Hockey athletics and Tug Of war

1. a) Common Injuries in Sports (5 Marks)

1. Sprains: Injuries to ligaments caused by overstretching or tearing.

2. Strains: Muscle or tendon injuries from overstretching or overuse.
3. Fractures: Broken bones resulting from falls or collisions.
4. Dislocations: Bones forced out of their normal positions at joints.
5. Concussions: Head injuries caused by impact or sudden movement.

1. b) Five Components of Athletics (5 Marks)

1. Sprints: Short-distance races emphasizing speed.

2. Middle-Distance Races: Races ranging from 800 meters to 1500 meters.
3. Long-Distance Races: Endurance events such as marathons.
4. Field Events: Includes jumping (e.g., high jump, long jump) and throwing (e.g., discus,
javelin).
5. Relays: Team events where athletes pass a baton to complete a race.

1. c) Rules Governing Relay Games (5 Marks)

1. Baton Exchange: The baton must be passed within the designated exchange zone.
2. Lane Discipline: Athletes must stay in their assigned lanes during the race.
3. No Throwing the Baton: The baton must be handed over, not thrown.
4. Dropped Baton: The athlete who dropped it must retrieve the baton without obstructing
others.
5. Start Timing: Athletes must start running only after receiving the baton.

1. d) Qualities of a Goalkeeper in Hockey (5 Marks)

1. Agility: Quick movements to block shots effectively.

2. Focus: High concentration throughout the game.
3. Reflexes: Rapid responses to unpredictable situations.
4. Communication: Ability to organize and direct the defense.
5. Bravery: Confidence to face fast-moving balls and challenging situations.
1. e) Equipment Used by a Goalkeeper in Hockey (5 Marks)

1. Helmet: Protects the head from impact.

2. Gloves: Provides grip and shields hands from injuries.
3. Pads: Guards legs and knees against fast-moving balls.
4. Stick: Used to block shots and clear the ball.
5. Chest Protector: Shields the upper body from impact.

1. f) Circumstances Under Which No Pull May Be Declared in Tug of War (5

Marks)

1. Fouls: Rule violations such as teams sitting or locking hands.

2. Illegal Equipment: Using unauthorized or unsafe gear.
3. Unfair Advantage: Unequal number of participants on either side.
4. Safety Concerns: Conditions where the game poses a risk to participants.
5. Premature Action: Teams pulling before the official signal to start.

Question Two

a) Conduct of hockey players during the game (10 Marks)

1. Fair Play: Players must abide by the rules and avoid any unsporting behavior.
2. Teamwork: Demonstrating coordination and collaboration with teammates.
3. Respect: Showing courtesy to opponents, officials, and teammates.
4. Adherence to Position: Staying within assigned roles on the field.
5. No Dangerous Play: Avoiding moves that could endanger others.
6. Obstruction Rule Compliance: Not blocking opponents unlawfully.
7. Proper Use of Equipment: Using the hockey stick responsibly and within game rules.
8. Penalty Awareness: Avoid actions that could lead to penalties.
9. Positive Communication: Engaging with teammates constructively.
10. Sportsmanship: Displaying a competitive spirit while respecting the game.

b) Duties of Officials

i) Chief Track Judge (5 Marks)

1. Supervise and ensure fairness during track events.

2. Confirm event timings and validate results.
3. Oversee compliance with rules.
 4. Handle protests or disputes.
5. Coordinate with other officials.

ii) Starter (5 Marks)

1. Ensure athletes start races fairly.

2. Signal the start with a whistle, pistol, or official device.
3. Monitor false starts and disqualify offenders.
4. Provide instructions to competitors.
5. Observe readiness and safety of athletes.

Question Three

a) Pulling Procedures in Tug of War (10 Marks)

1. Teams align on opposite sides of the rope.

2. Grip the rope without knots or loops.
3. Referee signals the start of the pull.
4. Each team pulls strategically without sitting or locking hands.
5. The team pulling the opposing marker beyond the designated line wins.

b) Difference Between 400m Hurdles and Steeplechase (10 Marks)

400m Hurdles

1. Standard length of 400 meters.

2. Requires jumping over ten evenly spaced hurdles.
3. No water jump involved.
4. Runs on a track.

Steeplechase

1. Long-distance race of 3000 meters.

2. Includes hurdles and water jumps.
3. Designed for track and field competitions.
4. Emphasizes stamina and technique.

Question Four

a) Duties of Clerk of the Course (10 Marks)

 1. Record and organize competitor details before races.
2. Ensure proper lane assignments.
3. Confirm athletes’ readiness and registration.
4. Oversee smooth running of cross-country competitions.
5. Manage technical arrangements.

b) Duties of Athletics Officials

i) Referee (5 Marks)

1. Enforce rules across events.

2. Resolve disputes during competitions.
3. Ensure fairness and compliance.
4. Oversee disqualifications if necessary.
5. Confirm results with other officials.

ii) Field Judges (5 Marks)

1. Evaluate field events like jumps and throws.

2. Measure distances accurately.
3. Monitor foul play and rule violations.
4. Record and validate attempts.
5. Ensure smooth functioning of events.

Question Five

a) Penalty Corner Procedure in Hockey (10 Marks)

1. Award the penalty corner for rule violations inside the circle.
2. Ball placed on the backline at the 10-meter mark.
3. Defenders position themselves behind the goal line.
4. Attackers organize outside the circle.
5. Ball is injected by a player to teammates outside the circle.
6. Attackers aim to score.

b) Obstruction in Hockey (6 Marks)

Occurs when a player blocks an opponent's ability to play the ball without attempting to play the
ball themselves.

c) Causes of Disqualification in Hurdling Races (4 Marks)

1. Knocking down hurdles intentionally.

2. Stepping outside assigned lanes.
3. False starts during the race.
 4. Avoiding hurdles instead of jumping.

QUESTION ONE

a) Tug-of-War Techniques (10 Marks)

1. The Rope Grip:

o Grip the rope firmly but avoid wrapping it around your hands to prevent injuries.
o Use an underhand grip to maintain a stronger hold and control during the pull.
2. The Stance:
o Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, placing one foot slightly behind for balance.
o Bend your knees slightly and lean back to utilize body weight effectively.
3. The Arm Action:
o Keep arms slightly bent and close to the body to maximize strength.
o Pull steadily using synchronized arm movements to maintain control.
4. Breathing:
o Breathe deeply and rhythmically to stay focused and maintain stamina.
o Avoid holding your breath to prevent fatigue.
5. Coordination:
o Work as a team, pulling in unison for maximum force.
o Follow the team leader’s signals or rhythm to maintain timing and strength.

b) i) Factors to Consider When Constructing an Athletic Track (5 Marks)

1. Site Selection: The track should be built in a flat and easily accessible area.
2. Surface Material: Use appropriate materials like synthetic rubber to ensure safety and
durability.
3. Drainage System: Ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging.
4. Track Dimensions: Follow international standards for track length and lane width.
5. Safety Features: Include run-off areas and barriers to protect athletes.

ii) When a Long Jump Trial is Invalid (4 Marks)

1. The jumper steps beyond the take-off board.

2. The athlete fails to land within the designated landing area.
3. The jump is not completed within the allotted time.
4. The jumper performs somersaults in the air.

c) Situations for Awarding a Penalty Corner in Hockey (5 Marks)

 1. A defender intentionally hits the ball over the backline.
2. A foul is committed within the shooting circle by the defending team.
3. A defender uses their body to stop the ball illegally.
4. A deliberate obstruction occurs within the circle.
5. A stick tackle by the defending team in the circle.

d) Warning and Suspension Cards in Hockey (6 Marks)

1. Green Card: Used for minor offenses, indicating a formal warning.

o When Used: For actions like persistent minor fouls.
2. Yellow Card: Indicates temporary suspension (usually 5–10 minutes).
o When Used: For more serious offenses or repeated infractions.
3. Red Card: Indicates permanent ejection from the game.
o When Used: For violent conduct or unsporting behavior.

QUESTION TWO

a) Incidences of Failed Attempts in Pole Vault (4 Marks)

1. The vaulter dislodges the bar during the attempt.

2. Fails to clear the bar without touching it.
3. The pole does not reach the planting box.
4. Steps outside the designated runway before the attempt.

Question Two

b) State and explain infringements that occur during a tug-of-war competition. (11 Marks)

1. Locking Hands on the Rope: Participants are prohibited from wrapping the rope around
their hands as it poses safety risks.
2. Sitting During the Pull: Any member sitting or kneeling while pulling violates the rules
of proper engagement.
3. Early Pulling Before the Signal: Teams pulling the rope before the referee’s signal is
considered a foul.
4. Illegal Equipment: Using unapproved gloves or footwear to gain an unfair advantage.
5. Unbalanced Team Composition: Unequal number of participants on either side of the
rope.
6. Crossing the Center Line: Teams must not step beyond the designated boundary during
the pull.
 7. Stepping Out of Position: Participants leaving their position along the rope disrupt the
competition.
8. Dangerous Pulling Techniques: Employing excessive jerks or unsafe methods while
pulling.
9. Inappropriate Communication: Using abusive or aggressive language during the
contest.
10. Physical Altercation: Any form of pushing, shoving, or unsporting physical engagement
is prohibited.
11. Misconduct Toward Officials: Disrespecting or ignoring instructions from the referee or
other officials.

c) State five safety measures you would emphasize on while teaching javelin to avoid
accidents. (5 Marks)

1. Proper Technique: Teach correct javelin grip, throwing motion, and follow-through to
avoid injuries.
2. Safety Zones: Ensure students stay clear of the designated throwing area and landing
zone.
3. Equipment Checks: Inspect javelins for any defects before use to prevent accidents.
4. Supervision: Always monitor practice sessions to ensure adherence to rules and safety
guidelines.
5. Controlled Throws: Encourage participants to throw only on the instructor’s command,
avoiding any uncontrolled or sudden throws.

Question Three

a) Describe instances when an umpire blows a whistle in the game of hockey. (12 Marks)

1. Start of Play: Signaling the beginning of the match or resumption after a stoppage.
2. Fouls: Indicating a foul such as obstruction, stick tackling, or dangerous play.
3. Penalty Corner: Awarding a penalty corner for infractions within the shooting circle.
4. Penalty Stroke: Calling a penalty stroke for severe rule violations in the circle.
5. Ball Out of Play: Signaling when the ball goes beyond the sidelines or backline.
6. Offside: Indicating offside positioning by attacking players.
7. Goal Confirmation: A whistle to validate a goal scored.
8. Substitutions: Allowing substitutions during stoppages.
9. Timeouts: Enabling team timeouts upon request.
10. End of Match: Signaling the conclusion of the match or half-time.
11. Dangerous Play: Stopping the game for unsafe conditions or actions.
12. Injuries: Halting play to address an injured player.
b) State two occasions when the following skills are used in hockey. (8 Marks)
i) Drive/Hit:

 To pass the ball over a long distance.

 To make a powerful shot at goal.

ii) Push:

 To pass the ball accurately to teammates during close play.

 To move the ball forward while dribbling.

iii) Scoop:

 To lift the ball over an opponent’s stick.

 To clear the ball defensively out of the circle.

iv) Flick:

 To execute penalty strokes and score goals.

 To lift the ball for a quick pass or maneuver.

Question Four

a) Describe the resulting procedure during cross-country competitions and how a tie is
broken. (9 Marks)

1. Start Line Coordination: Competitors align at the start line based on their category or
number assignment.
2. Course Navigation: Participants follow the designated course, adhering to marked paths
and checkpoints.
3. Checkpoint Validation: Judges or officials confirm competitors’ presence at mandatory
checkpoints.
4. Finish Line Recording: Timekeepers record finish times for all competitors crossing the
finish line.
5. Tie-Breaking: Ties are resolved by comparing the total time taken by tied competitors or
deciding based on their position at checkpoints.

b) State seven situations a player is regarded as having broken conduct of play in the game
of hockey. (7 Marks)

1. Obstruction: Blocking opponents without attempting to play the ball.

2. Stick Tackling: Using the stick to trip or interfere with opponents.
 3. Dangerous Play: Actions like high-stick play or reckless tackling.
4. Deliberate Fouls: Committing infractions intentionally to disrupt gameplay.
5. Incorrect Ball Handling: Using hands or feet to stop or play the ball unlawfully.
6. Abusive Language: Unsporting verbal conduct toward players or officials.
7. Offside: Being in an illegal position during gameplay.

c) Give four instances when a hurdler is disqualified. (4 Marks)

1. Knocking Down Hurdles Intentionally: Actions taken to gain an unfair advantage.

2. Stepping Outside Lane: Leaving the assigned lane during the race.
3. Avoiding Hurdles: Skipping hurdles instead of jumping over them.
4. False Start: Starting the race before the official signal.

1. Situations a hockey player is considered to have broken the conduct of play:

 Obstructing an opponent intentionally.

 Using a hockey stick in a dangerous manner.
 Hitting the ball with the wrong side of the stick.
 Playing the ball above shoulder height unless permitted.
 Deliberately delaying the game.
 Physically assaulting an opponent or umpire.
 Engaging in unsporting behavior like arguing with officials.

2. Instances when a hurdler is disqualified:

 Stepping outside the designated lane during the race.

 Failing to attempt to clear a hurdle properly.
 Knocking down a hurdle deliberately.
 Starting before the official start signal (false start).

3. Roles of officials in athletics:

 Referee: Oversees the entire competition to ensure rules are followed; settles disputes or
protests.
 Announcer: Provides updates and information to the spectators, including event details
and results.
 Hurdle’s steward: Ensures that hurdles are correctly set up and maintained throughout
the race.
 Track referee: Supervises activities on the track, including starts and finishes, and
ensures adherence to rules.

4. General rules during a high jump competition:

  Jumpers must take off on one foot.
 Knocking down the bar results in a failed attempt.
 Athletes have a set number of attempts to clear each height.

1. When is a "No pull" declared in Tug of War?

 A "No pull" is declared when:

o The pull starts before the referee's signal.
o The rope is broken during the pull.
o Both teams fail to maintain a steady pull or no progress is made.
o The match is interrupted due to unforeseen external circumstances.

2. Three roles of a judge in Tug of War:

 Ensure that teams follow the rules during the pull.

 Monitor the correct positioning and behavior of team members.
 Make decisions regarding fouls, illegal moves, or declaring the winner.

3. Three circumstances when obstruction can occur in Hockey:

 When a player deliberately blocks the path of an opponent.

 Using the stick or body to prevent an opponent from reaching the ball.
 Shielding the ball in a way that denies fair access to the opponent.

4. Substitution procedure in Tug of War:

 Substitutions must occur during designated intervals or breaks.

 A substituted player cannot return to the same match.
 The referee must be informed before the substitution.
 The substitute must join at the designated area on the rope.

5. Labeled diagram of a hockey stick: Unfortunately, I cannot generate diagrams, but here’s a
description of the key parts of a hockey stick:

 Handle: The upper part held by the player.

 Shaft: The long middle section connecting the handle to the head.
 Head: The curved end used for hitting the ball.
 Toe: The rounded tip of the head.
 Heel: The area where the shaft meets the head.

1. Situations when the ball is regarded as out of play in hockey and how play is restarted:

 The ball is out of play when:

o It crosses the sidelines (restarts with a free hit or self-pass by the opposing team).
o It crosses the backline, last touched by a defender (results in a penalty corner).
 o It crosses the backline, last touched by an attacker (restarts with a 16-yard hit by
the defending team).

2. Reasons for awarding a penalty corner in hockey:

 A deliberate foul inside the shooting circle by the defending team.

 A defender intentionally playing the ball over their backline.
 An offense by a defender within the 23-meter area that prevents a probable goal.

3. Calculating the length of the lanes on an athletic track:

 To calculate lane lengths, use the formula:

$$\text{Length of lane} = 2\pi (R + W \times \text{Lane number})$$
 Where:
o (p = 84.39,m) (perimeter of the semicircle),
o (\pi = 3.1416),
o (R = 36.5,m) (radius of lane 1),
o (W = 1.22,m) (width of each lane).

Plug in the values for each lane number to compute.

4. Description of JAB and LUNGE tackles in hockey:

 JAB tackle:
o Grip: Hold the stick firmly with both hands.
o Method: Use the stick to jab quickly at the ball to dispossess the opponent.
o Use: Ideal for intercepting passes or disrupting an attacker’s control.
 LUNGE tackle:
o Grip: Firm grip with both hands for control.
o Method: Extend the stick while lunging forward to reach the ball.
o Use: Effective in situations where the ball is just out of reach.

3. Reasons for Disqualification in Athletics Events:

 3000m Steeplechase:
o Failing to clear obstacles or the water jump properly.
o Stepping out of the track or lane.
o Intentional interference with other runners.
 110m Hurdles:
o Knocking down hurdles deliberately.
o Running outside the designated lane.
o Failing to attempt proper clearance of hurdles.
o False starts.
 4 × 100m Relay:
o Dropping the baton or failing to pass it within the exchange zone.
o Running outside the designated lane.
 o Hindering other teams during the exchange.
 Long Jump:
o Overstepping the take-off board.
o Failing to land within the designated area.
o Taking off with both feet.

4. Duties of Cross Country Officials:

 Recorders: Maintain accurate records of competitors' times and placements.

 Clerk of the Course: Organize the event and ensure participants are in their designated
positions.
 Course Guides: Direct athletes along the correct route to prevent disqualification.
 Reporter: Announce updates, results, and other event information.

5. Factors Affecting the Choice of 4 × 100m Relay Runners:

 Sprinting speed.
 Baton-passing skills.
 Endurance and stamina.
 Ability to maintain focus during high-pressure situations.

Teaching Points in Push and Hit (Drive) in Hockey:

 Push: Focus on short, accurate passes by pushing the ball along the ground using the flat
side of the stick.
 Hit (Drive): Use a powerful swinging motion for long passes or shots on goal.

b) Teaching points of push and hit (drive) in hockey:

 i) Grip (3 Marks):
o Ensure a firm hold using both hands on the stick.
o The dominant hand should be closer to the top, while the non-dominant hand
supports lower down.
o Relaxed yet controlled grip for better maneuverability.
 ii) Stance (3 Marks):
o Feet shoulder-width apart for balance.
o Bend slightly at the knees, keeping a low center of gravity.
o Align the body towards the direction of the ball for accuracy.
 iii) Use (4 Marks):
o Push: Apply controlled force to guide the ball smoothly along the ground.
o Hit (Drive): Use a swinging motion with full extension to generate power for
longer distances or scoring goals.
o Focus on precision while aiming for your target.
o Ensure follow-through with the stick to complete the motion effectively.

c) Five infringements that can occur during a Tug of War competition (5 Marks):
  Gripping the rope outside the marked area.
 Using feet as an anchor or kneeling on the ground.
 Deliberately causing the rope to slack.
 Physical obstruction of opponents, such as holding their clothes or pushing them.
 Engaging in unsporting conduct like verbal abuse or intentionally breaking the rope.

Regards Frankline