and

Standard Deviations 391
CHAPTER 10
Summary 398
Correlation and
Regression 539
CHAPTER 8
Hypothesis Testing 405 Introduction 540
10–1 Correlation 540
10–2 Regression 555
Line of Best Fit 555
Determination of the Regression Line Equation 556
Introduction 406
10–3 Coefficient of Determination and Standard
8–1 Steps in Hypothesis Testing—Traditional Error of the Estimate 571
Method 406
Types of Variation for the Regression Model 571
8–2 z Test for a Mean 418
Residual Plots 573
P-Value Method for Hypothesis Testing 422
Coefficient of Determination 574
8–3 t Test for a Mean 434
Standard Error of the Estimate 575
8–4 z Test for a Proportion 445
Prediction Interval 578
8–5 2 Test for a Variance or Standard
Deviation 453 Summary 581
8–6 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis
Testing 466
Summary 469 CHAPTER 11
Chi-Square and Analysis
CHAPTER 9 of Variance (ANOVA) 589
Testing the Difference
Between Two Means, Introduction 590
11–1 Test for Goodness of Fit 590
Two Proportions, and Test of Normality (Optional) 596
Two Variances 477 11–2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 604
Test for Independence 604
Introduction 478 Test for Homogeneity of Proportions 610
9–1 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: 11–3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 620
Using the z Test 478
Summary 632
9–2 Testing the Difference Between Two
Means of Independent Samples: Using
the t Test 489
APPENDICES
9–3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means:
Dependent Samples 497
A Tables 641
9–4 Testing the Difference Between
Proportions 509 B Data Bank 660
9–5 Testing the Difference Between Two
Variances 518 C Glossary 667
Summary 529
viii Contents

D Photo Credits 674 ADDITIONAL TOPICS ONLINE:

E Selected Answers SA–1 (www.mhhe.com/bluman)

Algebra Review
Writing the Research Report
Index I–1 Bayes’ Theorem
Alternate Approach to the Standard
Normal Distribution
P R E FA C E

Approach Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach was written as an aid in the beginning sta-
tistics course to students whose mathematical background is limited to basic algebra. The
book follows a nontheoretical approach without formal proofs, explaining concepts intu-
itively and supporting them with abundant examples. The applications span a broad range
of topics certain to appeal to the interests of students of diverse backgrounds, and they in-
clude problems in business, sports, health, architecture, education, entertainment, politi-
cal science, psychology, history, criminal justice, the environment, transportation, physi-
cal sciences, demographics, eating habits, and travel and leisure.

About This While a number of important changes have been made in the seventh edition, the learning
system remains untouched and provides students with a useful framework in which to
Book learn and apply concepts. Some of the retained features include the following:
• Over 1200 exercises are located at the end of major sections within each chapter.
• Hypothesis-Testing Summaries are found at the end of Chapter 9 (z, t, x2, and
F tests for testing means, proportions, and variances), Chapter 11 (correlation,
chi-square, and ANOVA), to show students the different types of hypotheses and the
types of tests to use.
• A Data Bank listing various attributes (educational level, cholesterol level, gender,
etc.) for 100 people and several additional data sets using real data are included and
referenced in various exercises and projects throughout the book.
• An updated reference card containing the formulas and the z, t, x2, and PPMC
tables is included with this textbook.
• End-of-chapter Summaries, Important Terms, and Important Formulas give
students a concise summary of the chapter topics and provide a good source for
quiz or test preparation.
• Review Exercises are found at the end of each chapter.
• Special sections called Data Analysis require students to work
A B R I E F V E R S I O N with a data set to perform various statistical tests or procedures
and then summarize the results. The data are included in the Data
Elementary Statistics Bank in Appendix B and can be downloaded from the book’s
A S T E P B Y S T E P A P P R O A C H
S e ve nth Edit ion
website at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• Chapter Quizzes, found at the end of each chapter, include
multiple-choice, true/false, and completion questions along with
exercises to test students’ knowledge and comprehension of
chapter content.
• The Appendixes provide students with extensive reference tables,
a glossary, and answers to all quiz questions and odd-numbered
exercises. New to this edition, the additional Online Appendixes
include algebra review, an outline for report writing, Bayes’
theorem, and an alternative method for using the standard normal
distribution. These can be found at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• The Applying the Concepts feature is included in all sections
and gives students an opportunity to think about the new concepts
and apply them to examples and scenarios similar to those found
ALLAN G. BLUMAN
in newspapers, magazines, and radio and television news
programs.

ix
x Preface

Changes in the Global Changes

Seventh Edition • Updated and redesigned the Technology Boxes to reflect the latest technology updates
• Over 30 new examples and more than 200 new exercises have been added or revised
throughout the book
• Design of graphs, photos and art has been revised for clarity
• New interior design was incorporated for ease of reading and flow
• Matched the odd and even exercises

Chapter 1 Nearly 100 new section exercises have been added

Statistics Today updated
Added new material on sampling and the three types of observational studies

Chapter 2 New subsection on dotplots added

More material on class boundaries added
Statistics Today updated

Chapter 3 New Procedure Table for median added

New Procedure Table for variance and standard deviation added
Summary for Chebyshev’s Theorem added
New Procedure Table for boxplots included

Chapter 4 New subsection for permutations with identical objects added

Chapter 5 New subsection on the geometric probability distribution added

Chapter 6 Improved flow with a shortened introduction

Added new Procedure Table for finding data values for specific probabilities

Chapter 7 Statistics Today updated

Included summary of the Characteristics of the Chi-Square Distribution

Chapter 8 Reorganized Section 8–1 for a better flow

Simplified diagram on stating the conclusion from a hypothesis test

Chapter 9 Expanded explanation of independent samples

Added 20 new exercises

Chapter 10 Statistics Today updated

Revised and Shortened Introduction
Added new information on analyzing scatter plots
Included six new Procedure Tables

Chapter 11 Expanded explanation on finding expected frequencies

Added new material on the Computation of the F test
Added two new figures
 Preface xi

Acknowledgments
It is important to acknowledge the many people whose contributions have gone into the
Seventh Edition of Elementary Statistics. Very special thanks are due to Jackie Miller of the
University of Michigan for her provision of the Index of Applications, her exhaustive accu-
racy check of the page proofs, and her general availability and advice concerning all matters
statistical. The Technology Step by Step sections were provided by Gerry Moultine of
Northwood University (MINITAB), John Thomas of College of Lake County (Excel), and
William Vezko of Saint Johns River State College–Orange Park (TI-84 Plus).
I would also like to thank Diane P. Cope for providing the new exercises; Kelly
Jackson for writing the new Data Projects; Lisa Collette, developmental copyeditor, for
her thoughtful suggestions; Phyllis Barnidge for her error checking; and Sally Robinson
for error checking, adding technology-accurate answers to Appendix E, and writing the
Solutions Manuals.
Finally, at McGraw-Hill Education, thanks to Ryan Blankenship, Managing Director;
Holly Rhodes, Brand Manager; Ashley Zellmer McFadden, Developmental Editor; Alex
Gay, Marketing Director; Robert Brieler, Director of Digital Content; and Vicki Krug,
Content Project Manager.
—Allan G. Bluman
Special thanks for their advice and recommendations for the Seventh Edition go to:

Wesley Anderson, Northwest Vista College Brian Kelly, Bryant University

Elizabeth Betzel, Columbus State Community College Patrick Kelly, Mercyhurst College
David Bosworth, Hutchinson Community College Jong Kim, Portland State University
Christine M. Brady, Suffolk County James E. Martin, Christopher Newport University
Community College Angie Schirck Matthews, Broward College
Gregory Cianflone, Suffolk County Carla Monticelli, Camden County College
Community College Keith Oberlander, Pasadena City College
Lisa M. Crawford, Piedmont Technical College Dr. Elaine H. Olaoye, Brookdale Community College
Hemangini Deshmukh, Mercyhurst College Sherri Rankin, Hutchinson Community College
Angela Everett, Chattanooga State Fred Rispoli, Dowling College
Community College Pam Stogsdill, Bossier Parish Community College
Robert Feinerman, Lehman College (CUNY) Fernando Rincon Tellez, Piedmont Technical College
Kathi Fields, Blue Ridge Community College Malissa Trent, Northeast State Community College
Maggie Flint, Northeast State Community College Barbara Villatoro, Diablo Valley College
Jesus Gutierrez, Citrus College Cassandra Vincent, State University of New York
Jaffar Ali Shahul Hameed, Florida Gulf College at Plattsburgh
Coast University Henry Wakhungu, Indiana University
Kelly Jackson, Camden County College Jane West, Trident Technical College
Mohammad Kazemi, University of North Bashar Zogheib, American University of Kuwait
Carolina Charlotte
 A STEP BY STEP APPROACH

7
Confidence Intervals
and Sample Size

STATISTICS TODAY
Stress and the College Student
Each chapter begins with an outline, a A recent poll conducted by the mtvU/Associated Press found that
OUTLINE
list of learning objectives, and a feature 85% of college students reported that they experience stress daily.
Introduction
The study said, “It is clear that being stressed is a fact of life on col-
titled Statistics Today; in which a real-life lege campuses today.”
7–1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
s Is Known
problem shows students the relevance of The study also reports that 74% of students’ stress comes from 7–2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
s Is Unknown
school work, 71% from grades, and 62% from financial woes. The
the material. This problem is solved near 7–3 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for
Proportions
report stated that 2240 undergraduate students were selected and
the end of the chapter using statistical that the poll has a margin of error of 3.0%. 7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and
Standard Deviations
techniques presented in the chapter. In this chapter you will learn how to make a true estimate of a Summary
parameter, what is meant by the margin of error, and whether or not
the sample size was large enough to represent all college students. OBJECTIVES
See Statistics Today—Revisited at the end of this chapter for After completing this chapter, you should be able to
more details. 1 Find the confidence interval for the mean
when s is known.

2 Determine the minimum sample size for

finding a confidence interval for the mean.

3 Find the confidence interval for the mean

when s is unknown.

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s.
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test hy 5 Determine the minimum sample size for

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Critical Thinking sections at the end of 1. Con Man Game Consider this problem: A con man has bet that in 24 rolls of 2 dice, he could get at least a
each chapter challenge students to 3 coins. One coin has been specially made and has a head double 6. Using the probability rules, find the probabil-
on each side. A second coin has been specially made, and ity of each event and explain why he won the majority
apply what they have learned to new on each side it has a tail. Finally, a third coin has a head of the time on the first game but lost the majority of the
and a tail on it. All coins are of the same denomination. time when playing the second game. (Hint: Find the
situations while deepening conceptual The con man places the 3 coins in his pocket, selects one, probabilities of losing each game and subtract from 1.)
understanding. and shows you one side. It is heads. He is willing to bet 3. Classical Birthday Problem How many people do you
you even money that it is the two-headed coin. His rea- think need to be in a room so that 2 people will have the
soning is that it can’t be the two-tailed coin since a head same birthday (month and day)? You might think it is
is showing; therefore, there is a 50-50 chance of it being 366. This would, of course, guarantee it (excluding leap
the two-headed coin. Would you take the bet? year), but how many people would need to be in a room
2 de Méré Dice Game Chevalier de Méré won money so that there would be a 90% probability that 2 people

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ation and flexibility for instructors to create their own questions from scratch with the
ability to randomize number values. Powerful search and sort functions help quickly
locate questions and arrange them in any order, and built-in mathematical templates let in-
structors insert stylized text, symbols, graphics, and equations directly into questions
without need for a separate equation editor.
MegaStat®
MegaStat® is a statistical add-in for Microsoft Excel, handcrafted by J. B. Orris of Butler
University. When MegaStat is installed, it appears as a menu item on the Excel menu
bar and allows you to perform statistical analysis on data in an Excel workbook. The
MegaStat plug-in can be purchased at www.mhhe.com/megastat.
MINITAB Student Release 14
The student version of MINITAB statistical software is available with copies of the text.
Ask your McGraw-Hill representative for details.
MINITAB 14 Manual
This manual provides the student with how-to information on data and file management,
conducting various statistical analyses, and creating presentation-style graphics while fol-
lowing each text chapter.
TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator Manual
This friendly, practical manual teaches students to learn about statistics and solve prob-
lems by using these calculators while following each text chapter.
Excel Manual
This workbook, specially designed to accompany the text, provides additional practice in
applying the chapter concepts while using Excel.
Instructor’s Solutions Manual (instructors only)
By Sally Robinson of South Plains College, this manual includes worked-out solutions to
all the exercises in the text and answers to all quiz questions. This manual can be found
online at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
Student’s Solutions Manual
By Sally Robinson of South Plains College, this manual contains detailed solutions to all
odd-numbered text problems and answers to all quiz questions.
I N D E X O F A P P L I C AT I O N S

CHAPTER 1 Never Married Adults in the Parking Meter Revenue, 112 Men’s World Hockey
United States, 76 Salaries of Governors, 52 Champions, 107
The Nature of Probability Percent of Cigarette Smokers in Miles Run per Week, 61
and Statistics History
the United States, 78 Ages of Declaration of National Hockey League
Education and Testing U.S. Population by Age, 93 Games, 103
Independence Signers, 52
Attendance and Grades, 5 Wealthy People, 42 NFL Payrolls, 53
Ages of Presidents at
Is Higher Education “Going Education and Testing NFL Salaries, 66
Inauguration, 51
Digital”?, 1, 35 Absences and Final Grades, 102 Peyton Manning’s Colts
Ages of the Vice Presidents at the
Piano Lessons Improve Math Classroom Technology, 108 Career, 109
Time of Their Death, 102
Ability, 37 College Completions, 107 Super Bowl Scores, 66
JFK Assassination, 53
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and College Spending for First-Year Surveys and Culture
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Experiments Students, 76 Ages of Dogs, 52
Beneficial Bacteria, 25 Car Thefts in a Large City, 85
Do Students Need Summer Pet Care, 102, 108
Caffeine and Health, 25 Causes of Accidental Deaths in
Development?, 65 Technology
Just a Pinch Between Your Cheek the United States, 90
Grading of Schools, 91 Energy Used by Plasma TVs, 52
and Gum, 23 Concealed Weapons Licenses, 93
High School Dropout Rate, 108 Trust in Internet Information, 52
Smoking and Criminal How Your Identity Can Be Stolen,
Making the Grade, 67
Behavior, 37 41 (same), 110 The Sciences
Math and Reading Achievement
Thyme and Antioxidants, 35 Identity Thefts, 112 Bear Kills, 65
Scores, 92
The Worst Day for Weight Loss, 13 Murders in the United States, The Value of Pi, 53
Math SAT Scores, 68
81 Police Calls, 77, 82
Psychology and Human Behavior Number of College Faculty, 66 Transportation
Violent Crimes, 91
Anger and Snap Judgments, 37 Percentage of People Who Com- Activities While Driving, 108
Hostile Children Fight pleted 4 or More Years of Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Ages and Accidents of
College, 53 Behavior Drivers, 103
Unemployment, 38
Statistics Final Exam Scores, 103 Cost of a 30-second Super Bowl Colors of Automobiles, 91
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Commercial, 89
Teacher Strikes, 92, 113 Fuel Economy for General Motors
ACL Tears in Collegiate Soccer How People Get Their News, 107
Tutoring and Final Grades, 109 Vehicles, 88
Players, 37 Items Purchased at a Convenience
Entertainment MPGs for SUVs, 49
Surveys and Culture Store, 112 Railroad Crossing Accidents, 66
Casino Payoffs, 109
American Culture and Drug Online Ad Spending, 91 Wet Bike Accidents, 100
Roller Coaster Mania, 91
Abuse, 17 Price of Cigarettes, 103
Songs on CDs, 103 Travel and Leisure
Transportation Recreational Expenditures, 103
Television Ratings, 109 Museum Visitors, 109, 112
Fatal Transportation Injuries, 10 Spending of College
Unclaimed Expired Prizes, 53 Public Libraries, 109
World’s Busiest Airports, 37 Freshmen, 108
Environmental Sciences, the Reasons We Travel, 91
Super Bowl Viewer’s
Earth, and Space Travel and Sales, 112
Expenditures, 91
CHAPTER 2 Ages of the Vice Presidents at the
Valentine’s Day Spending, 91
Time of Their Death, 108
Frequency Distributions Average Wind Speeds, 53 Medicine, Clinical Studies, CHAPTER 3
and Graphs Coal Consumption, 112 and Experiments Data Description
Buildings and Structures Consumption of Natural Gas, 53 Blood Glucose Levels, 44, 67
Buildings and Structures
Heights of Tall Buildings, 102 Cost of Utilities, 66 BUN Count, 107
Prices of Homes, 149
Selling Real Estate, 65 Energy Consumption, 91 Outpatient Cardiograms, 84
Suspension Bridges, 153
Stories in Tall Buildings, 86 Length of Major Rivers, 92 Pain Relief, 109
Tallest Buildings, 187
Stories in the World’s Tallest Named Storms, 83 Patients at a Medical Care
Facility, 92 Business, Management,
Buildings, 52 Record High Temperatures, 47,
Waiting Times, 67 and Work
Business, Management, 57, 58, 59
Average Earnings of Workers, 179
and Work Recycled Trash, 112 Public Health and Nutrition
Average Weekly Earnings, 168
Career Changes, 108 Space Launches, 108 Calories in Salad Dressings, 92 Bank Failures, 127
Charity Donations, 52 The Great Lakes, 113 Calories of Nuts, 108 Commissions Earned, 132
Commuting Times, 92 Water Usage, 112 Cereal Calories, 67 Costs to Train Employees, 179
Elderly in the U.S. Labor Wind Speed, 107 Needless Deaths of Children, 112 Employee Salaries, 137
Force, 79 Food and Dining Protein Grams in Fast Food, 67 Employee Years of Service, 190
Employee Absences, 103 Cost of Milk, 93 U.S. Health Dollar, 92 Executive Bonuses, 132
Patents, 93 Eating at Fast Food Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Foreign Workers, 131
Trip Reimbursements, 93 Restaurants, 52 50 Home Run Club, 92 Hourly Compensation for
Demographics and Population Super Bowl Snack Foods, 80 Ages of Football Players, 91 Production Workers, 132
Characteristics Worldwide Sales of Fast Foods, 90 Calories Burned While Hours Worked, 188
Counties, Divisions, or Parishes Government, Taxes, Politics, Exercising, 91 Labor Charges, 179, 187
for 50 States, 66 Public Policy, and Voting Favorite Sport, 52 Missing Work, 153
Distribution of Blood Types, 43 How Much Paper Money Is in Hours Spent Jogging, 103 Net Worth of Corporations, 132
Housing Arrangements, 111 Circulation Today?, 85 LPGA Golf Tournaments, 103 Salaries of Personnel, 126

xvi
 Index of Applications xvii

The Noisy Workplace, 179 Natural Gas Drilling Sites, 131 Public Health and Nutrition Starting Salaries, 259
Top-Paid CEOs, 131 Number of Meteorites Found, 177 Calories in Bagels, 153 Task Assignments, 244
Travel Allowances, 149 Number of Tornadoes, 181 Calories in Salads, 130 Work and Weather, 259
Unemployment Benefits, 151 Observers in the Frogwatch Fat Grams, 133 Demographics and Population
Program, 131 Protein Grams of Energy Characteristics
Demographics and Population
Characteristics Rise in Tides, 187 Bars, 181 Blood Types and Rh Factors, 232
Ages of Accountants, 153 Shark Attacks, 186 Sodium Content of Cheese, 178 Distribution of Blood Types,
Ages of Consumers, 154 Size of Dams, 181 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness 202, 236
Ages of the Top 50 Wealthiest Size of U.S. States, 151 Baseball Team Batting Education Level and
People, 122 Solid Waste Production, 154 Averages, 153 Smoking, 257
Ages of U.S. Astronaut Tornado Occurrences, 187 Basketball Scores, 168 Education of Factory
Candidates, 152 Tornadoes in the United States, 123 Bowling Scores, 151 Employees, 260
Ages of U.S. Residents, 191 Unhealthy Smog Days, 181 Earned Run Average, 180 Foreign Adoptions, 233
Net Worth of Wealthy People, 186 Food and Dining Innings Pitched, 181 Human Blood Types, 207
Percentage of College-Educated Cigarette Taxes, 151 Miles Run per Week, 121, 144 Living Arrangements for
Population over 25, 132 Citrus Fruit Consumption, 154 NFL Salaries, 188 Children, 208
Percentage of Foreign-Born Gasoline Taxes, 169 NFL Signing Bonuses, 124, 127 Male Color Blindness, 222
People, 132 Specialty Coffee Shops, 132 Technology
Marital Status of Women, 233
Time Spent Online, 153 Names for Boys, 257
Economics and Investment History
Population of Hawaii, 208
Investment Earnings, 186 Age of Senators, 167 The Sciences U.S. Population, 215
Education and Testing Law and Order: Criminal Justice Sheep Population, 169 War Veterans, 257
Achievement Test Scores, 168 Accidental Firearm Deaths, 125 Transportation Young Adult Residences, 215
College and University Debt, 167 Murder Rates, 153 Airplane Speeds, 168 Economics and Investment
College Enrollments, 131 Murders in Cities, 152 Airport Parking, 131 Homeowner’s and Automobile
College Room and Board Police Calls in Schools, 169 Annual Miles Driven, 168 Insurance, 224
Costs, 168 Police Incidents, 120 Automobile Fuel Efficiency, Revenue, 208
Contest Spelling Words, 132 Police Officers Killed, 123 132, 152
Prison Executions, 152 Education and Testing
Driver’s License Exam Scores, 167 Commuter Times, 187
Violent Crimes, 131 College Courses, 232
Enrollments for Selected Indepen- Cost of Car Rentals, 187
College Debt, 207
dent Religiously Controlled Manufacturing and Product Cost of Helicopters, 133
Development College Degrees Awarded, 214
4-Year Colleges, 133 Fuel Capacity, 187
Battery Lives, 153, 178 College Enrollment, 234
Errors on a Typing Test, 190 Gas Prices for Rental Cars, 190
Comparison of Outdoor Paint, Computers in Elementary
Exam Completion Time, 179, 187 How Long Are You Delayed by
136, 137, 139, 140 Schools, 207
Exam Grades, 179, 187, 190 Road Congestion?, 117, 188
Copier Service Calls, 133 Doctoral Assistantships, 233
Final Grades, 133 Miles per Gallon, 190
Printer Repairs, 188 High School Grades of First-Year
Grade Point Average, 128 Passenger Vehicle Deaths, 152
College Students, 234
Graduation Rates, 181 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Times Spent in Rush-Hour
Online Course Selection, 256
SAT Scores, 154, 178, 190 Behavior Traffic, 152
Reading to Children, 233
Starting Teachers’ Salaries, 151 Automobile Selling Prices, 133 Travel and Leisure Required First-Year College
Teacher Salaries, 130, 167 Average Cost of Smoking, 191 Area Boat Registrations, 126 Courses, 208
Teacher Strikes, 142, 143, 181 Average Cost of Weddings, 190 Vacation Days, 167 Student Financial Aid, 231
Test Scores, 156, 157, 161, 162, Cost per Load of Laundry Visitors Who Travel to Foreign Physics Test, 260
169, 190 Detergents, 152 Countries, 181 Scholarships, 259
Textbooks in Professors’ Delivery Charges, 190
Offices, 187 Diet Cola Preference, 133 Entertainment
Work Hours for College Magazines in Bookstores, 187 CHAPTER 4 Knitting Pattern, 243
Faculty, 154 Newspapers for Sale, 190 Probability and Counting Cable Television, 231
Cards, 231
Entertainment
Pages in Women’s Fitness Rules Charity Event Participants, 245
Magazines, 147
Earnings of Nonliving Buildings and Structures Child’s Board Game, 234
Sale Price of Homes, 154
Celebrities, 131 Building a New Home, 217 Classical Birthday Problem, 260
Sales of Automobiles, 146
FM Radio Stations, 153 Code Words, 244
Business, Management,
Households of Four Television Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Work Con Man Game, 260
Networks, 186 and Experiments
Distribution of CEO Ages, 208 Craps Game, 207
Top Movie Sites, 188 Blood Pressure, 150
Overqualified Workers, 224 de Mere Dice Game, 260
Determining Dosages, 167
Environmental Sciences, the Research and Development Dogs at a Show, 243
Hospital Emergency Waiting
Earth, and Space Employees, 211 Dominoes, 245
Times, 153
Annual Precipitation Days, 152 Working Women and Computer DVD Players, 257
Hospital Infections, 120
Distance of Stars, 131 Use, 231 Family and Children’s Computer
Multiple Births, 151
Earthquakes, 169 Applying Shipping Labels, 256 Games, 233
Serum Cholesterol Levels, 154
Farm Sizes, 154 Business Location, 237, 238 Four Aces, 250
Systolic Blood Pressure, 159
High Temperatures, 187 Committee Selection, 242 Getting a Full House, 253
Hurricane Damage, 169 Psychology and Human Behavior Job Applications, 253 Movie Releases, 256
Licensed Nuclear Reactors, 125 Reaction Times, 152 Management Seminar, 253 Movie Selection, 244
Moons of Jupiter, 131 Trials to Learn a Maze, 154 Personnel Classification, 258 Music Recital, 244
xviii Index of Applications

Odds, 209 Manufacturing and Product Leisure Time Exercise, 233 Today’s Marriages, 291
Passwords, 243 Development Sports Car Stripes, 243 Unmarried Women, 299
Poker Hands, 245 Arrangement of Washers, 254 Tennis Tournament, 251 Economics and Investment
Quinto Lottery, 243 Defective Items, 231
Surveys and Culture Benford’s Law, 280
Radio Show Guests, 239 Defective Resistors, 253
College Fundraiser, 216 Bond Investment, 279
Radio Station Call Letters, 243 Defective Transistors, 250
Student Survey, 216 Life Insurance, 281
School Musical Plays, 239 Factory Output, 256
Survey on Stress, 222 Education and Testing
Secret Code Word, 243 Flashlight Batteries, 231
Survey on Women in the College Education and Business
Selecting a Book, 215 Garage Door Openers, 242
Military, 227 World Success, 292
Selecting a Movie, 215 Manufacturing Tests, 243
New Car Warranty, 259 Technology Dropping College Courses, 271
Selecting a Student, 215
Stocking Machines, 260 Cell Phone Models, 244 High School Dropouts, 292
Selecting an Instructor, 215
T-shirt Factories, 256 Cellular Telephones, 260 Meeting Attendance, 301
Show Programs, 243
Software Selection, 255 Multiple Choice Exam, 292
State Lottery Number, 251 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Text Messages via Cell People Who Have Some College
The Mathematics of Behavior
Phones, 231 Education, 292
Gambling, 252 Appliance Ownership, 259
Transportation Students Using the Math Lab, 281
Ticket Selection, 244 Book Arrangements, 244
Video and Computer Car and Boat Ownership, 256 Automobile Trips, 243 Entertainment
Games, 230 Car Purchases, 256 Automobile Insurance, 231 Chuck-a-Luck, 301
Video Games, 243 Commercials, 234 Automobile License Plate, 257 Coins, Births, and Other
Winning a Door Prize, 231 Customer Purchases, 233 Automobile Sales, 230 Random (?) Events, 270
Winning Tickets, 253 Door-to-Door Sales, 216 Budget Rental Cars, 256 Gambler’s Fallacy, 283
Yahtzee, 258 Flier Types, 241 Carry-on Items, 257 Lottery Numbers, 301
Free-Sample Requests, 244 Driving While Intoxicated, 213 Lottery Prizes, 281
Environmental Sciences, the
Earth, and Space Gift Baskets, 232 Fatal Accidents, 233 On Hold for Talk Radio, 277
Air Pollution, 245 Magazines, 251 Freight Train Cars, 244 Roulette, 281
Bad Weather, 257 Sales, 231 License Plates, 258 Winning the Lottery, 281
Corn Products, 217 Shopping Mall Promotion, 206 Licensed Drivers in the United Environmental Sciences,
Endangered Species, 215 Test Marketing Products, 245 States, 216 the Earth, and Space
Lightning Strikes, 232 Ties, 229 Motor Vehicle Producers, 255 Alternate Sources of Fuel, 293
Plant Selection, 254 Toothpaste Display, 244 On-Time Airplane Arrivals, 233 Household Wood Burning, 299
Sources of Energy Uses in the Types of Copy Paper, 257 Parking Tickets, 227 Radiation Exposure, 279
United States, 207 Types of Paint, 235 Railroad Memorial License
Food and Dining
Territorial Selection, 258 Plates, 237
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Pizza Deliveries, 281
Threatened Species of and Experiments
Riding to School, 215
Pizza for Breakfast, 299
Reptiles, 243 Autism, 233 Rural Speed Limits, 207
Unsanitary Restaurants, 290
Chronic Sinusitis, 257 Seat Belt Use, 230
Food and Dining Government, Taxes, Politics,
Doctor Specialties, 232 Signal Flags, 244
Breakfast Drink, 256 Public Policy, and Voting
Effectiveness of a Vaccine, 256 Types of Vehicles, 234
Buffet Desserts, 244 Federal Government Employee
Coffee Shop Selection, 211 Employee Health Care Plans, 257 Travel and Leisure
E-mail Use, 293
Family Dinner Combinations, 208 Eye Color, 260 Bowling and Club
Poverty and the Federal
Favorite Ice Cream Flavors, Gender of Children, 195, 196, Membership, 259
Government, 293
201, 212 198, 207 Country Club Activities, 232
Social Security Recipients, 292
Inspecting Restaurants, 244 Heart Attacks, 260 Travel over the Thanksgiving
Heart Disease, 232 Holiday, 202 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Pizzas and Salads, 232
Hospital Stays for Knee World-Class Orchestras, 253 Calls for a Fire Company, 300
Purchasing a Pizza, 217
Replacements, 203 Hawaiian Words, 245 Emergency Calls, 298
Government, Taxes, Politics, U.S. Police Chiefs and the Death
Medical Patients, 216
Public Policy, and Voting
Medical Specialties, 215 Penalty, 299
ID Cards, 244, 260 CHAPTER 5
Medical Tests on Emergency Manufacturing and Product
Mail Delivery, 216
Public Service
Patients, 216 Discrete Probability Development
Medical Treatment, 208 Distributions Defective DVDs, 280
Announcements, 245
Medication Effectiveness, 233
Congressional Terms, 232 Business, Management, Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Multiple Births, 215
Federal Government and Work Behavior
Selecting a Medical Staff
Revenue, 208 Customers in a Bank, 299 Cans of Paint Purchased, 299
Person, 213
Government Employees, 230 Employed Women, 301 CD Purchases, 300
Visiting Nurses, 243
Health Insurance, 208 Job Bids, 281 Cellular Phone Sales, 280
Which Pain Reliever Is Best?, 214
Senate Partisanship, 253 Job Elimination, 293 Credit Cards, 298
Psychology and Human Behavior Union Workers, 292 Internet Purchases, 293
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Investigative Team, 245 WouldYou BetYour Life?, 200, 258 Number of Credit Cards, 280
Demographics and Population
Agency Cases, 244 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Characteristics Suit Sales, 280
Arrests for Property Crimes, 208 Baseball Players, 257 American and Foreign-Born Tie Purchases, 298
Guilty or Innocent?, 229 Fitness Center Members, 255 Citizens, 292 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Murder Victims, 207 Football Team Selection, 254 Children in a Family, 274, 293 and Experiments
Prison Populations, 230, 231 Health Club Membership, 256 Likelihood of Twins, 290 Flu Shots, 299
 Index of Applications xix

Pooling Blood Samples, 265, 300 Per Capita Income of Delaware Confectionary Products, 355 Internet Users, 332
Psychology and Human Behavior Residents, 345 Lemonade Consumption, 357 Monthly Spending for Paging and
Calls for a Crisis Hotline, 300 Population of College Cities, 352 Government, Taxes, Politics, Messaging Services, 354
Residences of U.S. Citizens, 352 Public Policy, and Voting Telephone Answering
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
U.S. Population, 355 Cigarette Taxes, 332 Devices, 352
Baseball World Series, 268
Economics and Investment Medicare Hospital Insurance, 345 The Sciences
Surveys and Culture Home Ownership, 352 Social Security Payments, 332 Newborn Elephant Weights, 330
Survey of High School Home Values, 345 Unemployment, 357 Ragweed Allergies, 349
Seniors, 293 Itemized Charitable Voter Preference, 352
Survey on Answering Machine Transportation
Contributions, 331 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Ownership, 293 Ages of Amtrak Passenger
Monthly Mortgage Payments, 330 Larceny Thefts, 355
Survey on Bathing Pets, 293 Cars, 331
Education and Testing Police Academy Acceptance Ages of Registered Vehicles, 340
Survey on Concern for
College Costs, 344 Exams, 331 Commute Time to Work, 330
Criminals, 292
Doctoral Student Salaries, 330 Police Academy Commuter Train Passengers, 354
Survey on Doctor Visits, 287
Elementary School Teachers, 353 Qualifications, 325 Miles Driven Annually, 330
Survey on Employment, 287
Enrollment in Personal Finance Population in U.S. Jails, 329 People Who Smoke, 352
Survey on Fear of Being Home
Course, 355 Price of Gasoline, 330
Alone at Night, 288 Manufacturing and Product
Exam Scores, 332 Development Reading While Driving, 348
Survey on Internet
Female Americans Who Have Breaking Strength of Steel Travel Times to School, 343
Awareness, 293
Completed 4 Years of Cable, 345 Used Car Prices, 331
Technology College, 352 Portable CD Player Lifetimes, 355 Travel and Leisure
Computer Literacy Test, 299 GMAT Scores, 358 Repair Cost for Microwave Cost of Overseas Trip, 344
Guidance Missile System, 292 High School Competency Ovens, 357 Mountain Climbing Safety, 351
Internet Access via Cell Test, 331 Wristwatch Lifetimes, 331 Number of Branches of the
Phone, 299 Private Four-Year College
Telephones per Household, 300 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer 50 Top Libraries, 314
Enrollment, 355
Behavior Thickness of Library Books, 357
Transportation Professors’ Salaries, 330, 331
Credit Card Debt, 330
Arrivals at an Airport, 299 Reading Improvement
Mail Order, 352 CHAPTER 7
Carpooling, 301 Program, 331
Product Marketing, 331
Driver’s Exam, 301 Salary of Full Professors, 330 Confidence Intervals
Technology Inventories, 327
Driving to Work Alone, 292 SAT Scores, 330, 332, 344
School Enrollment, 352 Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Sample Size
Driving While Intoxicated, 288
Smart People, 329 and Experiments Buildings and Structures
Traffic Accidents, 280
Teachers’ Salaries, 329 Lengths of Hospital Stays, 331 Home Fires Started by
Travel and Leisure Liters of Blood in Adults, 321
Teachers’ Salaries in Candles, 377, 385
Destination Weddings, 292 Normal Ranges for Vital Home Security Systems, 388, 396
Connecticut, 344
Outdoor Regatta, 299 Statistics, 303, 356
Teachers’ Salaries in North Business, Management,
Watching Fireworks, 293 Per Capita Spending on Health
Dakota, 344 and Work
TIMSS Test, 345 Care, 354 Number of Jobs, 371, 379
CHAPTER 6 Serum Cholesterol Levels, 344
Years to Complete a Graduate Work Interruptions, 388, 396
The Normal Distribution Program, 357 Systolic Blood Pressure, 326, 345
Demographics and Population
Buildings and Structures Entertainment Public Health and Nutrition Characteristics
New Home Prices, 331 Admission Charge for Calories in Fast-Food Ages of Insurance Representa-
New Home Sizes, 331 Movies, 329 Sandwiches, 358 tives, 402, 410
Parking Lot Construction, 353 Box Office Revenues, 332 Chocolate Bar Calories, 330 Number of Homeless Individuals,
Prices of Homes, 354 Drive-in Movies, 332 Cholesterol Content, 345 396, 404
Hours That Children Watch Passengers on a Bus, 357 Unmarried Americans, 388, 396
Business, Management,
and Work Television, 339 Sodium in Frozen Food, 355 Widows, 388, 396
Movie Ticket Prices, 344 Youth Smoking, 352 Economics and Investment
Health Insurance Through
Work, 352 Slot Machines, 355 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Credit Union Assets, 368, 376
Jobs for Registered Nurses, 330 Environmental Sciences, the Batting Averages, 350 Home Ownership Rates, 397, 405
Multiple-Job Holders, 355 Earth, and Space Number of Baseball Games NYSE Stock Prices, 380, 388
Retirement Income, 355 Amount of Rain in a City, 357 Played, 328 Stock Prices, 396, 404
Salaries for Actuaries, 354 Annual Precipitation, 345 Number of Runs Made, 332 Other People’s Money, 390
Unemployment Benefits, 344 Average Precipitation, 355 Surveys and Culture Education and Testing
Working Weekends, 341 Electric Bills, 357 Sleep Survey, 357 Age of College Students, 396, 404
Demographics and Population Glass Garbage Generation, 344 Technology Cost of Texts, 401, 409
Characteristics Heights of Active Volcanoes, 355 Amount of Electricity Used Covering College Costs,
Ages of Proofreaders, 345 Monthly Newspaper by a PC, 323 384, 392
Amount of Laundry Washed Each Recycling, 322 Cell Phone Lifetimes, 344 Day Care Tuition, 372, 380
Year, 345 Paper Use, 330 Computer Ownership, 357 Educational Television, 388, 396
Heights of People, 357 Temperatures for Dallas, 332 Cost of iPod Repair, 354 Freshmen’s GPA, 371, 379
Life Expectancies, 345 Water Use, 344 Cost of Personal Computers, 331 High School Graduates Who Take
Membership in an Food and Dining Household Computers, 352 the SAT, 388, 396
Organization, 357 Bottled Drinking Water, 331 Household Online Connection, 357 Hours Spent Studying, 402, 410
xx Index of Applications

National Accounting Contracting Influenza, 387, 395 Truck Safety Check, 402, 410 Movie Admission Prices, 472, 481
Examination, 372, 380 Cost of Knee Replacement Weights of Minivans, 401, 409 Moviegoers, 427, 435, 450, 458
Number of Faculty, 371, 379 Surgery, 396, 404 Travel and Leisure Television Set Ownership,
Private Schools, 387, 395 Doctor Visit Costs, 401, 409 Novel Pages, 402, 410 450, 458
SAT Scores, 397, 405 Emergency Room Accidents, Overseas Travel, 388, 396 Television Viewing by Teens,
Students per Teacher in U.S. 402, 410 441, 449
Public Schools, 379, 387 Hospital Noise Levels, 372, Times of Videos, 472, 482
Students Who Major in Business, 380, 388 CHAPTER 8 Trifecta Winnings, 471, 481
388, 396 Infant Growth, 377, 385 Hypothesis Testing Environmental Sciences, the
Undergraduate GPAs, 372, 380 Patients Treated in Hospital Earth, and Space
Buildings and Structures
Entertainment Emergency Rooms, 402, 410 Farm Sizes, 429, 437
Cost of Building a Home,
Perry Como Fans, 387, 395 Psychology and Human Behavior 427, 435 Heights of Volcanoes, 462, 470
Playing Video Games, 371, 379 Stress and the College Student, Heights of Tall Buildings, High Temperatures in January,
Television Viewing, 372, 380 361, 369, 400, 408 441, 449 462, 470
Environmental Sciences, the Public Health and Nutrition Home Security Systems, 471, 481 Natural Gas Heat, 450, 458
Earth, and Space Calories in a Standard Size Candy Monthly Home Rent, 471, 481 Pollution By-Products, 474, 484
Depth of a River, 369, 377 Bar, 397, 405 Recycling, 450, 458
Business, Management,
High Temperatures for May, Calories in Candy Bars, 379, 387 and Work Tornado Deaths, 462, 470
379, 387 Carbohydrate Grams in Commer- Copy Machine Use, 428, 436 Warming and Ice Melt, 427, 435
Lawn Weeds, 384, 392 cial Subs, 371, 379 Hourly Wage, 429, 437 Water Consumption, 442, 450
Length of Growing Seasons, Carbohydrates in Yogurt, 396, 404 Men Aged 65 and Over in the Wind Speed, 424, 432
372, 380 Carbon Monoxide Deaths, Labor Force, 472, 481 Food and Dining
Named Storms, 395, 403 396, 404 Number of Jobs, 442, 450 Ages of U.S. Senators, 428, 436
Number of Farms, 372, 380 Daily Cholesterol Intake, 397, 405 Revenue of Large Businesses, Chewing Gum Use, 474, 483
Thunderstorm Speeds, 379, 387 Diet Habits, 388, 396 427, 435 Free School Lunches, 471, 481
Travel to Outer Space, 388, 396 Fruit Consumption, 388, 396 Sick Days, 429, 437 IRS Audits, 469, 478
Unhealthy Days in Cities, 380, 388 Obesity, 388, 396 Starting Salary for Nurse Replacing $1 Bills with $1 Coins,
Food and Dining Skipping Lunch, 402, 410 Practitioners, 436, 444 447, 455
Cost of Pizzas, 372, 380 Sport Drink Decision, 378, 386 Working at Home, 469, 479 Salaries of Government
Fast-Food Bills for Drive-Thru Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Demographics and Population Employees, 428, 436
Customers, 371, 379 Dance Company Students, Characteristics Soft Drink Consumption, 428, 436
Government, Taxes, Politics, 379, 387 Ages of Professional Women, Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Public Policy, and Voting Indy 500 Qualifier Speeds, 473, 483 Ages of Robbery Victims,
Money Spent on Road Repairs, 380, 388 Average Family Size, 442, 450 474, 484
402, 410 Surveys and Culture First-Time Marriages, 474, 484 Burglaries, 450, 458
Parking Meter Revenues, 380, 388 Belief in Haunted Places, Heights of 1-Year-Olds, 428, 436 Car Thefts, 426, 434
State Gasoline Taxes, 379, 387 387, 395 Heights of Models, 474, 483 Federal Prison Populations,
Women Representatives in State Does Success Bring Happiness?, Economics and Investment 471, 481
Legislature, 379, 387 386, 394 Home Closing Costs, 473, 483 Female Gun Owners, 446, 454
History Political Survey, 402, 410 Stocks and Mutual Fund Prison Sentences, 428, 436
Ages of Presidents at Time of Survey on Politics, 389, 397 Ownership, 449, 457 Prison Time, 469, 479
Death, 395, 403 Speeding Ticket Costs, 428, 436
Technology Education and Testing
Speeding Tickets, 429, 437
Law and Order: Criminal Justice Digital Camera Prices, 379, 387 College Room and Board Costs,
Stolen Aircraft, 461, 469
Burglaries, 402, 410 Direct Satellite Television, 462, 470
Gun Control, 389, 397 388, 396 Cost of College Tuition, 424, 432 Manufacturing and Product
Home Broadband Internet Access, Debt of College Graduates, Development
Manufacturing and Product
Development 388, 396 471, 480 Breaking Strength of Cable,
Calculator Battery Lifetimes, Home Computers, 386, 394 Doctoral Students’ Salaries, 429, 437
397, 405 Social Networking Sites, 379, 387 450, 458 Manufactured Machine Parts,
How Many Kleenexes Should Television Set Ownership, Exam Grades, 462, 470 462, 470
Be in a Box?, 370, 378 402, 410 How Much Better Is Better on the Soda Bottle Content, 461, 469
Lifetimes of Wristwatches, SAT?, 405, 413, 472, 482 Strength of Wrapping Cord,
Transportation
396, 404 Intelligence Tests, 419, 427 474, 484
Automobile Pollution, 402, 410
Nicotine Content, 394, 402 Math SAT Test, 456, 464 Sugar Packaging, 466, 474
Chicago Commuters, 380, 388
Nonparental Care, 427, 435 Weights on Men’s Soccer Shoes,
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Distance Traveled to Work,
SAT Tests, 421, 429 471, 481
Behavior 379, 387
Costs for a 30-Second Spot on Driving to Work, 383, 391 Student Expenditures, 428, 436 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Cable Television, 380, 388 Fuel Efficiency of Cars and Teaching Assistants’ Stipends, Behavior
Days It Takes to Sell an Aveo, Trucks, 371, 379 442, 450 Attorney Advertisements, 448, 456
365, 373 Manual Transmission Automo- Undergraduate Enrollment, Consumer Protection Agency
Number of Customers, 366, 374 biles, 387, 395 450, 458 Complaints, 468, 478
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Monthly Gasoline Expenditures, Entertainment Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Experiments 372, 380 Cost of a Movie Ticket, 442, 450 and Experiments
Birth Weights of Infants, 372, 380 New Car Lease Fees, 396, 404 Cost of Making a Movie, 441, 449 Can Sunshine Relieve Pain?, 440
 Index of Applications xxi

Cost of Braces, 441, 449 Seed Germination Times, 474, 484 Married People, 516 Manufacturing and Product
Cost of Rehabilitation, 422, 430 Strawberry Seeds, 441, 449 Never Married People, 516 Development
Doctor Visits, 442, 450 Whooping Crane Eggs, 471, 481 Per Capita Income, 485 Battery Voltage, 486
Female Physicians, 450, 458 Population and Area, 526 Noise Levels of Power
Transportation
First-Time Births, 469, 478 Salaries of Chemists, 533 Mowers, 522
Car Inspection Times, 460, 468
Hospital Infections, 436, 444 Weights of Running Shoes,
Commute Time to Work, 442, 450 Economics and Investment
Outpatient Surgery, 457, 465 493, 526
Experience of Taxi Drivers, Numismatist Meeting, 527
Time Until Indigestion Relief, Weights of Vacuum Cleaners, 493
474, 484 Bank Deposits, 500
471, 481 First-Class Airline Passengers, Daily Stock Prices, 527 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Public Health and Nutrition 451, 459 Behavior
Education and Testing
After-School Snacks, 450, 458 Fuel Consumption, 472, 481 Coupon Use, 516
ACT Scores, 485
Alcohol and Tobacco Use by High Improper Driving, 449, 457 Credit Card Debt, 486
Ages of College Students, 486
School Students, 471, 481 Interstate Speeds, 462, 470 Paint Prices, 532
Average Earnings for College
Calories in Pancake Syrup, One-Way Airfares, 469, 478 Store Sales, 487
Graduates, 487, 531
462, 470 Operating Costs of an College Education, 516 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Carbohydrates in Fast Foods, Automobile, 428, 436 Cyber School Enrollment, 494 and Experiments
461, 469 Stopping Distances, 428, 436 Exam Scores at Private and Public Can Video Games Save Lives?, 504
Chocolate Chip Cookie Calories, Testing Gas Mileage Claims, Schools, 487 Hospital Stays for Maternity
441, 449 460, 468 Factory Worker Literacy Patients, 494
Eggs and Your Health, 417, 425 Tire Inflation, 472, 482 Rates, 533 Hospital Volunteers, 531
High-Potassium Foods, 461, 469 Transmission Service, 429, 437 High School Graduation Is More Expensive Better?, 513
Nicotine Content of Cigarettes, Travel Times to Work, 471, 480 Rates, 516 Length of Hospital Stays, 485
440, 448, 458, 466 Travel and Leisure Improving Study Habits, 505 Noise Levels in Hospitals, 493,
Obese Young People, 446, 454 Borrowing Library Books, Lay Teachers in Religious 525, 531
Quitting Smoking, 449, 457 450, 458 Schools, 531 Obstacle Course Times, 506
Sodium Amounts in Food, Hotel Rooms, 474, 483 Lecture versus Computer-Assisted Only the Timid Die Young, 534
462, 470 Newspaper Reading Times, Instruction, 515 Overweight Dogs, 506
Vitamin C in Fruits and 469, 479 Literacy Scores, 486 Pulse Rates of Identical
Vegetables, 462, 470 Number of Words in a Novel, Mathematical Skills, 533 Twins, 506
Youth Smoking, 450, 458 441, 449 Medical School Enrollments, 494 Sleeping Brain, Not at Rest, 535
Pages in Romance Novels, Out-of-State Tuitions, 494 Vaccination Rates in Nursing
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
474, 484 Reading Program, 526 Homes, 477, 511, 532
Burning Calories by Playing
Reducing Errors in Grammar, 506 Weights of Newborn Infants, 490
Tennis, 429, 437
Exercise to Reduce Stress, Retention Test Scores, 505 Psychology and Human Behavior
CHAPTER 9 Teachers’ Salaries, 485, 493,
450, 458 Bullying, 517
Fans of Professional Baseball, Testing the Difference 526, 531 Mistakes in a Song, 506
450, 458 Between Two Means, Testing After Review, 531 Problem-Solving Ability, 486
Tuition Costs for Medical Self-Esteem Scores, 486
Football Injuries, 450, 458 Two Proportions, and
Games Played by NBA Scoring School, 526 Smoking and Education, 514
Two Variances Undergraduate Financial Aid, 516
Leaders, 472, 482 Toy Assembly Test, 506
Buildings and Structures Women Science Majors, 485
Golf Scores, 462, 470 Public Health and Nutrition
Heights of NBA Players, 428, 436 Ages of Homes, 494
Entertainment Calories in Ice Cream, 526
Joggers’ Oxygen Uptake, Apartment Rental Fees, 533
Hours Spent Watching Carbohydrates in Candy, 493, 526
439, 447 Heights of Tall Buildings, 526
Television, 493 Cholesterol Levels, 502, 533
Step to It with Pedometers, Heights of World Famous
Television Watching, 486 Heart Rates of Smokers, 522
420, 428 Cathedrals, 531
Home Prices, 485, 487 Environmental Sciences, the Hypertension, 515
Surveys and Culture Earth, and Space
Business, Management, Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Breakfast Survey, 474, 484 Air Quality, 505 Batting Averages, 495
and Work
Caffeinated Beverage Survey, Average Temperatures, 531 College Sports Offerings, 482
Animal Bites of Postal
474, 484 High and Low Temperatures, 531 Golf Scores, 506
Workers, 515
Survey on Vitamin Usage, 474, 484 Lengths of Major Rivers, 484 Heights of Basketball
Interview Errors, 516
Technology Winter Temperatures, 526 Players, 534
Male and Female Workers, 512
Cell Phone Bills, 442, 450 Medical Supply Sales, 516 Food and Dining Hockey’s Highest Scorers, 494
Cell Phone Call Lengths, 442, 450 Senior Workers, 516 Prices of Low-Calorie Home Runs, 483
Facebook Friends, 427, 435 Too Long on the Telephone, 492 Foods, 533 Miniature Golf Scores, 494
Internet Visits, 442, 450 Soft Drinks in School, 531 NFL Salaries, 494
Demographics and Population
MP3 Ownership, 471, 481 PGA Golf Scores, 506
Characteristics Government, Taxes, Politics,
Radio Ownership, 474, 484 Public Policy, and Voting Surveys and Culture
Ages of Gamblers, 493
Time Online, 470, 480 Desire to Be Rich, 515
Ages of Hospital Patients, 527 Money Spent on Road Repair, 534
Transferring Phone Calls, Dog Ownership, 515
County Size in Indiana and Monthly Social Security
461, 469 Sleep Report, 506
Iowa, 526 Benefits, 485
The Sciences Family Incomes, 533 Partisan Support of Salary Smoking Survey, 516
Hog Weights, 467, 475 Heights of 9-Year-Olds, 485 Increase Bill, 515 Survey on Inevitability of
Plant Leaf Lengths, 472, 482 Male Head of Household, 534 Tax-Exempt Properties, 493 War, 515
xxii Index of Applications

Technology Law and Order: Criminal Justice Economics and Investment Paying for Prescriptions, 600
Cell Phones, 531 Can Temperature Predict Crime?, Pension Investments, 634 Risk of Injury, 635
The Sciences 539, 584 Tire Prices, 628 Hospitals and Cesarean Delivery
Egg Production, 533 Crimes, 553, 561 Student Loans, 628 Rates, 615
Wolf Pack Pups, 525 Manufacturing and Product Annual Child Care Costs, 629 Psychology and Human Behavior
Development Average Debt of College Combatting Midday
Transportation
Copy Machine Maintenance Graduates, 630 Drowsiness, 599
Airline On-Time Arrivals, 516
Costs, 576 Education and Testing Does Color Affect Your
Airport Passengers, 523
Automatic Transmissions, 524 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Ages of Head Start Program Appetite?, 617
Commuting Times, 485 and Experiments Students, 600 Happiness and Income, 611
Commuting Times for College Coffee Not Disease Culprit, 552 Assessment of Mathematics Foreign Language Speaking
Students, 486 Father’s and Son’s Weights, 563 Students, 600 Dorms, 615
Gasoline Prices, 494 Fireworks and Injuries, 563 College Degree Recipients, 600 Colors That Make You
Seat Belt Use, 515 Medical Specialties and Education Level of Adults, 594 Smarter, 627
Gender, 583 Student Majors at Colleges, 614 Television Viewing Time, 629
Travel and Leisure Number of Pupils in a Class, 630
Prescription Drug Prices, 585 Study Groups and Professors, 615
Bestseller Books, 493 Volunteer Practices of Public Health and Nutrition
Driving for Pleasure, 530 Public Health and Nutrition
Students, 616 Sodium Content of Foods, 628
Jet Ski Accidents, 533 Carbohydrates and Kilocalories,
554, 562 Entertainment Healthy Eating, 628
Leisure Time, 481, 483, 515
Fat and Cholesterol, 585 Record CDs Sold, 615 Calories in Fast-Food
Museum Attendance, 527
Protein and Diastolic Blood State Lottery Numbers, 601 Sandwiches, 630
Pressure, 583 Television Viewing, 637 Carbohydrates in Cereals, 635
CHAPTER 10 Grams of Fat Per Pizza
Water and Carbohydrates, Environmental Sciences, the
Correlation and Regression 554, 562 Earth, and Space
Serving, 635
Tornadoes, 634 Iron Content of Food and
Buildings and Structures Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Temperatures in January, 636 Drinks, 636
Tall Buildings, 554, 562 Bowling Scores, 554, 562
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Business, Management, NHL Assists and Total Points, Food and Dining
554, 562 Injuries on Monkey Bars, 616
and Work Consumption of Takeout
Touchdowns and QB Ratings, 583 Sports Preferences of Males and
Typing Speed and Word Foods, 637
Triples and Home Runs, 554, 562 Females, 609
Processing, 583 Fruit Soda Flavor Preference, 592
Types of Pitches Thrown, 634
Transportation Genetically Modified Food, 599
Demographics and Population Youth Physical Fitness, 615
Characteristics Car Rental Companies, 542, 546, Restaurants and Types of Meals
Weight Gain of Athletes, 628
Age and Cavities, 585 557, 560 Purchased, 613
Prices of Athletic Shoes, 637
Age and Net Worth, 563 Driver’s Age and Accidents, 583 Skittles Color Distribution, 598
Surveys and Culture
Life Expectancies, 554, 562 Stopping Distances, 551, 561 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Public Policy, and Voting
Participation in a Market Research
Age and Driving Accidents, 585
Economics and Investment Survey, 615
Congressional
Oil and Gas Prices, 553, 561 Travel and Leisure
Representatives, 614 Technology
Passengers and Airline Fares, 582
Education and Testing Number of State Parks, 635 Internet Users, 600
Absences and Final Grades, 543, Satellite Dishes in Restricted
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
546, 558, 563 CHAPTER 11 Areas, 613
Firearm Deaths, 595, 600
Alumni Contributions, 553, 562 Chi-Square and Analysis Gun Sale Denials, 633 The Sciences
Class Size and Grades, 554, 562 Endangered or Threatened
Faculty and Students, 554, 562
of Variance (ANOVA) Violent Crimes, 614
Species, 614
Literacy Rates, 554, 562 Business, Management, Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Behavior
Statistics and Heredity, 589, 634
SAT Scores, 563 and Work
Displaced Workers, 633 Grocery Lists, 616 Transportation
Entertainment Music Sales, 599 On-Time Performance by
Education Level and Health
Commercial Movie Releases, Pennant Colors Purchased, 637 Airlines, 599
Insurance, 600
553, 561 Types of Shopping Bags Truck Colors, 600
Employment of High School
Television Viewers, 563 Used, 599 Types of Automobiles
Females, 635
Environmental Sciences, the Employment Satisfaction, 637 Expenditures Per Pupil, 629 Purchased, 600
Earth, and Space Ethnicity and Movie Cell Phone Bills, 629 Hybrid Vehicles, 628
Coal Production, 563 Admissions, 614 Microwave Oven Prices, 629 Lengths of Various Types of
Deaths from Lightning, 583 Health Insurance Coverage, 635 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Bridges, 635
Energy Consumption, 554, 562 Job Loss Reasons, 637 and Experiments Travel and Leisure
Farm Acreage, 563 Mothers Working Outside the Cardiovascular Procedures, 635 Recreational Reading and
Forest Fires and Acres Burned, Home, 615 Effectiveness of a New Gender, 615
553, 562 Population and Age, 614 Drug, 615 Thanksgiving Travel, 616
Government, Taxes, Politics, Women in the Military, 614 Fathers in the Delivery Travel Accident Fatalities, 633
Public Policy, and Voting Workforce Distribution, 615 Room, 616 Miles Per Gallon, 624
State Debt and Per Capita Tax, Unemployment Time and Type of Hospitals and Infections, 607 Employees and Toll Road
553, 562 Injury, 614 Organ Transplantation, 614 Interchanges, 625
The Nature
1
of Probability
and Statistics

STATISTICS TODAY
Is Higher Education “Going Digital”?
Today many students take college courses online and use eBooks.
OUTLINE
Also, many students use a laptop, smartphone, or computer tablet in
Introduction
the classroom. With the increased use of technology, some ques- 1–1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
tions about the effectiveness of this technology have been raised. 1–2 Variables and Types of Data
For example, 1–3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques
How many colleges and universities offer online courses? 1–4 Experimental Design
1–5 Computers and Calculators
Do students feel that the online courses are equal in value to
the traditional classroom presentations? Summary

Approximately how many students take online courses now?

Will the number of students who take online courses increase
OBJECTIVES
in the future? After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Has plagiarism increased since the advent of computers and 1 Demonstrate knowledge of statistical terms.
the Internet?
2 Differentiate between the two branches of
Do laptops, smartphones, and tablets belong in the statistics.
classroom?
3 Identify types of data.
Have colleges established any guidelines for the use of laptops,
smartphones, and tablets? 4 Identify the measurement level for each
variable.
To answer these questions, Pew Research Center conducted a
5 Identify the four basic sampling techniques.
study of college graduates and college presidents in 2011. The pro-
6 Explain the difference between an
cedures they used and the results of the study are explained in this
observational and an experimental study.
chapter. See Statistics Today—Revisited at the end of the chapter.
7 Explain how statistics can be used and
misused.

8 Explain the importance of computers and

calculators in statistics.

1–1
2 Chapter 1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics

Introduction
You may be familiar with probability and statistics through radio, television, newspapers,
and magazines. For example, you may have read statements like the following found in
newspapers.
• The FBI reported that violent crimes were down by 6.4% in 2011.
• USA TODAY reported that the average college graduate student loan debt was about
$19,000.
U n u s u a l Stats • The College Stress and Mental Illness Poll reported that 85% of college and
university students reported feeling stress daily; 77% reported stress from school
Of people in the United
work, and 74% experienced stress from grades.
States, 14% said that
they feel happiest in • The Occupational Outlook Handbook reported that the median hourly wage for a
June, and 14% said that registered nurse was $31.10 per hour.
they feel happiest in • Reader’s Digest reported that the average cost of using a plasma television is
December. $0.1152 per hour.
• In 2013, the number of sales of smartphones is estimated to be 832.5 million units
globally.
Statistics is used in almost all fields of human endeavor. In sports, for example, a stat-
Interesting Fact istician may keep records of the number of yards a running back gains during a football
Every day in the United game, or the number of hits a baseball player gets in a season. In other areas, such as pub-
States about 120 golfers lic health, an administrator might be concerned with the number of residents who contract
claim that they made a a new strain of flu virus during a certain year. In education, a researcher might want to
hole-in-one. know if new methods of teaching are better than old ones. These are only a few examples
of how statistics can be used in various occupations.
Furthermore, statistics is used to analyze the results of surveys and as a tool in scien-
tific research to make decisions based on controlled experiments. Other uses of statistics
include operations research, quality control, estimation, and prediction.

Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize,

analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
Historical Note
There are several reasons why you should study statistics.
A Scottish landowner and
president of the Board of 1. Like professional people, you must be able to read and understand the various sta-
Agriculture, Sir John tistical studies performed in your fields. To have this understanding, you must be
Sinclair introduced the knowledgeable about the vocabulary, symbols, concepts, and statistical procedures
word statistics into the used in these studies.
English language in 2. You may be called on to conduct research in your field, since statistical procedures
the 1798 publication of are basic to research. To accomplish this, you must be able to design experiments;
his book on a statistical collect, organize, analyze, and summarize data; and possibly make reliable predic-
account of Scotland. The tions or forecasts for future use. You must also be able to communicate the results
word statistics is derived of the study in your own words.
from the Latin word
3. You can also use the knowledge gained from studying statistics to become better
status, which is loosely
consumers and citizens. For example, you can make intelligent decisions about
defined as a statesman.
what products to purchase based on consumer studies, about government spending
based on utilization studies, and so on.
These reasons can be considered some of the goals for studying statistics.
It is the purpose of this chapter to introduce the goals for studying statistics by
answering questions such as the following:
What are the branches of statistics?
What are data?
How are samples selected?
1–2
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
first stages; the effect was too powerful, and extended over too long
a time.
The effect of opium, the reader must bear in mind, always lasts
twenty-four hours; but its higher, more refined and stimulating
influence exists but a few hours, when it sinks into the soporific
effect, which extends over the remainder of the time. In the
advanced stages of the opium habit, the stimulating influence, if
there be any at all, lasts but a few minutes. I mean, that is, the
pleasurable sensation and revival of the spirits; there may be at
times or always an almost imperceptible stimulation which obtains a
short time after taking a dose of opium, but this is an effect entirely
different from the pleasurable sensation, though it may exist with or
follow it for a short time. This I may term stimulation without
sensation. A person’s body may be so deadened by opium that it can
no longer produce sensation, but may produce slight stimulation for
a short time. One may become conscious of this by an increase of
power in the faculties of the brain, and in the temporary removal of
the obstructions that weigh upon the brain, and which the poor
opium eater so often suffers from. “Suffers from?” Days upon days
my head has felt as though it were encircled by an iron helmet,
which was gradually becoming more and more contracted, until it
would literally crush my skull. Add to this the distress so often
experienced in the region of the epigastrium (pit of the stomach),
which, perhaps, more at one time than another, but which does
always, impair the working of the brain for the time being, and often
cuts off almost totally the use of the mind, and what is left of a man
mentally is very little indeed. Yet all these miseries he must endure,
and more; but of these in the proper place, for we must now return
to the subject properly in hand,—the first stages of opium eating,—
from which I beg the reader’s pardon for having digressed too far.
 CHAPTER IX.
De Quincey versus Coleridge.—Stimulation
and Collapse Considered.—The Use of
Opium always to be Condemned.—
Coleridge Defended.—Wretched State
of the Opium Eater.—An Explanatory
Remark.

D E QUINCEY charges Coleridge with having written many of his

best things under the stimulus of opium. This may be so; he
could not well write at all without being in some way affected by
opium, seeing that he took it every day; but if this applied to the
latter stage of opium eating (and I have reason to think it did), the
little pleasurable sensation and stimulation he might well take
advantage of, as at other times his condition must have been such
as to interfere greatly with his writing at all to any purpose. But if
this applied to the first stages, and he continued on writing after the
stimulation and pleasurable sensation had subsided, his writings
must have presented a very zigzag appearance; passing suddenly
from the height of pleasure to the depth of misery—falling from the
top round of stimulation and enjoyment to the lowest depth of
dejection and debility. For it was my invariable experience during the
first stages, that for every benefit received in intellectual force from
stimulation, I suffered a corresponding injury or offset in the mental
debility and prostration which ensued. The reaction that always
followed the long strain of stimulation upon the brain, found me
completely wilted and mentally exhausted. Up to the heights and
down into the depths was the routine. Glorying in the skies or
sweltering in the Styx. Like Sisyphus rolling his stone of punishment
up the steep mountain, with which he no sooner reaches the top
than away it rebounds to the bottom again, and so on eternally.
In the latter stages, an opium eater cannot be blamed for taking
advantage of the little pleasurable sensation which his nepenthe
affords him. The enjoyment he gets lasts but a moment, and would
not equal the pleasure derived by a healthy and sound man from the
simple act of writing. And, as far as power gained from stimulation is
concerned, the reader must remember that opium shatters, tears,
and wears out the subject as it goes, and that all the benefit he
could derive from stimulation, after having become an habituate,
could not place his powers upon a level with what they would have
been naturally had he never touched opium.
De Quincey speaks of Coleridge as though the latter had denounced
opium, and not given it credit for benefits conferred, when the truth
is it confers no benefits. It gives, but it takes away, and the highest
point stimulation can reach will not elevate a man’s abilities to the
plane from which they have fallen, in the latter and confirmed stages
of the habit. Therefore, a man can justly and always condemn the
use of opium, even while taking advantage of its best
manifestations. It is he that is the loser at all times, and not it. The
case I wish to make out is just this: When a man is once a
confirmed opium eater, all the pleasure he can derive from opium
would not equal the enjoyment a well man receives from the animal
spirits alone; and all the intellectual force obtainable from
stimulation can never approach that which would have been his own
freely in a natural condition. Hence, to charge Coleridge with
ingratitude to opium—for that is about what it amounts to—is all
bosh. It ruined him for poetry, crippled him for everything, and made
his life miserable. He did the best he could under the circumstances,
—to continue the argument. Had he written at all times without
regard to his condition, in the first stages the ravages following
stimulation would have so undone his mind, that it would have fallen
far short of its natural ability; and had he written from stimulation
clear through reaction, his compositions would have been lop-sided
things indeed. Or, had he in the advanced stages abnegated the
short and only period of intellectual complacency afforded him by
opium, and written only during the wretched condition which
generally subsists, his productions must of necessity have been more
gloomy, and less able than they are. He had to make the most of his
unfortunate situation, and seize his opportunities as they presented.
It was impossible to write at all times and in all conditions, and
hence he disappointed the expectations of many. Yes, and who
blamed him for lacking energy? Oh, ignorant men! When an opium
eater, himself surrounded by the same circumstances and in the
same condition as Coleridge, contemplates the results of his labors,
they seem almost miraculous. And let me tell you, dear reader, they
are almost my only source of hope and consolation in this my
proscribed and benighted state. In life, but not living; a man, but
incapable of the happiness and pleasures of man. Nothing but
darkness and dejection is my lot. Cut off forever, irretrievably cut off,
from almost every social enjoyment. If I have a particle of
enjoyment, it is very faint and vague; dim as the filmy line that
divides me from the world and those in it, and all that enjoy this life.
Wretched dejection and despair are mine; my mind a “Stygian cave
forlorn,” which breeds “horrid shapes and shrieks and sights unholy.”
But it seems the peculiar province of those so happy as to escape
this earthly damnation, to deride and blame for want of energy and
force the poor victim—perhaps to the crime of some one else,—and
nothing but black looks and condemnation from his fellow-man does
he receive; he, from whom even the face of his Maker seems almost
turned away, as he winds his weary pilgrimage through a chaos of
unutterable woe down to his soon-forgotten grave.
“Here lies one who prostituted every human gift to the use of
opium,” is the verdict upon a life of more suffering and more effort,
perhaps, than appears in the life of one in ten thousand.
For, be it known, everything accomplished by an opium eater is done
in the sweat of blood, and with the load of Atlas weighing upon the
spirit.
But the reader must pardon me. I seem to gravitate naturally
towards the results in the latter stages, to which a great part of that
I have just written must apply,—especially where I speak of one
having a right to denounce opium “always, even while taking
advantage of its best manifestations.” Before opium has injured a
man, and in the very commencement of the habit, should he wilfully
use the drug as a means of giving him pleasure, and brilliancy to his
mind, when the requirements of the habit do not make the taking of
the opium necessary, he is to blame; but let him long continue in
this practice, and he will find to his sorrow that all the mental power
the stimulation of opium can give him would not equal that of his
natural abilities, unincumbered by the habit.
 CHAPTER X.
The Delusions and Miseries of the First Stages of Opium Eating.

F ROM the first unlucky indulgence “till he that died to-day,” the
habitual use of opium is attended with gloom, despondency, and
unhappiness.
The victim takes his first dose and feels exalted, serene, confident.
His intellectual faculties are so adjusted that he needs but call and
they obey; discipline and order reign. His load of care, the tedium of
life, his aches and pains, and “the spurns that patient merit of the
unworthy takes,” are all lifted from his shoulders, as the sun lifts the
mist-clouds from the river, and care-soothing peace in rich
effulgence smiles in upon his soul. The beams pour in, the clouds
disperse, and all is bright as noonday.
But this calm is only that which precedes the storm. The nerves, that
system of exquisite mechanism in man, have been interfered with
and abused. There has been an unnatural strain; the harmony of
tension has been disturbed and deranged, and now, instead of
discipline and equanimity, cruel disorder and distraction rule the
hour, and collapse and utter exhaustion follow.
The above is the great axis around which all these following “petty
consequences” revolve. They appear and disappear in their proper
orbit according to the law of nature and of opium. One is here to-
day, another present to-morrow, or each in turn present at different
times during a day, or all of them present at once as effect follows
cause. It may be impossible to remember all of these “small
annexments” and “petty consequences” that participate in, and go to
make up, the “boisterous ruin,” but among which gloom and
melancholy take a position in the front rank:—melancholy when
under the influence of opium, and gloomy and dispirited when not. A
sickening, death-like sensation about the heart; a self-accusing
sense of having committed some wrong,—of being guilty before
God; a load of fear and trembling, continually abide with and
oppress the victim in the first stages;—but more especially when the
influence of the drug is dying away. During the height of stimulation,
these feelings are submerged to a great extent by the more
generous and exciting influence of the drug that causes them; but
this period forms but a short space in the total of an opium eater’s
existence.
Great nervousness attends the subsiding of the effect of opium, and
one is much torn and distracted in mind. General shakiness ensues.
Unreliability of intellect or capacity, owing to the up-hill and down-
dale of stimulation and its antitheton, collapse: a result of the
tearing of the brain out by the roots, as it were, and the exhaustion
and debility consequent.
One is often weighed and found wanting, called upon and not at
home, mentally. Great shame and mortification attend this
consequence, as one in this nerveless, enfeebled state is morbidly
sensitive. Opium usurps the function of nerve, and is nerve in the
victim. Without it he is a ship without sails, an engine without steam,
—loose, unscrewed, unjointed, powerless. As the effect of opium
passes off, a deep feeling of gloom settles upon the heart, such as
might follow suddenly and unexpectedly hearing the death-knell of a
dear friend. In this condition, at times the most painful, remorseful,
despairing thoughts stream in like vultures upon a carcass. One
exists either in a sickening, unnatural excitement, or in a gloomy
suspension and stagnation of every faculty. One state follows the
other in solemn succession, as long as the habit is continued, which
is generally until the victim has passed the boundaries of this
“breathing world,” and the gates of death are closed and forever
barred behind him; or until he becomes a tough, seasoned, and
dried-out opium eater, when the drug no longer has the power to
stimulate him.
Could one go into the habit of taking opium fully advised as to its
various effects and results, he might avoid a great deal of
inconvenience and suffering usually entailed upon the novice.
In my own case, knowing nothing of the peculiar secondary effects
of opium upon the physical system, I paid the penalty of my
ignorance in continual derangements and distress in my stomach
and bowels. Not knowing when or how to take it to the best
advantage, constantly threw me into spells of indigestion, loss of
appetite, and diarrhœa; also constipation and distress in the
epigastrium. I was taking morphia for the headache, and if the
intermission “in this kind” were prolonged beyond a certain time, the
result was diarrhœa, and a general confounding of the entire
stomachic apparatus. I did not then observe myself so closely as I
have learned to do since, or I should have noticed the conjunction of
circumstances that caused this derangement. Had I taken the
morphia at proper intervals, this would not have occurred; but I was
not aware of that fact, and did not become acquainted with it until
months after, when I consulted a physician, on the eve of making an
attempt to renounce the habit. Allowing too long a period of time to
elapse between doses, threw me into this disorder; additional
distress and inconvenience were incurred by taking the drug at the
wrong time in the day, and at an improper distance from meals. As
to the dose, I have nothing to say. How much better or worse I may
have felt, taking a different quantity as a dose, I cannot imagine. I
can only speak of what I finally observed and learned after
reploughed, resowed, and rereaped experience. Allowing too long a
time to elapse between doses, occasioned loss of appetite,
disorganized the stomach, and prevented digestion; and taking the
drug at the wrong time in the day, and at an improper distance from
a meal, constipated me, and gave me distress in the epigastrium.
This distress in the epigastrium was terrible on the nervous system,
and rendered the mind almost impotent and powerless for the time
it lasted. Likewise, taking the medicine at wrong times, would
sometimes cause my food to lodge in me whilst passing through my
intestines. This was one of the most potent causes of misery with
which it was my unfortunate lot to be afflicted. My food would
frequently be arrested in the lower bowels, where it would seem
determined to abide with me forever, cutting me like a sharp-
cornered stone, rendering me almost wild with nervous distress, and
almost entirely dethroning my mind for the time being. It was a
perfect hell-rack, and sometimes lasted for days. I could do but little
during these spells, and that little not well, having no command over
my nervous system. They generally left me relaxed and exhausted. A
prolonged series of attacks of this kind so impaired my mind, that it
required considerable time thereafter to recover. These attacks came
the nearest realizing the torments of hell upon earth, complete,
unabrogated, or unabridged, of anything I ever suffered.
When stimulated by morphia taken by the hypodermic syringe,
unless I would continue reading, with my mind concentrated, I soon
got into a state of mental distraction. Loss of sleep at night comes in
at about this point. This punishment for outraging the laws of nature
by the use of opium began to scourge me after I had quit taking it
hypodermically, and had commenced taking it daily and by the
mouth.[3] Any one who has suffered much from the terrors of
sleeplessness—inability to sleep at night—can understand and
appreciate my condition during this time.
Loss of sleep, and getting physically out of order incessantly through
my ignorance of the secondary effects of opium, and from the
effects thereof which no foreknowledge could have avoided, kept me
in a state of mind bordering on that of Phlegyas in ancient
mythology, who was punished by having an immense stone
suspended over his head, which perpetually threatened to fall and
crush him. I dreaded the advent of each new day, not knowing what
agony or discomfiture it had in store for me.
I neglected to mention in the proper place that which, perhaps, is
too much of a truism to be referred to at all,—that, as far as a
person’s nerves and spirits are concerned, the farther away he is
from a dose of opium, the better he feels in this respect, no matter
what inconvenience he may undergo in others. I mean, the longer
time he allows to elapse between doses, the more cheerful and less
shaky he will feel. In the prostration that ensues after the relaxation
of stimulation, one is truly and indeed miserable in every respect,
and goes down into the very depths of despondency and gloom. The
period I refer to now is, when nature has reascended from the
dismal realms of “Cerberus and blackest midnight,” and has
recovered somewhat from the baleful and crucifying effects of
opium; in fact, when the effect of the drug has passed out of the
system for the time. Nature commences to assert herself, and would
fully recover her wonted vigor and spirit, did not the drug-damned
victim resume again the hell-invented curse. The diarrhœa and other
inconveniences and disorders in the stomach and bowels that now
set in, are simply the result of nature’s effort to throw off the
hideous fiend poisoning and destroying her very life. And just here is
shown what a terrible violation of the laws of nature the habitual use
of opium constitutes. Its action I can compare to nothing more justly
than to that of a powerful man knocking down a delicate one as fast
as he arises; or, to the tempest-tossed sea washing a mariner
ashore, who no sooner rises to his feet than he is caught back by
the cruel waves again, repeating the process until at last, faint and
exhausted, his life is quenched in the remorseless flood; or, to the
mythological fable of Tityus, who, for having the temerity to insult
Diana, was cast into Tartarus: there,
“Two ravenous vultures, furious for their food,
Scream o’er the fiend, and riot in his blood;
Incessant gore the liver in his breast;
The immortal liver grows, and gives the immortal feast.”
Its hatred of the laws of health is undying, and is only equalled by
its power and facility of destruction; its cruel, persistent, and
merciless warfare on the human system, and its eternal antagonism
to, and annihilation of, human happiness.
 CHAPTER XI.
Latter Stages.—The Opium Appetite.—Circean
Power of Opium.—As a Medicine.—
Difference between Condition of Victim
in Primary and Secondary Stages.

I AM no physician, and not learned in physiology, therefore I cannot

enter into a learned analysis of the opium appetite. Neither have I
read any books upon the subject. I know nothing about the matter
save from my own observation or experience. But whether I know
why this is true, or that is so, or not, one fact I am entirely
conscious of, and that is, that in this appetite abides the enslaving
power of opium. The influences of opium in the latter stages would
not have such an attraction for the habituate but that he could easily
forego them; but the appetite comes in and makes him feel that he
must have opium if he has existence, and there is an end to all
resistance. Here dwell the Circean spells of opium. Should one
become accustomed to large doses, or rather a large quantity per
diem, it is almost impossible to induce the mind to take less, for fear
of falling to pieces, going into naught, etc. It seems in such a state
that existence would be insupportable were a reduction made. An
intense fear of being plunged into an abyss of darkness and despair
besets the mind. Hence the opium eater goes on ever increasing
until his final doom.
Opium as a medicine is a grand and powerful remedy, and without a
substitute, though as imperfectly understood in its complex action
and far-reaching consequences by the mass of the medical
profession as by the people at large. Its abstruser mysteries and
remoter effects are yet to be discovered and developed by the
science of physic.
When the true nature of opium becomes generally known (and by
the word nature I mean all the possibilities for good and evil
embraced in the medical properties of the drug), the poor victim of
its terrors will be taken by the hand and sympathized with by his
fellow-man, instead of being ostracized from society, and treated
with contempt and reprehension, as he now is.
The difference between the condition of the victim in the primary, as
contrasted with that in the secondary or advanced stages, consists in
this: Of course, it is a self-evident proposition, from the description I
have given of the effects of opium, that the longer a human being is
subjected to the suffering it inflicts, the worse he will look, feel, and
actually be. But to take the same man out of the advanced stages,
and compare him with himself in the first stages, there will be found
difference enough between the two living testimonies to the power
of opium to interest the investigator, and repay him for the labor
required to make the comparison. In the first stages, opium commits
its ravages on the human system by expansion and explosion; in the
after stages, it does its work by contraction and compression; the
weary victim totters beneath a heavy load.
In the first stages he has occasional periods of enjoyment; in the
latter he has none; he is so benumbed by opium as to be incapable
of enjoyment. Temporary manumission from positive pain or distress
only brings out into stronger relief his miserable situation. He sees
and feels that he is not happy; cannot be at his best; and yet his
sensibilities are so impervious to all deep feeling, that it is impossible
for him to give way to the luxury of weeping,—the solace of tears.
His heart is as “dry” and as dead “as summer dust.” The same
numbness and deadness isolate him from the enjoyment of the
society of his fellow-man. He has lost all capacity or capability to
enjoy. He likewise has lost all interest in the things in which mankind
generally take pleasure. He has lost all power to take interest in
them. The world to him is a “sterile promontory,” a “foul and
pestilent congregation of vapors.” “Man delights not him.”
In addition to the general deadness of the sensibilities, the buried-
alive condition of the victim, he suffers daily misery and sometimes
agony from the abnormal condition of the stomach and bowels
produced by opium. The stomach is dry and hard,—dead as the rest
of the physical man. The least variation in the dose deranges
everything, and brings on a horrible indigestion. This, whether the
variation be on the side of less or more; each holds in store its
peculiar retribution for law violated. Too little may have some
appetite (and may not), but no digestion. Too much may have a little
appetite, but no digestion. In either case there may be no appetite
at all. To subtract a certain quantity would be certain to upset the
stomach, both for appetite and digestion. To add a certain quantity,
would be to so benumb the stomach as to prevent all appetite,
relish, and digestion. In the one case—too little—it is a lack of
strength in the stomach; in the other—too much—the organ is
already satiated by opium, and desires no food.
During the seasons of taking too much (that is, per day, and not per
dose), that frequently assail the opium eater, and which, as I have
before stated, it is almost impossible to break up, the poor
unfortunate passes “a weary time,” silent, passive, dead, in the day;
at night deprived of natural sleep; arising in the morning in a suicidal
state of mind, he lives “an unloved, solitary thing;” knowing himself
to be miserable, yet dreading other evils from taking less; until at
last, nature becoming exhausted, sickness, and consequent distaste
for, and failure of effect in, opium come to his relief. O God! O God!
believe me, reader, ’tis no chimera: I suffer daily untold misery, and
some days my wretched condition is almost intolerable.
The inability to take a reasonable quantity is, of course, one of the
greatest misfortunes in the habit of opium eating. Jeremy Taylor
says that in the regenerate person it sometimes comes to pass that
the “old man” is so used to obey that, like the Gibeonites, he is
willing to do inferior offices for the simple privilege of abiding in the
land. Not so with the opium fiend; he thinks it better to “reign in hell
than to serve in heaven;” his reign is absolute wherever he takes up
his residence. “There is a medium in all things” except opium eating;
there it is up hill and down dale; the poor victim is tossed about like
a mariner at sea. But, speaking of mariners, his condition is more
like that of the “Ancient Mariner” than is the condition of any one
else like his. To him frequently in dreams, both day and night,
“Slimy things do crawl with legs upon the slimy sea.”
There was a period in my experience, now happily passed, thank
heaven, when day or night I need only shut my eyes to see groups
of enormous sea-monsters and serpents, with frightful heads, coiling
and intercoiling about one another. You may, dear reader, whoever
you are, rest assured that I indulged this privilege as seldom as
possible. During that season, too, I suffered acutely from horrible
dreams at night, waking in depths of gloom so appalling, so
overpowered and undone, that I could not have borne it to have
remained alone. Indeed, I became so afflicted with these nightmares
(night horrors being the products of opium), that my wife was
charged to turn me clear over and wake me up on the least evidence
that I was suffering from one of them. This evidence, she said, came
from me in the character of low, painful moans; I, conscious of my
predicament when at the worst, always struggled with all my
strength, and strained every nerve to cry out at the top of my voice:
—I was perfectly powerless. I have always thought it the acme of
the ridiculous to attribute to the peculiar formation of De Quincey’s
brain a special aptitude for dreaming magnificent dreams. Let any
one, bold enough to undertake so costly an experiment, try the
virtues of opium in the capacity of producing dreams, and, my word
for it, he will either claim a special aptitude for dreaming himself, or,
with me, give all the credit to the subtle and mighty powers of
opium.
CHAPTER XII.
 The Address of the Opium Eater.—How he
Occupies his Time.—The Refuge of
Solitude and Silence.—Indifference to
Society or Company.—Disposition,
Predilections, and General Conduct.

T HE opium eater has but a poor address. The sources of all

feeling and geniality are frozen up; he stands stiff, cold, and out
of place: or in place as a piece of statuary, to be looked at, as, for
instance, the statue of the god of pain, or as a specimen from the
contents of Pandora’s box. He is kind and sincere, but cordial he
cannot be. His personal appearance is not inviting: shrunken and
sallow, and with the air of a man who desires to escape and hide.
Business matters and interviews of all kinds are consummated with
the greatest possible despatch, and away he goes to some solitary
retreat. If he is a business man, he of course must get through with
the affairs of the day the best he can; as soon as through with
these, he hies with speed to things congenial to his soul.[4] Books
and literature are his favorite studies; they constitute his greatest
and most constant enjoyment. Sitting in his chair, he alternately
reads, writes, and dozes. Solitude and silence are his refuge and
fortress, and his chiefest friends: companions of his own choosing.
Visitors and company of all kinds are intruders. That this is so is not
his fault as a man; it is the result of opium. Opium has unfitted him
for the enjoyment of the society of mixed companies, and it is
perhaps better that it isolates him also, which secures him from
mortification to himself and grief to his friends.
The disposition of the opium eater is mild and quiet, as a rule. All
passion is dead,—unless the wretched irritability which comes from
loss of natural sleep and other suffering caused by opium can be
called passion. His general conduct is mild, simple, and child-like. All
the animal is dormant, quite dead. The beautiful, the good, the free
from sham, the genuine and unaffected, meet his approval. Anything
that shocks by suddenness, that is obtrusive and noisy, he desires to
be out of the reach of. Quiet and solitude, with those he loves within
call, are his proper element.
Note.—Among the ever-living cares and worriments that
beset and afflict the much-tortured mind of the opium
eater, the dread of being thrown out of employment, with
consequent inability to procure opium, is not the least.
And it begets a species of slavery at once abject and
galling,—galling to the “better part of man,” which it
“cows;” and abject, in the perfect fear and sense of
helplessness which it creates.
The opium eater is not an attractive personage. The
appearance is even worse than the reality. He looks weak
and inefficient; the lack-lustre of his eye, the pallor of his
face, and the offishness of his general expression, are the
reverse of fascinating. This he knows, and feels keenly
and continually. He feels absolutely dependent, and that,
were he thrown out of employment, it might be utterly
impossible to obtain another situation, with his tell-tale
disadvantages arrayed like open informers against him.
This is a contingent and collateral consequence,
dependent upon the position in life occupied by the victim;
but where the party is poor, though collateral as it were,
as I have above said, it is not the least among the ills that
afflict the unfortunate opium eater.
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