5
6 Environmental Science and Engineering
2.1 FOREST RESOURCES
USES OF FORESTS
Natural Resources 7
OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS
DEFORESTATION
8 Environmental Science and Engineering
Major Causes of Deforestation
Major Consequences of Deforestation
Natural Resources 9
10 Environmental Science and Engineering
Major Activities in Forests
DAMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND PEOPLE
Natural Resources 11
12 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 13
2.2 WATER RESOURCES
14 Environmental Science and Engineering
WATER USE AND OVER-EXPLOITATION
Water: A Precious Natural Resource
Natural Resources 15
Groundwater
16 Environmental Science and Engineering
Unconfined aquifer recharge area
Evapo-transpiration
Precipitation from croplands Evaporation
Evaporation from stream
from lake
Confined
aquifer
recharge
area Infiltration
Permeable
rock
Infiltration Unconfined
aquifer
(Water table)
Confined
Less permeable Impermeable aquifer
material rock layer
Fig. 2.2.1. The groundwater system. An unconfined aquifer
(water table) is formed when water collects over a rock or
compact clay. A confined aquifer is formed sandwitched
between two layers having very low permeability.
Effects of Groundwater Usage
Natural Resources 17
Surface Water
FLOODS
18 Environmental Science and Engineering
DROUGHTS
CONFLICTS OVER WATER
Natural Resources 19
20 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 21
Traditional Water Management System
BIG DAMS- BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS
Benefits
Environmental Problems
22 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 23
2.3 MINERAL RESOURCES
USES AND EXPLOITATION
24 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 25
Some Major Minerals of India
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINERAL EXTRACTION
AND USE
26 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 27
28 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 29
30 Environmental Science and Engineering
2.4 FOOD RESOURCES
Natural Resources 31
WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS
IMPACTS OF OVERGRAZING AND AGRICULTURE
32 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 33
34 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 35
36 Environmental Science and Engineering
Evaporation and transpiration
Salt
crust Upper soil profile
containing salts
Percolation
of saline
irrigation
water
Less permeable
Salinization clay layer
Addition of salts with saline
Waterlogging
irrigation water
Evapo-transpiration leaves Rain water and irrigation
behind salts water percolate down
Salt-build up occurs in upper Water table rises
soil profile
Fig. 2.4.1. Salinization and water logging.
Natural Resources 37
38 Environmental Science and Engineering
2.5. ENERGY RESOURCES
GROWING ENERGY NEEDS
Natural Resources 39
600
UAE
450
Canada USA
300 Kuwait Norway
Sweden
Russia Germany
150
UK
Greece Switzerland
50
China Argentina Denmark
Japan
Egypt
India
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
Ethiopia
Gross National Product (GNP)
$ per capita
Fig. 2.5.1. Per capita energy use and GNP
(Data from World Resources Institute, 1997)
RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
40 Environmental Science and Engineering
Boron enriched
silicon
Solar
Phosphorus radiations
enriched
silicon
Electric
bulb
Junction
DC electricity
Solar cell (PV cell)
Fig. 2.5.2. ( ) Solar cell.
Natural Resources 41
Solar
radiations
Solar cell
Electric Solar cell
motor Battery panel
Water pump
Fig. 2.5.2. ( ) A solar pump run by electricity produced by solar cells.
Solar
radiations
Plane mirror
(reflector)
Inside
blackened
metallic box
Glass
cover
Blackened
metallic container
for cooking food
Fig. 2.5.3. Simple box-type solar cooker.
42 Environmental Science and Engineering
WIND ENERGY
Natural Resources 43
HYDROPOWER
TIDAL ENERGY
44 Environmental Science and Engineering
Tidal barrage
Sea (High tide)
Reservoir
(a)
Water stored
at high tide
in reservoir
Turbine
Sea
Low
tide
(b)
Fig. 2.5.4. Water flows into the reservoir to turn the turbine
at high tide ( ), and flows out from the reservoir to the
sea, again turning the turbine at low tide ( ).
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY (OTE)
Natural Resources 45
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
BIOMASS ENERGY
46 Environmental Science and Engineering
BIOGAS
Natural Resources 47
Mixing Floating
Slurry Biogas
tank biogas holder Overflow
(Cattle dung + water) supply outlet
tank
Ground
level
Outlet Spent
Inlet slurry
pipe pipe
Underground
digester tank
Fig. 2.5.5. Floating gas holder type biogas plant.
Mixing
tank Slurry Fixed Biogas supply
dome outlet
Slab cover
Overflow tank
Ground level
Biogas
Inlet Spent
chamber slurry
Outlet
chamber
Underground
digester tank
Fig. 2.5.6. Fixed dome type Biogas plant.
48 Environmental Science and Engineering
BIOFUELS
HYDROGEN AS A FUEL
Natural Resources 49
COAL
PETROLEUM
50 Environmental Science and Engineering
NATURAL GAS
Natural Resources 51
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Kr n
Energy n
Kr
Ba
n
Kr
n
235
n U
nucleus Ba n
n
Kr
Ba n
Ba n
n
Fig. 2.5.7. ( ) Nuclear fission—a chain reaction initiated
by one neutron that bombards a Uranium (U235) nucleus,
releasing a huge quantity of energy, two smaller nuclei
(Ba, Kr) and 3 neutrons.
52 Environmental Science and Engineering
n
+
Hydrogen-2
+ +
(Deuterium)
Energy
+ + +
1 billion °C
Hydrogen-2
(Deuterium) Helium-3
nucleus
Fig. 2.5.7. ( ) Nuclear fusion reaction between two
hydrogen-2 nuclei, which take place at a very high
temperature of 1 billion °C; one neutron and one fusion
nucleus of helium-3 is formed along with a huge amount
of energy.
Natural Resources 53
2.6. LAND RESOURCES
LAND AS A RESOURCE
LAND DEGRADATION
SOIL EROSION
54 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 55
56 Environmental Science and Engineering
Plate I(a) Terrace farming Plate I(b) Strip cropping
Water Logging
Natural Resources 57
LANDSLIDES
58 Environmental Science and Engineering
DESERTIFICATION
Natural Resources 59
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: ROLE OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
60 Environmental Science and Engineering
Natural Resources 61
62 Environmental Science and Engineering
EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE
STYLE
Natural Resources 63
QUESTIONS
